Bile acid coordinates microbiota homeostasis and systemic immunometabolism in cardiometabolic diseases

Cardiometabolic disease(CMD), characterized with metabolic disorder triggered cardiovascular events, is a leading cause of death and disability. Metabolic disorders trigger chronic low-grade inflammation, and actually, a new concept of metaflammation has been proposed to define the state of metabolism connected with immunological adaptations. Amongst the continuously increased list of systemic metabolites in regulation of immune system, bile acids(BAs) represent a distinct class of metabolites implicated in the whole process of CMD development because of its multifaceted roles in shaping systemic immunometabolism. BAs can directly modulate the immune system by either boosting or inhibiting inflammatory responses via diverse mechanisms. Moreover, BAs are key determinants in maintaining the dynamic communication between the host and microbiota. Importantly, BAs via targeting Farnesoid X receptor(FXR) and diverse other nuclear receptors play key roles in regulating metabolic homeostasis of lipids, glucose, and amino acids. Moreover, BAs axis per se is susceptible to inflammatory and metabolic intervention, and thereby BAs axis may constitute a reciprocal regulatory loop in metaflammation. We thus propose that BAs axis represents a core coordinator in integrating systemic immunometabolism implicated in the process of CMD. We provide an updated summary and an intensive discussion about how BAs shape both the innate and adaptive immune system, and how BAs axis function as a core coordinator in integrating metabolic disorder to chronic inflammation in conditions of CMD.

Effects of chronic decaffeinated green tea extract supplementation on lipolysis and substrate utilization during upper body exercise

Background:Decaffeinated green tea extract(dGTE)can increase fat oxidation during leg exercise,but dGTE is unsuitable for many people(e.g.,those with injuries/disabilities),and its effects on arm exercise and women are unknown.Methods:Eight adults(23-37 years old,4 women)performed an incremental arm cycle test to measure peak oxygen uptake(VO_(2_(peak))),followed by four 1-h trials at 50%VO_(2_(peak).Subjects were randomly assigned to 650 mg of dGTE or placebo(PLA)for 4 weeks followed by a 4-week washout and crossover trial.Blood samples were obtained pre-exercise and post-exercise for glycerol and free fatty acid analysis.Respiratory gases were collected continuously.Results:VO_(2) showed no differences across trials((0.83-0.89)±(0.19-0.25)L/min,p=0.460),neither did energy expenditure((264-266)±(59-77)kcal,p=0.420)nor fat oxidation(dGTE=0.11 to 0.12 g/min vs.PLA=0.10 to 0.09 g/min,p=0.220).Fat oxidation as percentage of energy expenditure was not different for dGTE vs.PLA(23%±12%to 25%±11%vs.23%±10%to 21%±9%,p=0.532).Glycerol concentration increased post-exercise in all trials,independent of treatments(pre=(3.4-5.1)±(0.6-2.6)mg/dL vs.post=(7.9-9.8)±(2.6-3.7)mg/dL,p=0.867,η^(2)=0.005 for interaction),as did free fatty acid((3.5-4.8)±(1.4-2.2)mg/dL vs.(7.2-9.1)±(2.6-4.5)mg/dL,p=0.981,η^(2)=0.000).Conclusion:Chronic dGTE supplementation had no effect on lipolysis and fat oxidation during arm cycle exercise in men and women.

Application of wearable devices for monitoring cardiometabolic dysfunction under the exposome paradigm

Environmental factors,including chemical/physical pollutants,as well as lifestyle and psychological factors,contribute greatly to the pathways leading to cardiometabolic diseases with a heavy disease burden and economic loss.The concept of exposomes provides a novel paradigm for combining all exposure characteristics to evaluate disease risk.A solution-like exposome requires technological support to provide continuous data to monitor vital signs and detect abnormal fluctuations.Wearable devices allow people to conveniently monitor signals during their daily routines.These new technologies empower users to more actively prevent and manage cardiometabolic disease by reviewing risk factors of the disease,especially lifestyle factors,such as sleeping time,screen time,and mental health condition.Devices with multiple sensors can monitor electrocardiography data,oxygen saturation,intraocular pressure,respiratory rate,and heart rate to enhance the exposome study and provide precise suggestions for disease prevention and management.