Care Measures and Health Outcomes in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in Brazil

Introduction: In low- and middle-income countries, including Brazil, conditions that favor mortality in the PICU remain significant. Compared to developed countries, there is a shortage of skilled human resources, lower availability of technological resources, greater difficulty of access and a higher incidence of infections, including both those acquired prior to admission and those resulting from treatment and hospitalization (i.e., healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)). HAIs in the PICU include ventilator-associated pneumonia and catheter-related bloodstream infections. Actions for the prevention of HAIs can minimize the occurrence of negative outcomes. Materials and Methods: This is an epidemiological study comparing admissions at the PICU of a high-complexity hospital in South Brazil over two three-year periods: 2012-2014 (before the measures were adopted) and 2015-2017 (after the measures). The care measures were adopted mainly at the beginning of 2015 and consisted of expansion of physical therapy care, adoption of care protocols, acquisition of new materials and equipment (transparent dressings for central catheters, high-tech mechanical ventilators and multiparametric monitors) and multidisciplinary team training. The frequency of the outcomes mortality, length of PICU stay, diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection, need for and duration of ventilatory support and diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia were compared between the two trienniums using logistic regression with adjustment for age in months and need of vasoactive drugs. Results: A total of 1140 admissions were analyzed (470 in the first triennium and 670 in the second), representing an increase in the admission rate of 42.6% after the adoption of the measures. After adjustments, significant reductions in the frequency of mortality (adjusted OR [adjOR] = 0.54;CI 95%: 0.34 - 0.84), length of PICU stay > 7 days (adjOR = 0.75;CI 95%: 0.57 - 0.97) and duration of ventilatory support > 7 days (adjOR = 0.54;CI 95%: 0.39 - 0.74) were observed. Conclusion: The results indicate the benefits of care measures for children admitted to the PICU in terms of a reduction in adverse events and expansion of access.

National preparedness survey of pediatric intensive care units with simulation centers during the coronavirus pandemic

The coronavirus disease pandemic caught many pediatric hospitals unpreparedand has forced pediatric healthcare systems to scramble as they examine and planfor the optimal allocation of medical resources for the highest priority patients.There is limited data describing pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) preparednessand their health worker protections.AIMTo describe the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preparedness effortsamong a set of PICUs within a simulation-based network nationwide.METHODS A cross-sectional multi-center national survey of PICU medical director(s) fromchildren’s hospitals across the United States. The questionnaire was developedand reviewed by physicians with expertise in pediatric critical care, disasterreadiness, human factors, and survey development. Thirty-five children’shospitals were identified for recruitment through a long-established nationalresearch network. The questions focused on six themes: (1) PICU and medicaldirector demographics;(2) Pediatric patient flow during the pandemic;(3)Changes to the staffing models related to the pandemic;(4) Use of personalprotective equipment (PPE);(5) Changes in clinical practice and innovations;and(6) Current modalities of training including simulation.RESULTSWe report on survey responses from 22 of 35 PICUs (63%). The majority of PICUswere located within children’s hospitals (87%). All PICUs cared for pediatricpatients with COVID-19 at the time of the survey. The majority of PICUs (83.4%)witnessed decreases in non-COVID-19 patients, 43% had COVID-19 dedicatedunits, and 74.6% pivoted to accept adult COVID-19 patients. All PICUsimplemented changes to their staffing models with the most common changesbeing changes in COVID-19 patient room assignment in 50% of surveyed PICUsand introducing remote patient monitoring in 36% of the PICU units. Ninety-fivepercent of PICUs conducted training for donning and doffing of enhanced PPE.Even 6 months into the pandemic, one-third of PICUs across the United Statesreported shortages in PPE. The most common training formats for PPE werehands-on training (73%) and video-based content (82%). The most commonconcerns related to COVID-19 practice were changes in clinical protocols andguidelines (50%). The majority of PICUs implemented significant changes in theirairway management (82%) and cardiac arrest management protocols in COVID-19patients (68%). Simulation-based training was the most commonly utilizedtraining modality (82%), whereas team training (73%) and team dynamics (77%)were the most common training objectives.CONCLUSIONSA substantial proportion of surveyed PICUs reported on large changes in theirpreparedness and training efforts before and during the pandemic. PICUsimplemented broad strategies including modifications to staffing, PPE usage,workflow, and clinical practice, while using simulation as the preferred trainingmodality. Further research is needed to advance the level of preparedness,support staff assuredness, and support deep learning about which preparednessactions were effective and what lessons are needed to improve PICU care andstaff protection for the next COVID-19 patient waves.

Distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens isolated from ventilator-associated pneumonia patients in pediatric intensive care unit

BACKGROUND： With mechanical ventilation widely used in intensive care unit, the ventilator associated pneumonia （VAP） has become a common and serious complication in critically ill patients. Compared with adults, the incidence of VAP and the mortality are higher in children in pediatric intensive care unit （PICU） because of immune deficiency, severe basic diseases, and increased use of artificial airway or mechanical ventilation. Hence it is of significance to study the epidemiology and changes of antibacterial susceptibility in order to reduce the incidence and mortality of VAP in children.METHODS： From January 2008 to June 2010, 2758 children were treated in PICU of Wuhan Children＇s Hospital. Among them, 171 received mechanical ventilation over 48 hours in PICU, and 46 developed VAP. The distribution and drug-resistance pattern of the pathogenic bacteria isolated from lower respiratory tract aspirations were analyzed. RESULTS：A total of 119 pathogenic microbial strains were isolated. Gram-negative bacilli （G-） were the most （65.55%）, followed by fungi （21.01%） and gram-positive cocci （G~, 13.45%）. Among them, the most common pathogens were Acinetobacter baummannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, candida albicans and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that the multiple drug-resistances of G- and G＋to antibiotics were serious. Most of G- was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, imipenem, meropenem, cefoperazone-sulbactam and piperacillin-tazobactam. The susceptibility of G＋ to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid were 100%. Fungi were almost sensitive to all the antifungal agents. The primary pathogens of VAP were G-, and their multiple drug-resistances were serious. CONCLUSION： In clinical practice we should choose the most sensitive drug for VAP according to pathogenic test.

Characteristics of postintensive care syndrome in survivors of pediatric critical illness: A systematic review

AIM To synthesize the available evidence focusing on morbidities in pediatric survivors of critical illness that fall within the defined construct of postintensive care syndrome(PICS) in adults, including physical, neurocognitive and psychological morbidities.METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Psyc INFO, and CINAHL using controlled vocabulary and key word terms to identify studies reporting characteristics of PICS in pediatric intensive care unit(PICU) patients. Two reviewers independently screened all titles and abstracts and performed data extraction. From the 3176 articles identified in the search, 252 abstracts were identified for full text review and nineteen were identified for inclusion in the review. All studies reporting characteristics of PICS in PICU patients were included in the final synthesis. RESULTS Nineteen studies meeting inclusion criteria published between 1995 and 2016 were identified and categorized into studies reporting morbidities in each of three categories-physical, neurocognitive and psychological. The majority of included articles reported prospective cohort studies, and there was significant variability in the outcome measures utilized. A synthesis of the studies indicate that morbidities encompassing PICS are well-described in children who have survived critical illness, often resolving over time. Risk factors for development of these morbidities include younger age, lower socioeconomic status, increased number of invasive procedures or interventions, type of illness, and increased benzodiazepine andnarcotic administration.CONCLUSION PICS-related morbidities impact a significant proportion of children discharged from PICUs. In order to further define PICS in children, more research is needed using standardized tools to better understand the scope and natural history of morbidities after hospital discharge. Improving our understanding of physical, neurocognitive, and psychological morbidities after critical illness in the pediatric population is imperative for designing interventions to improve long-term outcomes in PICU patients.

Risk factors and antibiotic resistance of pneumonia caused by multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in pediatric intensive care unit

With beta-lactam drugs and immunosuppressants widely used, the infection caused by Acinetobacter baumannfi （Ab） has become more and more serious with multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannfi （MDRAb） emerging and worsening rapidly. Compared with other patients, the incidence and multidrug resistance of MDRAb are higher in children in pediatric intensive care unit （PICU） because of immune deficiency, severe basic diseases, prolonged hospitalization and invasive operations. Hence it is significant to study the epidemiology and changes of antibacterial susceptibility in order to reduce the incidence of MDRAb in children. A total 115 patients with MDRAb pneumonia and 45 patients with negative MDRAb （NMDRAb） pneumonia who had been treated from January 2009 to August 2011 were studied retrospectively at the PICU of Wuhan Children＇s Hospital. Clinical data were analyzed with univariate and multivariate Logistic regression. In 176 clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannfi isolated, there were 128 strains of MDRAb, accounting for 72.73%. Drug susceptibility tests showed that the resistance rates of 13-1actam antibiotics were more than 70% except for cefoperazone sulbactam. The rates to carbapenems were higher than 90%. They were significantly higher than those of NMDRAb. Amikacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and minocycline had the lowest drug-resistance rates （〈20%）. Multivariate Logistic regression revealed that ICU stay, the time of mechanical ventilation, anemia, hypoproteinemia and the use of carbapenems were independent risk factors for MDRAb pneumonia. MDRAb is an important opportunistic pathogen to pneumonia in PICU, and its drug-resistance is severe. It increases significantly the mortality of patients. It is important to take the effective prevention measures for controlling it.

Psychological needs of parents of children with complicated congenital heart disease after admitting to pediatric intensive care unit: A questionnaire study

BACKGROUND Parents of children with complicated congenital heart disease(CHD)have different needs after surgery.Little literature reports the impact factors for psychological needs of parents of children with complicated CHD.AIM To investigate the status quo of the needs of parents of children after surgery for complex CHD,and analyze the influencing factors,in order to provide a theoretical basis for formulating corresponding nursing countermeasures.METHODS A modified Chinese version of the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory(MCCFNI)was used to select 200 parents of children with complex CHD after surgery within 72 h after admission to the intensive care unit in our hospital to conduct an online questionnaire survey.The aim was to understand the needs of parents in relation to the following five aspects:The support from medical staff,comfort of the parents themselves,the acquisition of information,their closeness to the children,and assurance of the child’s condition.RESULTS Parents of children with complex CHD had a higher degree of demand,especially in terms of condition assurance,acquisition of information,and closeness to the children.The age,education level,and residence of the parents were related to the five dimensions of the needs of parents of children with complex CHD who had undergone surgery.CONCLUSION In practice,nurses should formulate corresponding nursing strategies based on the different cultural and social backgrounds of parents of children after complex CHD surgery to meet their different needs,and improve satisfaction.These findings provide a theoretical basis for constructing a family participatory nursing model for children in the intensive care unit in the future.

The Clinical Effects of Psychological Nursing in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Objective:To explore the effects of psychological nursing in the pediatric intensive care unit.Methods:110 cases of intensive care of children from January 2014 to January 2015 were selected and randomly divided into the observation group(n=55)and the control group(n=55).The children of the control group were given usual nursing care,the patients of the observation group were given psychological nursing.On two groups of patients before and after the intervention of the SAS scores and SDS scores、compliance、parents care quality satisfaction are compared.Results:Before intervention,the observation group of patients and the control group of patients with SAS scores and SDS scores difference no statistical significance(P>0.05),and after the intervention,the observation group patients'scores of SAS and SDS were significantly better than the control group,and the observation group below the control group(P<0.05).The observation group of compliance rate was 96.36%,and the control group of compliance rate was 69.09%,it below the observation(P<0.05).Parents care quality satisfaction of observation group was obviously better than that of control group with that difference is statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:psychological nursing measures used in pediatric intensive care unit has certain feasibility and is worth popularizing clinically.

Combined Echocardiography and Lung Ultrasound for Extubation Outcome Prediction in Children after Cardiac Surgery

Background:Children are at risk of extubation failure after congenital heart disease surgery.Such cases should be identified to avoid possible adverse consequences of failed extubation.This study aimed to identify ultrasound predictors of successful extubation in children who underwent cardiac surgery.Methods:Children aged 3 months to 6 years who underwent cardiac surgery(if they were intubated for>6 h and underwent a spontaneous breathing trial)were included in this study.Results:We included 83 children who underwent surgery for congenital heart disease.Transthoracic echocardiography and lung ultrasound were performed immediately before spontaneous breathing trials.Upon spontaneous breathing trial completion,respiratory parameters,including arterial blood gas analysis and frequency-to-tidal volume ratio,were similarly recorded.For outcome assessment,all children were followed up for 48 h after extubation.We successfully extubated 57 children(68.7%).These children were significantly older and weighed more but had shorter aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times.Children who could not be weaned or extubated had prolonged total mechanical ventilation and pediatric intensive care unit stay.In the multivariate regression analysis,a lung ultrasound score≥12 and ejection fraction≥40%immediately before spontaneous breathing trials were the only independent predictors of successful extubation.When combined,the lung ultrasound score and an ejection fraction≥40%showed a better diagnostic performance than every other isolated variable(lung ultrasound,N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide,and frequency-to-tidal volume ratio).Conclusions:The combination of lung ultrasound and transthoracic echocardiography immediately before the spontaneous breathing trial effectively predicts extubation outcomes in children after cardiac surgery.

Ultrasound-Guided Central Venous Catheterization: A Protocol to Be Followed in Pediatrics?

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization when compared to the conventional procedure. Method: A prospective cohort study was carried out over a 9-month period from February to October 2016 involving 144 inpatients at PICU of Irmandade da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo Hospital, undergoing central venous catheterization. The patients were matched in pairs of identical patients according to the levels of potentially intervening variables (age, nutritional status, puncture site, professional experience), differing only as to the CVC technique: ultrasound-guided (USG-CVC) or conventional (C-CVC). Discarding data from non-paired patients, the remaining did forming 47 pairs, matched as two related samples: USG-CVC and C-CVC groups. Success parameters: number of puncture attempts;time spent at CVC;success rate and complications. Results: In the USG-CVC group, the number of attempts (mean = 2.04) and the time spent at catheterization (mean = 11.89 minutes) were lower (t = 2.34, df = 46, t 0.95 = 2.02, p t = 3.07, df = 46, t 0.95 = 2.02, p < 0.05), respectively, when compared to the results obtained for the control group (C-GVC), (mean = 3.21) and (mean = 28.26 minutes), respectively. As to success, there was observed a significant difference (F (1, 46) = 16.6;Q (1) = 12.5, p < 005) when considering only one trial (USG -CVC = 27/47;C-CVC = 9/47), but no significant difference (F (1, 46) = 3.76;Q (1) = 3.56, p > 0.05) when considering several attempts. Complications were found less frequently in the USG-CVC group (3/47) than in the CVC-C (13/47), (F (1, 46) = 8.24;Q (1) = 7.14, p < 0.05). Conclusion: USG-CVC was found to be more effective than the conventional technique, especially regarding success at the first puncture attempt.

Clinical application of bedside fiber-optic bronchoscopy in mechanically ventilated children in a pediatric intensive care unit

Critically ill children often require mechanical ventilation on the pediatric intensive care unit （PICU） for indications such as severe pneumonia, atelectasis, airway abnormalities, and the presence of a foreign body in the airway. The correct management of the airway is a crucial determinant of a successful outcome. We performed fiber-optic bronchoscopy （FOB） 70 times for 51 mechanically ventilated children between June 2009 and December 2011, and present our results below.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2-related and imputable deaths in children:results from the French pediatric national registry

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)is responsible for an important mortality rate worldwide.We aimed to evaluate the actual imputability of SARS-CoV-2 on the mortality rate associated with SARS-CoV-2-related illnesses in the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU).Secondary objectives were to identify risk factors for death.Methods This national multicenter comparative study comprised all patients under 18 years old with positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reactions(PCRs)[acute corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)or incidental SARS-CoV-2 infection]and/or pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome(PIMS)recorded in the French PICU registry(PICURe)between September 1,2021,and August 31,2022.Included patients were classified and compared according to their living status at the end of their PICU stay.Deceased patients were evaluated by four experts in the field of pediatric infectiology and/or pediatric intensive care.The imputability of SARS-CoV-2 as the cause of death was classified into four categories:certain,very probable,possible,or unlikely,and was defined by any of the first three categories.Results There were 948 patients included of which 43 died(4.5%).From this,26 deaths(67%)could be attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection,with an overall mortality rate of 2.8%.The imputability of death to SARS-CoV-2 was considered certain in only one case(O.1%).Deceased patients suffered more often from comorbidities,especially heart disease,neurological disorders,hematological disease,cancer,and obesity.None of the deceased patients were admitted for pediatric inflam-matory multisystem syndrome(PIMS).Mortality risk factors were male gender,cardiac comorbidities,cancer,and acute respiratorydistress syndrome.Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 mortality in the French pediatric population was low.Even though the imputability of SARS-Cov-2 on mortality was considered in almost two-thirds of cases,this imputability was considered certain in only one case.

Cumulative radiation exposure from diagnostic imaging in intensive care unit patients

AIM:To quantify cumulative effective dose of intensive care unit(ICU)patients attributable to diagnostic imaging.METHODS:This was a prospective,interdisciplinary study conducted in the ICU of a large tertiary referral and level 1 trauma center.Demographic and clinical data including age,gender,date of ICU admission,primary reason for ICU admission,APACHE Ⅱ score,length of stay,number of days intubated,date of death or discharge,and re-admission data was collected on all patients admitted over a 1-year period.The overall radiation exposure was quantified by the cumulative effective radiation dose(CED)in millisieverts(mS v)and calculated using reference effective doses published by the United Kingdom National Radiation Protection Board.Pediatric patients were selected for subgroupanalysis.RESULTS:A total of 2737 studies were performedin 421 patients.The total CED was 1704 m Sv with a median CED of 1.5 mS v(IQR 0.04-6.6 mS v).Total CED in pediatric patients was 74.6 mS v with a median CED of 0.07 mS v(IQR 0.01-4.7 mS v).Chest radiography was the most commonly performed examination accounting for 83% of all studies but only 2.7% of total CED.Computed tomography(CT)accounted for 16% of all studies performed and contributed 97% of total CED.Trauma patients received a statistically significant higher dose [median CED 7.7 mS v(IQR 3.5-13.8 mS v)] than medical [median CED 1.4 m Sv(IQR 0.05-5.4 m Sv)] and surgical [median CED 1.6 mS v(IQR 0.04-7.5 mS v)] patients.Length of stay in ICU [OR = 1.12(95%CI:1.079-1.157)] was identified as an independent predictor of receiving a CED greater than 15 mS v.CONCLUSION:Trauma patients and patients with extended ICU admission times are at increased risk of higher CEDs.CED should be minimized where feasible,especially in young patients.

PICU机械通气治疗患儿谵妄发生情况及其影响因素分析

目的探讨儿科重症监护室(PICU)内接受机械通气(MV)治疗的患儿发生谵妄(PD)概率及其相关影响因素。方法回顾性分析2022年7月至2023年3月在医院PICU内接受MV治疗患儿的临床资料。结果149例患儿接受MV,中位年龄2.0(1.0~6.0)岁,男74例、女75例。其中年龄≤2岁患儿86例(57.7%),治疗期间反复气管插管患儿34例(22.8%)。149例患儿中有81例(54.4%)发生谵妄,与非谵妄组相比,谵妄组年龄较小,俯卧位通气比例较低,年龄≤2岁比例较高,PICU住院时间延长,PICU住院时间>14天比例较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与非谵妄组相比,谵妄组MV首日氧合指数≤150 mmHg比例较高,MV总时间较长,MV总时间≤168 h比例较低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示患儿PICU住院时间>14 d、MV首日氧合指数≤150 mmHg是MV患儿发生谵妄的独立危险因素(P<0.05),而MV总时间≤168 h是MV患儿发生谵妄的保护因素(P<0.05)。结论PICU内接受MV治疗的患儿谵妄发生率较高,与低氧性损伤密切相关。长时间的MV和PICU住院治疗也是导致谵妄发生的重要影响因素。

儿童重症监护病房可弯曲支气管镜下形态学诊断分析

目的通过形态学诊断分析可弯曲支气管镜术在诊断儿童重症监护病房(PICU)呼吸道疾病患儿中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2017年7月至2022年12月兰州大学第二医院PICU收治的124例呼吸系统危重症行床旁电子支气管镜术后形态学异常患儿的临床资料,其中96例行支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)病原学检查,3例进行引导经鼻气管插管术。比较电子支气管镜和胸部CT诊断肺部病变准确性的差异,并观察电子支气管镜下肺部病变的形态学变化。结果电子支气管镜检查对于气管食管瘘、气管断裂、支气管异物诊断的准确性明显高于胸部CT(气管食管瘘:4例比0例,气管断裂:4例比0例,支气管异物:4例比6例,均P<0.05),电子支气管镜检查和胸部CT对于肺挫伤、支气管扩张诊断的准确性比较差异无统计学意义。镜下确诊典型病例:气管食管瘘4例(3.23%);支气管断裂伤4例(3.23%);支气管赞生物并黏膜附着白色干酪样物1例(0.81%),镜下诊断为支气管内膜结核。病原学检出阳性细菌23例(23.96%)。因患儿颌骨或颈椎骨折行引导经鼻气管插管术3例;机械通气下经气管导管进镜操作13例。术中和术后无严重并发症及死亡病例结论PICU开展儿科可弯曲支气管镜术安全可靠,可提高PICU呼吸系统疾病的确诊率,有较高的临床应用价值。

NT-proBNP对有创机械通气小儿急性呼吸衰竭28 d内死亡的预测价值研究

目的:研究氧合指数(OI)和N末端B型钠尿肽前体(NT-proBNP)在儿童重症监护病房(PICU)需要有创机械通气的急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)患儿28 d内死亡的预测价值。方法:选取2017—2019年入住本院PICU的需要有创机械通气的111例ARF患儿,收集并分析患儿临床资料,包括儿童机械通气死亡风险评分Ⅲ(PRISMⅢ)、OI、NT-proBNP、机械通气后28 d内生存情况等。采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析评估ARF患儿28 d内死亡的危险因素。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估NT-proBNP、OI和年龄预测28 d生存情况的效果。结果:患儿中位年龄12个月(4.5~66个月),28 d内79例存活(71.17%),32例死亡(28.83%)。与存活组相比,死亡组OI显著升高,NT-proBNP水平显著降低(均P<0.05),两组24 h内PRISMⅢ评分无显著差异(P>0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、OI、NT-proBNP均为ARF患儿28 d内死亡的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。年龄、OI、NT-proBNP及三者联合的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.625 0、0.603 6、0.602 8和0.657 2,年龄+OI+NT-proBNP联合具有更好的预测效果。结论:在ARF需机械通气患儿中,最初24 h的年龄、OI和NT-proBNP水平与28 d死亡风险相关;年龄、OI和NT-proBNP三者联合有助于早期识别ARF插管患儿死亡风险。

动态脑电图联合儿童改良GCS对儿童重症监护病房非创伤性意识障碍患儿不良结局的预测效果

目的:探讨动态脑电图(EEG)联合儿童改良格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)对儿童重症监护病房(PICU)非创伤性意识障碍(NCA)患儿不良结局的预测效果。方法:选取2021年6月—2022年12月于广西医科大学第一附属医院PICU进行治疗的NCA患儿69例作为研究对象。所有患儿接受动态EEG监测、儿童改良GCS评估并预测治疗结局,随访1年,比较动态EEG、儿童改良GCS单独及二者联合预测患儿不良结局的效果。结果:1年后,69例患儿中预后不良37例,占比53.62%,预后良好32例,占比46.38%。联合检测准确度高于儿童改良GCS,特异度、阳性预测值高于动态EEG与儿童改良GCS,动态EEG灵敏度、特异度高于儿童改良GCS,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);三组阴性预测值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:动态EEG联合儿童改良GCS对PICU中NCA患儿预后预测价值较高。

PICU护士谵妄管理行为意向及影响因素的质性研究

目的 以计划行为理论为框架,深入了解PICU护士谵妄管理行为意向及影响因素,为提高PICU谵妄管理质量提供参考。方法 采用目的抽样法对6所三级甲等医院的16名PICU护士进行半结构式访谈,根据Colaizzi七步分析法对访谈资料进行分析,提取主题。结果 共获得3个主题及8个亚主题,包括行为态度(正性态度,负性态度)、主观规范(自我感知压力增加,团队的影响)及知觉行为控制(谵妄认知及应对技能不足,缺乏相关制度与流程,工作负荷过重,缺乏谵妄管理能力培训)。结论 PICU护士对谵妄管理总体持积极态度,但影响因素较多。应提高护理人员对谵妄的认知,加强相关培训力度,建立多学科团队合作机制,以提高PICU谵妄管理质量。

PICU转科患儿照顾者准备度量表的编制及信效度检验

目的编制PICU转科患儿照顾者准备度量表,并检验其信效度。方法以Meleis过渡理论和Roy适应模式为理论依据,通过文献回顾、专家函询和预调查编制初始量表。采用便利抽样法,选取PICU转科患儿的397名照顾者作为调查对象,对量表进行项目分析和信效度检验。结果PICU转科患儿照顾者准备度量表包含5个维度共23个条目。探索性因子分析提取5个公因子,累积方差贡献率为69.294%;验证性因子分析结果显示,χ^(2)/df=1.998,GFI=0.891,CFI=0.964,IFI=0.916,TLI=0.901,RMSEA=0.060。量表总的Cronbach′sα系数为0.906,各维度的Cronbach′sα系数为0.835~0.963;分半信度为0.904。结论编制的PICU转科患儿照顾者准备度量表信效度良好,可用于评估PICU住院患儿恰当转科时机及照顾者准备程度。

基于5G云边协同联合AI智慧医疗的PICU病房建设探索

传统的病房管理模式已经不能满足日益增长的医疗需求,需要联合多种科技手段提高医疗质量及服务水平。目前国内外的智慧医疗仍处于探索阶段,中山大学附属第三医院儿科重症监护室利用5G医疗专网融合监测、治疗、辅助等智能医疗终端,搭建了基于云边协同架构的儿童重症监护室(PICU)一体化平台,实现了从传统医疗模式向智慧医疗模式的转型,促进了医护信息对称,提高了工作效率,满足了患者的临床治疗及患者家属的心理情感需求,对于其他儿科重症监护室的智慧化建设具有启示作用。

基于多中心队列数据的机器学习预测重症感染患儿死亡风险和筛选临床特征的研究

背景科学、有效地预测重症感染患儿死亡关联因素对降低儿童病死率意义重大。既往重症患儿的病情与死亡关系多采用评分预测(如PCIS等),准确度欠佳。目的通过机器学习联合特征筛选的方法,挖掘对重症感染患儿死亡风险具有早期预警作用的敏感指标。设计队列研究。方法基于全国20个省级行政区域的54家PICU的儿童多中心感染性疾病协作网数据库,纳入年龄>28天至18岁、确诊感染和至少有1个器官发生功能障碍的患儿,统计122项临床特征信息,以出PICU时死亡/恶化或治愈/好转为结局,通过机器学习构建逻辑回归模型(LR)、随机森林模型(RF)、极端梯度提升树(XGB)和反向传播神经网络(BP),筛选重要的临床特征建立重症感染患儿死亡风险预测模型。主要结局指标模型接收者操作特征曲线下面积(AUROC)和模型筛选临床特征性能的优劣。结果2022年4月1日至2023年12月31日协作网数据库中入PICU时确诊重症感染且入PICU时、入PICU 24 h时和出PICU时临床特征记录均完整的(病例1738例,经过数据预处理包括异常值处理、缺失值填充、强制值区间范围检验、归一化处理)1738条信息进入机器学习构建模型。存活或好转患儿1396例,死亡或恶化患儿342例(19.6%)。队列数据按4∶1分为训练集(1390条)和验证集(348条),训练集中存活或好转1116条,死亡或恶化274条;验证集中存活或好转280条,死亡或恶化68条。在训练集中,共输入模型122个临床特征,经过机器模型学习以及特征筛选后,在50轮的5折分层交叉验证下,验证集LR、RF和XGB的AUROC为0.74~0.78。LR、RF和XGB选择重要性大于均值的临床特征构建最优临床特征,尚无比较好的衡量BP特征重要性的方法,LR模型较RF和XGB构建的最优临床特征较为接近临床预期。结论机器学习预测儿童重症感染性疾病死亡/恶化结局表现一般,预测模型筛选的临床特征与临床预期尚有距离。