Recent advances in the surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy. The treatment of HCC is complex and complicated by the severity of associated chronic liver disease, the stage of HCC, and the clinical condition of the patient. Liver resection(LR) is one of the most efficient treatments for patients with HCC, with an expected 5-year survival of 38%-61% depending on the stage of the disease. Improved liver function assessment, increased understanding of segmental liver anatomy from advanced imaging studies, and surgical technical progress are important factors that have led to reduced mortality in patients with HCC. The indication for LR may be expanded due to emerging evidences from laparoscopic hepatectomies and combined treatments with newly developed chemotherapies. Liver transplantation(LT) is considered as an ideal treatment for removal of existing tumors and the injured/preneoplastic underlying liver tissue with impaired liver function and the risk of multicentric carcinogenesis that results from chronically injured liver. However, LT is restricted to patients with minimal risk of tumor recurrence under immunosuppression. The expansion of criteria for LT in HCC patients is still under trial and discussion. Limited availability of grafts, as well as the risk and the cost of transplantation have led to considerable interest in expansion of the donor pool, living donor-related transplantation, and combined treatment involving LR and LT. This highlight presents evidence concerning recent studies evaluating LR and LT in HCC patients. In addition, alternative therapies for the treatment of early stage tumors and the management of patients on transplant waiting lists are discussed.

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HILAR BILE DUCT CARCINOMA

From June, 1986 to June 1989, 24 cases of hilar bile duct carcinoma were explored in the Surgical Department of General Hospital of PLA, 16/24 cases were resected, a resectability rate of 66%. The increase of resectability rate was due to earlier recognition of this condition and the extension of surgery, including major resection of liver as well as radical dissection of the hepato-duodenal ligament and repairative operations on the blood vessels. Among these 16 cases, major hepatic resection was performed in 10 cases, in which, 3 cases of resections of the middle lobe of the liver were done instead of right or extended right lobectomy. No operative mortality in the 30 days' postoperative period, but the postoperative morbidity rate was still high and most of the complications were related to biliary leakage and infection. Three patients died in the follow up period at 6, 14 and 15 months respectively. All of them died from biliary infection. The remaining 13 patients were still alive, the longest being 40 months and the average living time was 16.1 months. Probably, lowering of the operative mortality rate and morbidity rate are still the most important considerations in the surgical treatment of hilar carcinoma at the present time. Extensive liver resection especially on the right side, carried a high mortality rate in the deeply jaundiced patients. We considered that preoperative PTCD was of much less value than that used in lower bile duct obstruction such as tumors of the periampullary region. Preservation of the superior and posterior portion of the right lobe of the liver may be of advantages as to lowering postoperative hepatic failure and infection of the right subphrenic space as observed in this series of cases.

Study of the Value of Combined Multiorgan Resection in Surgical Treatment of Carcinoma of the Gastric Cardia

OBJECTIVE： To determine the value of resection of combined visceral organs in surgical treatment of gastric cardiac carcinoma. METHODS： We retrospectively analyzed 217 random patients with carcinoma of the gastric cardia who underwent a gastric cardiac resection. The patients had been treated as follows： 186 with partial gastrectomy, 31 with total gastrectomy, 97 with a combined-visceral resection, of which 82 underwent a splenectomy plus partial pancreatectomy, 10 with splenectomy alone and 5 with partial hepatectomy and diaphragmatectomy. RESULTS： The total patients were divided into 3 groups： 128 with a gastrectomy alone, 10 with gastrectomy and splenectomy, and 82 with gastrectomy and splenectomy plus pancreatectomy. The operating times for these 3 groups were respectively 3.0 h, 3.1 h and 3.8 h. The hospitalization times were respectively 23.8 d, 31.2 d and 25.9 d. No differences in post-operative complications were found between these 3 groups. There were 92 patients who underwent a gastrectomy combined with a splenectomy and （or） the pancreatectomy, in which 92 No.10 lymph nodes were eliminated, with an average of one in each patient. Among the 125 patients not receiving a splenectomy but with elimination of lymph nodes, 82 underwent a gastrectomy combined with partial pancreatectomy, of which 107 lymph nodes were eliminated for the No. 11 group, with an average of 1.3 in each patient. There was a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. The overall survival rates were similar in the 3 groups showing no statistical differences, but was higher in the Stage Ⅲ patients with a combined resection of multi-organs. For patients in the Stage Ⅳ without resection of multi-organs, the survival rate was higher, but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION： It is difficult to determine precisely the involvement of para-tumorous organs with the eye during an operation. Combining a splenectomy with a pancreatectomy does not increase the post-operative complications following surgical treatment for carcinoma of the gastric cardia. The combination of a splenectomy and partial pancreatectomy results in a higher survival rate and has an important significance for eliminating the lymph nodes of group 10 and 11, especially for patients in Stage Ⅲ. In the application of a resection combining multi-organs, the doctor should make every effort to decrease the trauma and the complications based on the condition that the cancerous tissue is totally resected.

Surgical Treatment of Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma (A report of 112 cases)

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the long term results of treatment and prognositic factors in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods 112 patients of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent surgical treatment were studied. Survival results after recurrence and from first hepatectomy were analyzed, and prognostic factors were determined by analyzing the clinicopathological variables.Results The mean survival of 112 patients was 26 months (4 to 76 months). 30 patients with tumor free state were still living. 1 year, 3 year and 5 year survival rates were 81.0%, 43.3% and 32 0%, respectively, and the 58 patients with hepatic resection were 87%, 59% and 38%, respectively. Among the 9 patients with secondary re resection, 6 had lived for over 3 years, and two for over 5 years. There were no operative death in this series, and few complications were found.Conclusion Early detection of recurrence depends on AFP measurements and ultrasonography follow up monitoring after resection. Re resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma has been proved to be the most effective treatment modality. Aggressive treatment with a multimodality strategy is an option to improve long term survival in some patients with unresectable recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma.\;

Application of cystoscope in surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus

Development of portal vein tumor thrombus deteriorates the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, while surgical treatment can offer a promising prognosis for selected patients. However, the possibility of residual lesions in portal vein after conventional thrombectomy is a main risk factor leading to postoperative recurrence. Therefore, ensuring the complete removal of tumor thrombus during operation is critical to improve prognosis. For the first time, we report here one case of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus in which cystoscope was successfully applied as a substitute of intravascular endoscope to visualize the cavity of the portal vein. The patient was a 61-year-old man with a 7-cm tumor in the right lobe of the liver, with tumor thrombus invading the right branch and adjacent to the conjunction of the portal vein. After removal of the tumor, the Olympus CYF-VA2 cystoscope was used to check the portal vein from the opening stump of the right branch of the portal vein. In this case, residual thrombus tissue was found near the opening stump and the conjunction of the portal vein. The residual lesion was carefully retrieved from the stump after retraction of the cystoscope. The procedure was repeated until no residual lesion was found. The whole duration time of thrombectomy was 22.5(15 + 7.5) min. The patient was free from recurrence at 8 months after the procedure. Our work indicated that the cystoscope is a suitable substitute, with a proper size and function to check the portal vein system and ensure the curability of thrombectomy. Although welldesigned clinic trails are still needed, this procedure may further improve the postoperative prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus.

Surgical Treatment for Mediastinal Lymph Node Carcinoma of Unknown Primary

Carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) is occasionally encountered in clinical oncology. Wide variation exists in CUP. We herein report a rare case of CUP of a mediastinal lymph node. A 61-year-old man with dermatomyositis was referred to our hospital for treatment of mediastinal adenopathy and gastric cancer. Biopsy of both lesions showed that they were histologically different from each other. Mediastinal lymphadenectomy and total gastrectomy were performed for a definitive diagnosis and radical cure. Pathological examination revealed two distinctly different disease processes. The patient underwent postoperative chemotherapy for residual gastric cancer. Twenty months postoperatively, he is alive with cancer. Although CUP usually has a poor prognosis, surgical treatment of metastatic mediastinal lymph node CUP is a feasible therapeutic option.

Application of Pulmonary Venoplasty in the Surgical Treatment of Lung Cancer

Presented in this study were three cases of lung cancer undergoing pulmonary venoplasty. In the 3 patients with central type of carcinoma of lung involving pulmonary vein, the main branch of right superior pulmonary vein and the distal end of the superior-lobe vein were occluded. The root part of the vein of right-middle lobe, plus part of vessel of of right superior vein was resected. The right superior vein was reconstructed by continuous 6-0 Prolene sutures. After the operation, the reconstructed was patent and the surgical margin was tumor-free. Postoperatively, clinical manifestations and plain chest films did not show any signs of venous blockade. The patients were discharged healed 3 weeks after the operation. The technical details of the surgery were presented, the improvements on the basis of traditional methods were discussed and its clinical application was evaluated. It is concluded that pulmonary venoplasty is a safe and feasible operation. Further improvement of the surgery will help conserve more lung tissue and benefit more patients because of expanded indications.

Surgical treatment of cardiac lipoma: 20 years’ experience in a single center

Background: Primary cardiac lipoma is very rare, and no consensus has been developed regarding its ideal treatment strategy. This study reviewed the surgical treatment of cardiac lipomas in 20 patients over 20 years. Methods: Twenty patients with cardiac lipomas were treated at Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from January 1, 2002, to January 1, 2022. The patients' clinical data and pathological reports were retrospectively analyzed, and the follow-up with a range of 1 year to 20 years was conducted. Results: The cardiac lipomas were located in the right atrium (RA) or superior vena cava (SVC) in seven patients (35%) (RA in six patients and SVC in one patient), left ventricle in eight patients (40%) (left ventricular chamber in four patients and left ventricular subepicardium and myocardium in four patients), right ventricle in three patients (15%) (right ventricular chamber in one patient and right ventricular subepicardial layer and myocardium in two patients), subepicardial interventricular groove in one patient (5%), and pericardium in one patient (5%). Complete resection was achieved in 14 patients (70%), including seven patients with lipomas in the RA or SVC. Incomplete resection occurred in six patients (30%) with lipomas in the ventricles. No perioperative deaths occurred. Long-term follow-up was conducted for 19 patients (95%), including two (10%) who died. Both patients who died had lipomas incompletely resected due to ventricles involvement, and preoperative malignant arrhythmias persisted post-operatively. Conclusions: The complete resection rate was high, and the long-term prognosis was satisfactory in patients with cardiac lipomas that did not involve the ventricle. The complete resection rate was low in patients with cardiac lipomas in ventricles;and complications, including malignant arrhythmia, were common. Failure of complete resection and post-operative ventricular arrhythmia are correlated with post-operative mortality.

Clinical and pathological features and surgical treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome-associated hepatocellular carcinoma

Background Budd-Chiari syndrome （BCS） is characterized by liver sinusoidal congestion,ischemic liver cell damage,and liver portal hypertension caused by hepatic venous outflow constriction.The aim of this research was to investigate the clinicopathological features of BCS-associated hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） and explore its surgical treatment and prognosis.Methods Clinical data from 38 patients with BCS-associated HCC who were surgically treated in our hospital from July 1998 to August 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.The clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with BCS-associated HCC and surgical treatment for BCS-associated HCC were investigated.Results Compared to the patients with hepatitis B virus （HBV）-associated HCC,the patients with BCS-associated HCC showed a female predominance,and had significantly higher cirrhosis rate,higher incidence of solitary tumors,lower incidence of infiltrative growth,higher proportion of marginal or exogenous growth,lower rate of portal vein invasion,and higher degree of differentiation.Median survival was longer in patients with BCS-associated HCC （76 months） than in those with HBV associated HCC （38 months）.Of 38 patients with BCS-associated HCC,22 patients who received combined surgery mainly by liver resection plus cavoatrial shunts exhibited hepatic venous outflow constriction relief,while the other 16 patients only underwent liver resection.The combined surgery group had significantly longer survival and lower incidences of post-operative lethal complications （P 〈0.05）.Multivariate analysis showed that relief of hepatic venous outflow obstruction was a protective factor for survival of patients with BCS-associated HCC,whereas portal vein invasion was a risk factor.Conclusions BCS-associated HCC has a more favorable biological behavior and prognosis than HBV-associated HCC.For patients with BCS-associated HCC,tumor resection accompanied with relief of hepatic venous outflow obstruction can reduce the incidence of complications and extend survival.

Simple cholecystectomy is an adequate treatment for grade I T1bN0M0 gallbladder carcinoma:Evidence from 528 patients

BACKGROUND T1b gallbladder carcinoma(GBC)is defined as a tumor that invades the perimuscular connective tissue without extension beyond the serosa or into the liver.However,controversy still exists over whether patients with T1b GBC should undergo cholecystectomy alone or radical GBC resection.AIM To explore the optimal surgical approach in patients with T1b gallbladder cancer of different pathological grades.METHODS Patients with T1bN0M0 GBC who underwent surgical treatment between 2000 and 2017 were included in the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results database.The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to analyze the overall survival(OS)and disease-specific survival(DSS)of patients with T1b GBC of different pathological grades.Cox regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of mortality and explore the selection of surgical methods in patients with T1b GBC of different pathological grades and their relationship with prognosis.RESULTS Of the 528 patients diagnosed with T1bN0M0 GBC,346 underwent simple cholecystectomy(SC)(65.5%),131 underwent SC with lymph node resection(SC+LN)(24.8%),and 51 underwent radical cholecystectomy(RC)(9.7%).Without considering the pathological grade,both the OS(P<0.001)and DSS(P=0.003)of T1b GBC patients who underwent SC(10-year OS:27.8%,10-year DSS:55.1%)alone were significantly lower than those of patients who underwent SC+LN(10-year OS:35.5%,10-year DSS:66.3%)or RC(10-year OS:50.3%,10-year DSS:75.9%).Analysis of T1b GBC according to pathological classification revealed no significant difference in OS and DSS between different types of procedures in patients with grade Ⅰ T1b GBC.In patients with grade Ⅱ T1b GBC,obvious survival improvement was observed in the OS(P=0.002)and DSS(P=0.039)of those who underwent SC+LN(10-year OS:34.6%,10-year DSS:61.3%)or RC(10-year OS:50.5%,10-year DSS:78.8%)compared with those who received SC(10-year OS:28.1%,10-year DSS:58.3%).Among patients with grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ T1b GBC,SC+LN(10-year OS:48.5%,10-year DSS:72.2%),and RC(10-year OS:80%,10-year DSS:80%)benefited OS(P=0.005)and DSS(P=0.009)far more than SC(10-year OS:20.1%,10-year DSS:38.1%)alone.CONCLUSION Simple cholecystectomy may be an adequate treatment for grade Ⅰ T1b GBC,whereas more extensive surgery is optimal for grades Ⅱ-Ⅳ T1b GBC.

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PRIMARY URETERAL CARCINOMA-A REPORT OF 15 CASES

Fifteen cases with primary ureteral carcinomas are reported with a review of the literature. We concludeL Excretory urography is the main metbod of diagnosis;retrograde uretero-pyelography is more helpful in diagnosis; cystoscopy is also netessary before operation;CT is useful in diagnosing and staging; ureteroscopy could be performed if necessary; the traditional total nephroureterectomy witb a cuff excision of the urinary bladder remains the basic treatment of choice; cystoscopy,excretory urography and adjuvant intravesical therapy should he carried out regularly after operation.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung with hemoptysis as initial symptom: A case report

BACKGROUND Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung is a rare malignant tumor,accounting for 0.1%–0.2%of all lung malignancies.It is a primary salivary gland tumor of the lung.Surgical resection is the primary treatment for pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma,for which there has been no standardized treatment strategy.This article reports a case of a young woman with pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma with hemoptysis as the first symptom.CASE SUMMARY A 24-year-old female patient presented with"4 d of hemoptysis"as the chief complaint.She had no special history and denied any smoking or drinking history.Physical examination revealed that the vital signs were stable and scattered small wet rales were heard in the left lung.After admission,the lung tumor markers were checked,and no abnormalities were found.After completing the bronchoscopy,a spherical lesion was observed at the main bronchus 1.5 cm away from the protubercle,with obvious pulsation and little blood seepage on the surface,and histopathological biopsy results showed acute and chronic inflammation.She was transferred to the Department of Thoracic Surgery for surgical treatment on the 16th day after admission.After exclusion of surgical conjunctures,the patient underwent resection of the tumor in the left main bronchus with single-pore video-assisted thoracic surgery on the 19th day after admission.The postoperative histopathological biopsy results showed mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung.The patient and her family refused to complete genetic testing and she was discharged from the hospital on the 8th day after surgery.During the follow-up period,the patient experienced shortness of breath after feeling active and had no special discomfort.CONCLUSION We have documented a case of moderately differentiated mucoepidermoid lung cancer with hemoptysis as the first symptom to improve clinicians'understanding of the disease and provide a new dimension of thinking for its future diagnosis and treatment.

Appropriate treatment strategies improve survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombus

AIM: To evaluate the survival benefits of different treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) and to determine the prognosis factors.

Does Surgery Have a Relevant Role in the Primary Treatment of Locoregionally Advanced Oropharyngeal Carcinomas?

Background: Treatment concepts for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas are controversial. This review compares the results obtained by distinct treatment options in locoregionally oropharyngeal advanced carcinomas: primary surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone. Methods: 57 patients with stage III and IV oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma were selected. 17 patients were treated with primary surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy and 40 patients were treated only with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Statistical analysis was performed regarding survival rates according to tumor location, stage, treatment regimen and recurrence. Results: Two-year loco-regional control rates were 94% after surgery plus chemoradiotherapy and 55% after chemoradiotherapy (p = 0.016). Progression free survival rates were 88% and 27%, respectively (p 0.001). Overall survival rates were 88% and 45%, respectively (p = 0.002). Conclusions: In this study, primary surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy showed better clinical outcomes with a lower risk of death associated with tumor and tumor progression.

pN_(0)期食管鳞癌患者胸腹两野术后2年内复发的因素分析

目的:探讨胸腹两野术后pN_(0)期食管鳞癌患者2年内复发的因素及其特点。方法:收集自2013年01月至2018年12月在我院接受手术治疗且符合入组条件的食管癌术后患者共467例,分析其生存情况、2年内复发的影响因素和复发模式等,应用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行统计分析。结果:全组患者1、3、5年总生存率分别为88.4%、71.9%和62.9%;55例患者2年内出现复发,其1、3、5年总生存率显著性低于其他患者(χ^(2)=103.258,P=0.000)。2年内复发患者的复发时间为1.2~24.0个月,中位9.0个月。单因素分析结果显示胸上段食管癌患者在2年内复发的比率为21.3%,显著性高于胸中/下段癌患者(χ^(2)=7.045,P=0.030);术中粘连程度越高则复发率越高(χ^(2)=6.653,P=0.036);pT分期越晚的患者其复发的风险也显著性增加(χ^(2)=15.975,P=0.001)。多因素分析结果显示食管病变部位和T分期为影响本组患者2年内复发的独立性因素(P=0.011、0.000)。单纯纵隔内淋巴结复发26例(47.3%),为本组2年内复发患者的主要复发部位。结论:pN_(0)期胸段食管鳞癌患者其2年内有较高的局部复发率,且复发模式主要以纵隔淋巴结复发为主,病理T分期和病变部位为影响其2年内复发的独立性影响因素,临床医师应对胸上段食管癌和pT分期较晚的患者进行积极随访观察和必要的辅助治疗。

甲状腺术后并发颈部侵袭性纤维瘤病1例报道并文献复习

回顾1例甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)术后并发颈部侵袭性纤维瘤病(AF)患者的诊治经过及临床病理资料。患者女,25岁,2021年行左PTC根治术,复查甲状腺彩超示右侧甲状腺梭形低回声结节,粗针穿刺考虑为纤维组织增生性病变,基因检测示HRAS、KRAS基因突变。再次入院行右侧颈部肿物切除术,术后病理确诊为AF。结合国内外文献对该病诊疗经验进行总结并归纳其特征,以期为临床工作者更好地了解发病机制和诊疗提供参考。甲状腺术后并发颈部AF多呈局部侵袭,局部复发率高,等待观察是一线治疗手段,综合评估后对进展肿块采取外科治疗,对难以手术治疗的采取全身治疗。

高侵袭性特殊分子特征肾细胞癌的外科治疗决策及其价值 (“大家泌尿网”观看手术视频)

特殊分子特征肾细胞癌是2022版世界卫生组织(WHO)泌尿系统及男性生殖器官肿瘤分类中首次提出的1类具有明确驱动基因的肾癌病理亚型。其中以延胡索酸水合酶缺陷型肾细胞癌(FH-RCC)和SMARCB1基因缺陷型肾髓样癌为代表的肾癌亚型具有高侵袭性和高致死性等临床特点,极易出现早期转移,故称为高侵袭性特殊分子特征肾细胞癌。该类肾癌亚型的发病率低且缺乏相关机制研究,目前临床仍无标准治疗方案。针对原发病灶或者转移病灶的减瘤性肾切除手术均是在全身系统化药物治疗下进一步改善转移性肾癌患者生命和生活质量的重要手段。但针对高侵袭性特殊分子特征肾细胞癌,外科治疗的策略及其价值尚不明确,值得深入讨论和思考。本文就上述问题进行讨论,以期为高侵袭性特殊分子特征肾细胞癌患者的预后改善提供线索和参考。

完全腹腔镜近端胃癌切除术的临床疗效分析

目的 分析完全腹腔镜近端胃切除食管残胃吻合的临床疗效,为治疗早期近端胃癌提供新的手术方法。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月-2021年6月于解放军总医院第一医学中心普通外科医学部行近端胃切除术的80例早期胃癌患者的临床资料。根据手术方式不同分为完全腹腔镜近端胃癌切除术组(n=36)与腹腔镜辅助近端胃癌切除术组(n=44)。比较两组围手术期情况、远期并发症发生情况及生存状况。结果 完全腹腔镜近端胃癌切除术组腹部切口长度[(59.9±4.7) mm vs.(119.7±8.3) mm,P<0.001]、首次排气时间[(58.2±15.3) h vs.(66.8±16.4) h,P=0.019]及术后住院时间[(7.6±1.1) d vs.(9.2±1.3) d,P<0.001]均短于腹腔镜辅助近端胃癌切除术组,手术时间[(186.9±16.4) min vs.(154.0±17.2) min,P<0.001]长于腹腔镜辅助近端胃癌切除术组。两组术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数目和首次进流食时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),且均未发生需外科干预的早期并发症。随访期间两组无患者死亡,未出现复发或转移。完全腹腔镜近端胃癌切除术组反流性食管炎发生率低于腹腔镜辅助近端胃癌切除术组,差异有统计学意义[16.7%(6/36) vs.38.6%(17/44),P=0.031]。两组胃动力不足、残胃炎、吻合口狭窄、吻合口溃疡发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 完全腹腔镜近端胃切除食管残胃吻合具有安全性好、术后恢复快、抗反流等特点,值得临床应用推广。

Targeting of circulating hepatocellular carcinoma cells to prevent postoperative recurrence and metastasis

Currently,the main treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)involves the surgical removal of tumors or liver transplantation.However,these treatments are often not completely curative,as they are associated with a risk for postoperative recurrence and metastasis.Circulating tumor cells(CTCs)are increasingly recognized as the main source for recurrence and metastasis after radical hepatectomies are performed.Many studies have demonstrated the association between the presence of either pre-or postoperative CTCs and an increased risk for HCC recurrence.To improve the therapeutic outcome of HCC,a personalized,comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach should be considered,involving the application of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures targeting HCC CTCs in different stages throughout the course of treatment.This article proposes some HCC CTC-based strategies for the treatment of HCC,including the monitoring of HCC CTCs before,during and after radical hepatectomy,therapeutic targeting of HCC CTCs,prevention of the generation and colonization of CTCs,as well as the use of CTC indexes for the selection of indications,prediction of prognoses,and planning of individualized therapeutic regimens.Innovation and technological development of therapies targeting CTCs,as well as their translation into clinical practice,will help to effectively reduce postoperative recurrence and metastasis,and significantly prolong the survival of HCC patients.

混合型肝细胞癌-胆管癌的诊疗进展

混合型肝细胞癌-胆管癌(cHCC-CCA)是常见的原发性肝癌之一,其同时具有肝细胞癌(HCC)和肝内胆管癌(iCCA)的特征。在临床上,cHCC-CCA较HCC和iCCA更为少见。由于组织来源丰富以及缺乏特异性临床表现,cHCC-CCA的病理诊断和治疗方案选择往往难度加大。目前治疗cHCC-CCA的方法包括手术治疗、局部治疗、辅助治疗等,但不同治疗方法在cHCC-CCA中的应用价值仍有待探讨。随着cHCC-CCA的病理诊断及治疗方案的不断完善,明确其组织来源和表型将有助于进一步优化治疗方案,使患者得到更大获益。