Service-Learning Practices and Reflections in the Perspective of Nel Noddings’Theory of Caring Education:The“Care for the Elderly”Service-Learning Program as an Example

Nel Noddings’ethics of care is an important lineage of Western moral education thought,which contains deep humanistic values.Service-learning advocates the equal importance of service and learning,and emphasizes more on the discovery of educational connotations in practice.Based on the social background of aging,this paper takes the“Care for the Elderly”service-learning program as an example,attempts to take the care ethics as the entry point,adopts interviews,questionnaires,and other research methods,and opens-up the service-learning practice path under the threshold of Nel Noddings’care education theory.

Factors contributing to nurses'resilience in caring for COVID-19 patients:an integrative review

Objective:To summarize factors contributing to the resilience of nurses in caring for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients.Methods:An integrative review was conducted according to the recommendations proposed by Whittemore and Knafl.Articles were searched through 8 electronic databases:Pub Med,Scopus,Clinical Key for Nursing,Pro Quest,Medline and Wiley Online Library,CINAHL,and Garuda,which are databases recommended by the Ministry of Education,Culture,Research,and Technology in Indonesia.Relevant ar ticles published in English and Indonesia between 2019 and 2022,being quantitative or qualitative theoreticalmethodological studies that analyzed or proposed factors to nurses’resilience in caring for COVID-19 patients,were included,whereas primary studies that used review as a methodology to review an object of research were excluded.Results:From the 17 ar ticles that were included in this study,3 factors were found that contributed to the resilience of nurses in caring for COVID-19 patients,namely personal factors,workplace/organizational factors,and social factors.Conclusions:Understanding factors related to nurses’resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic can contribute to meet nurses’resilience both physical y and psychologically.Good resilience of nurses during a pandemic is useful for improving nursing care services and patient safety,as well as for being able to avoid turnover intentions among nurses in pandemic time.

Theory Critique of Kristen Swanson’s Theory of Caring

Theory is considered essential for integral assessment, adopting its foundations and concepts is of great utility. The theory provides different templates to help nurses provide care that respects patients and improves outcomes. Through understanding the intersection of nursing, patients, health, and the environment, theories aim to simplify the complicated, ever-evolving relationship that nurses have with their profession. Nursing theory helps distinguish nursing as a separate discipline from medicine and related sciences, and assists nurses in understanding their patients and their needs. The behaviors of healthcare providers affect how patients participate in and experience care situations. In the nursing discipline, the theoretical structures of caring have been established as the core concept of guidance in all nurses’ work. The aim of this paper is to develop a critique of Kristen Swanson’s theory of caring—a theory structured around five caring principles (maintaining belief, knowing, being with, doing for, and enabling) by applying it to nursing practice. When applied to nursing practice, each of these five stages stimulates the caregiver’s attitude, which in turn improves the overall patient’s well-being. Implications to nursing practice are mentioned [1] [2].

Healthcare interprofessional team members' perspectives on human caring: A directed content analysis study

Objectives:As Watson's Human Caring Theory continues to evolve and guide the discipline of nursing,the challenge is to find ways to integrate it into practice.The purpose of this study is to describe interprofessional team members'perspectives on human caring based on the Ten Caritas Processes(R)/Caritas-Veritas Literacy of Watson's Human Caring Theory within the Unitary Caring Science.Methods:This is a qualitative directed content analysis study,taking place in a Children's Hospital in the United States between November 2017 and April 2018.Information redundancy was utilized to guide the recruitment.Data were collected via a one-time face-to-face individual interview.A qualitative directed content analysis was conducted using Watson's Ten Caritas Processes(R)/Caritas-Veritas Literacy as a coding framework.Results:Twenty-seven healthcare professionals participated in the study.Interprofessional human caring,based on the Ten Caritas Processes(R)/Caritas-Veritas Literacy,was referred to as performing lovingkindness to patients,each other,and self;maintaining faith-hope in teamwork;valuing intersubjective interactions and building trust among team members;cultivating heart-centered-caring relations;acknowledging and processing positive and negative feelings non-judgmentally;applying all ways of knowing in caring;encouraging reciprocal teaching-learning;developing caring-healing environments collaboratively;respecting human dignity of patients and each other;and being open-minded to the unknowns and believing in miracles.Conclusions:Watson's Human Caring Theory can be an underlying guide to enrich human-to-human relations and create a caring-healing environment.When human caring is applied in interprofessional teams,healthcare professionals find a caring consciousness to care for oneself and each other and promote patient care.

Concept Development and Implementation of Family Care/Caring Theory in Concentric Sphere Family Environment Theory

Caring is directed toward a variety of things. One of them is thought to be the concept of “family caring” aimed at families. This study attempts to clarify family caring and develop Family Care/ Caring Theory (FCCT), with the aim of implementing it in conjunction with an existing family nursing theory, the Concentric Sphere Family Environment Theory (CSFET). In Japan and in Hong Kong, family ethnography (including formal interviews) was conducted. As a result, the item “family health care nurses and their colleagues” was added to the family external environment of the CSFET. In the family environment, evidence was obtained to the effect that the family system unit is cared for by the nursing professional, and conversely the family system unit cares for the nursing professional, in a circular transaction. Observing the two-dimensional plane formed by the structural distance and functional distance, family caring assumes a structure of concentric circles, and according to transactions, the structural distance and functional distance between the nursing professional and family system unit are gradually approached, and through deepening of mutual trust maintain an appropriate distance. Moreover observing the three-dimensional space-time continuum which is created through addition of the temporal distance, family caring forms a helical structure. As transactions are repeated along the temporal axis, the family system unit’s self-actualization of other individuals and the self-actualization of the nursing professional are realized. Through these processes, a family care/caring relationship is reinforced and established. This is the concept of FCCT. Through future utilization in clinical settings this will be empirically substantiated, and it will be necessary to continue making creative corrections and revisions.

Human caring for patients suffering from major infectious disease-nurses’ entire use of self

Human caring is regarded as the essence and core of nursing.Based on Dr.Watson′s human caring science theory,nursing staff in Wuhan Union Hospital and other healthcare institutions have delivered warm human caring service in patients′ daily care.During the outbreak of major infectious disease-pandemic of COVID-19,patients are suffering from great psychological distress and pressure.Like nursing professionals around the world,nurses in Wuhan,Hubei,China,along with the colleagues from the National Aid Medical Team,used entire of themselves to conduct diversity human caring measures to patients suffering from the major infectious disease with love and responsibilities,which greatly demonstrated the essence and value of nursing care,and has wide implications for further development of nursing.

Book Report on Caring and Sharing in the Foreign Language Class

This book report is about the study of TEFL and explores the motivation and circumstances of teachers and students.The author tries to find out some enlightenment on TEFL through the characters of the book.

Outpatient Experience of Human Caring Scale （OEHC-Scale）： Improvement by Delphi Method

Based on the outpatient interview and literature review, the initial framework of the outpatient experience of human caring scale was formed with 9 dimensions of outpatient process. The research aim was to improve the scale by Delphi method. Sixteen experts in medical management, human caring or medical education were invited to evaluate the importance of the dimensions and items of the scale and provided some expertise via filling out the DeLphi consultation questionnaires twice in the consulting round. In the first round, the recovery rate showing the experts＇ positivity was 80%; the coefficient of reliability （Cr） ascertaining the authority of the evaluation was 0.92; the mean and full mark ratios responding the concentration of the evaluation were 2.88-4.94 and 6.25%-93.75% respectively; the coefficients of variation （CV） and the Kendall＇s W determining the concordance of the evaluation were 5.06%-52.15% and 0.21-0.24 respectively. In the second round, the recovery rate was 93.75%; the Cr was 0.93; the mean was 3.93-4.93; the full mark ratios were 26.67%-93.33%; the Kendall＇s W was 0.14- 0.31, the CV was 5.25%-23.61%. Via the two-round Delphi study, the scale that included 10 dimensions and 61 items has been improved. Ten dimensions are pre-hospital medical service, guidance, registration, waiting, diagnosis ＆ treatment, paying, inspection ＆ assay, medicine receiving, therapy/injection/transfusion and global evaluation. It was concluded that Chinese scholars have paid high attention to human caring and outpatient experience. The experts have given high agreements about the dimensions which were established with Chinese outpatient process. The dimensions are different from the similar researches about outpatient experience study. In the future, it is necessary to survey the outpatients to test the construct validity, internal consistency reliability and others of the scale to improve the scale.

A unitary caring science resilience-building model:Unifying the human caring theory and research-informed psychology and neuroscience evidence

Resilience is the psychological capability to recover from difficulties quickly.Healthcare professionals are especially vulnerable to job-related stress and burnout.Unitary Caring Science is the framework for Watson’s Human Caring Theory,providing a philosophy of practice in healthcare.With the high rates of clinician burnout and psychological issues,it will be significant to unify the human caring theory with research-informed psychological and neuroscience evidence to develop clinicians’resilience-building strategies.The purpose of this article is to introduce a Unitary Caring Science Resilience Model and explain the science behind the core strategies based on Unitary Caring Science philosophy and the psychological and neuroscience research.This model includes six strategies:Embracing loving-kindness for self and others;Nurturing interpersonal and intersubjective connections/relations;Deepening a creative use of self and sense of belonging;Balancing self-learning,self-awareness,and an evolved selfconsciousness;Valuing forgiveness and releasing negativity;Inspiring and maintaining faith-hope.The caring-theory guided resilience-building strategies are proven to alleviate the depletion of clinicians’energy and emotions.Healthcare practices are challenging but rewarding.Clinicians can be emotionally,psychologically,and physically exhausted if they always consider themselves‘giving’and‘doing’institutional tasks without a sense of purpose or fulfillment.The practice can be rewarding if it becomes more aligned with clinicians’value to serve humanity.Through the unitary caring science resilience strategies,clinicians can build resilience as an antidote to clinician burnout and depletion.

The impacts of faculty caring on nursing students' intent to graduate:A systematic literature review

Objectives:To examine the current studies about the impacts of faculty caring on nursing students'intent to graduate and provide recommendations.The nursing profession continues to face nursing shortages.One of the solutions recognized to alleviate the shortage is increasing the number of students graduating from nursing schools.It lacks a literature review synthesizing the current research about the impacts of faculty caring on nursing students'intent to graduate and indicate areas for future research.Methods:This is a systematic literature review.The search of the literature was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA).Databases searched included MEDUNE via PubMed,CINAHL,PsyclNFO,and ProQuest Search.Search terms included'attrition,''dropouts,''graduation rate,''faculty,''instructor,''professor,''nursing,'and'caring.'Results:Ten articles met the inclusion criteria.The articles were conducted in the Associate Degree of Nursing and the Bachelor of Science in Nursing programs.Nursing faculties played a significant role in students'intent to graduate by building students'confidence,creating a compassionate learning environment,and promoting students'competence.Faculties'caring behaviors,including respecting students,showing empathy,and using caring communication skills,were essential characteristics to affect students'learning environments.Conclusions:The findings indicate that students'perceptions of faculty caring can affect their perceptions of the learning environment and sense of belonging,and therefore,impact their intent to graduate.Students'perceptions of their instructors'caring behaviors are instrumental in motivating them to continue learning.The capacity of faculty caring plays a significant role in students'success.

Expert Consensus on Nurses'Human Caring for COVID-19 Patients in Different Sites

Summary:This study aims to develop the expert consensus on nurse's human caring for Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19)patients in different sites,and thus provide a guideline on providing whole process and systematic caring for COVID-19 patients.Based on the frontline experiences of human caring for COVID-19 patients and the review of literature,the initial draft of consensus was made and finalized after online meeting and revisions.The experts reached consensus on the following parts:terms and definitions,principles of human caring for COVID-19 patients,and human caring measures for COVID-19 patients in different sites.The expert consensus is practical,concise,and reasonable for guiding the nurses providing human caring for COVID-19 patients,as well as other similar infectious diseases.

Study of the effect of humanistic nursing care model wards in Children Caring Ward School on the nurses'caring ability

Objective： To understand the effect of humanistic nursing care model wards in Children Caring Ward School （CCWS） on the nurses＇ caring ability. Methods： Questionnaire 25 nurses of humanistic nursing care model wards in CCWS using the Nkongho Caring Ability Inventory （CAI） before and after implement the humanistic nursing care model, including reform the systems of nursing care, introduce humanistic care model, implement the humanistic care, to measure the nurses＇ caring ability. Results： The nurses＇ caring ability had significantly developed on total, cognition dimension, courage dimension and patience dimension after all measures considered （p 〈 0.05）. Conclusions： The humanistic nursing care model wards in CCWS has a positive effect on the nurses＇ caring ability, not only to help build great relationships between nurses and patients but also to enhance the patients＇ satisfaction.

Empirical Verification of Swanson’s Caring Processes Found in Nursing Actions: Systematic Review

Caring has long been recognized as central to nursing and is increasingly posited as a core concept although developing a theoretical description of caring which is adequate in the 21st. century continues to be a difficult task for nursing scholars. Consequently, verifying existing theoretical structures of caring remains an ongoing challenge. The aim of this article is to provide empirical verification of the caring processes of “knowing,” “being with,” “doing for,” “enabling” and “maintaining belief” from Swanson’s Middle Range Caring Theory based on the categorization of nursing actions from a systematic literature review on care. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in the fields of nursing sciences, medicine and psychology. Purposeful sampling was carried out covering a period from 2003-2013. The final sample included 25 articles. Results: Major themes of nursing actions included “knowing” which consisted of centering, nurturing, informed understanding, assessment skills, communication and respect for individual differences. “Being with” was characterized by intimate relationship, connecting, presencing, emotional adaptability awareness of self/other and decentering. “Doing for” included competence, knowledge, professional/technical skills, helping actions, anticipatory, multidisciplinary and preserving dignity. “Enabling” was characterized by self care, commitment, complexity of care, appropriate communication, information/education, sharing power, enabling choice and ongoing validation. Finally, “maintaining belief” was characterized by spiritual being, humanistic view, harmonious balance, hope, love, and compassion, meaning, and religious and spiritual orientation. Conclusion: Empirical verification was shown for the caring processes described in Swanson’s Caring Theory grounded in concrete nursing actions.

Demonstration of caring by males in clinical practice:A literature review

Gender stereotyping on the role of male nurses in the use of intimate care,especially the application of touch,was explored.The barriers for men to provide care were determined.Strategies adopted by male nurses to overcome these barriers were discussed.The review of literature showed that role stereotyping is still prevalent within nursing.Public media should recognize the diversity of caring and apply positive materials to shape a new image of nursing.The nursing faculty should develop an atmosphere of acceptance and empower male nursing students in the nursing school and clinic.Male nurses themselves should deeply believe that nursing is a profession suitable for both genders.

Application of “Swanson’s Middle Range Caring Theory” in Sweden after miscarriage

Objective: The aim of this study was to apply Swanson’s Middle Range Caring Theory to the follow-up visit with a midwife for Swedish women who have suffered early miscarriage or received care for late missed miscarriage in preg-nancy week 18-20. Methods: Twenty-five tape recorded interviews with women four weeks after their early miscarriages and thirteen tape recorded semi-structured interviews with midwives and nurses who had the experience of caring for women who have been diagnosed with a missed miscarriage during a routine ultrasound scan. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and interpreted deductively from the text using the theory. Results: Each woman described her personal experience of miscarriage in the relative terms of a human experience. The midwives and nurses described their experiences with women who received care for missed miscarriage. The interviews included information about the treatment provided by the caregivers during the period afterward of the diagnosis. The caregiver attitude was formed from Swanson’s caring categories: “Maintaining belief”, “knowing”, “being with”, “doing for”, “enabling”. Conclusions: Swanson’s Middle Range Caring Theory as applied to the caregiver includes being emotionally present, giving support with respect for the woman’s dignity, being competent, meeting each woman’s own individual needs. Given the proper care after a miscarriage every woman has the power within herself to improve their wellbeing.

Humanistic caring:the core of nursing

The voice of calling for humanistic concern is always from uncountable doctor-patient conflicts, from which we often hear a doctor is killed or injured for disputes. Prejudice has been rooted in mind that all doctors and nurses are interest-centered and cold-blooded. To some extent, it's true that patterned questions with a poker face are always more than gentle words with warm smile. Nurses are the ones who keep patients company for the longest time. Therefore, caring matters more for them. The explicit concept of "caring" will be introduced and we will attach great importance to how nurses can achieve caring. From the following aspects:the practices of loving kindness, the instillation of faith and hope, sensitivity to indicators of disease, improvem ent of healing environment, communication arts etc, you will understand why nurse is the symbol of angel. We can begin with caring about people around us. Our duty is not only to deal the ill but to warm the chill.

The relationships among critical thinking disposition, caring behavior, and learning styles in student nurses

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among disposition toward critical thinking, learning styles, and caring behaviors in student nurses enrolled in three 5-year junior nursing colleges in Southern Taiwan. Methods: This cross-sectional study used a convenience sample that comprised 777 nursing students from two cities. The data were obtained through the Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory, Chinese Version (CTDI-CV), Index of Learning Styles (ILS), and the Caring Behavior Scale (CBS). The sample ranged in age from 16 to 22 years (M = 18.21). Results: Students scored highest on the inquisitiveness subscale and lowest on the truth-seeking subscale. Additionally, some dimensions of disposition toward critical thinking differed significantly by learning style. There was a positive relationship between overall critical thinking dispositions and caring behaviors (r = 0.23, p < 0.01). Finally, dimensions of caring behavior, with the exception of the maturity dimension, were significantly positively related to most dimensions of the disposition toward critical thinking (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicate that not only is learning style related to critical thinking disposition but also to caring behaviors. However, the cause of these relationships warrants further study.

Caring Behaviour of Nurses in Orthopaedic Wards of Selected Health Institutions as Perceived by Patients

Nurses are trained to provide hands-on care to patients in a variety of settings, which include physical care which can range from total care to helping a patient prevent illness. The health of a patient can significantly improve when they (patients) perceive caring nursing behaviours and are satisfied with the quality of care been received from their care giver. The aim of this study was to determine the caring behaviour of nurses as perceived by patients admitted to orthopaedic ward in some selected hospitals in Osogbo, Osun state, Nigeria. A descriptive comparative design was used. Convenient sample technique was used to select 616 respondents consisting of male and female patients admitted to orthopaedic wards of selected hospitals. The questionnaire on Caring Behaviour Assessment scale was adapted from CBI. The most highly ranked perceived nurses’ behaviour by patients rated “satisfactory” was the general perception of the patients and rendering of basic needs. The findings also revealed that patients rated nurses behaviour (care-giving) with respect to human needs assistance, the provision of safe environment, assisting in psychological care and giving physical comfort as average. Lastly, findings also revealed that patients rated perceived nurses behaviour (care-giving) as “not satisfactory” with regards to meeting their communication needs, nutritional needs and individualized care. In conclusion, care giving is an important branch of nursing and it depicts the quality of care received by a patient which in turn is capable of aiding speedy recovery.

Evaluation of Training Program for New Nurses to Enhance Caring Behavior

This research was aimed to evaluate the training program enhancing caring behaviors of new nurses by Kirkpatrick＇s four level for evaluation model： reaction, learning, behavior, and result of the program. The participants were new nurses, preceptors of new nurses, administrators, patients and members of the patients＇ family cared by new nurses. The research instruments were： （1） five questionnaires toward program suitability, knowledge, attitude, caring expression, and result to organization. The mean, standard deviation and dependent sample t-test were used for data analysis; （2） guidelines for focus group discussion and semi-structural questionnaire analyzed by content analysis. The study revealed that： （1） the mean of suitability was at the very high level （X = 4.49, SD. = .30）; （2） the knowledge and attitude after training were significantly higher than before training at .000 level, [t =-21.65, p = .000 and t = -19.30, p = .000）; {3} caring behavior after training was significantly higher than before training at the .000 level; and {4} the result of the program was at the high level { X = 4.25, SD. = .17}, related to the result of semi-structured interview and focus group discussion. These evaluation research finding suggested that administrators can use for improving the preparation of any project and apply to evaluate other training programs, developing human resource system.

Analysis and Synthesis Concept of Caring in Nursing Professional

The purpose of this study was to analyze and synthesize a concept of caring in nursing professionals. The Ethnographic Delphi Future Research （EDFR） contained two phases： Phase 1： The analysis and synthesis of the concept of caring theory in nursing professionals from the literature, research and interviews. The participants were an expert in education, two nurses, two patients and two members of the patients＇ families. The research instrument was a semi-structural questionnaire. The data were analyzed by content analysis and categorized; and Phase 2： The selection of the expressions of caring behavior and guidelines for promotion of caring behavior in new nurses. The participants were two experts in education, eight experts in nursing administration and eight experts in nursing practice. The research instruments were three questionnaires. The data from the first Delphi technique were analyzed by the experts＇ recommendations. The data from the second and third Delphi technique were analyzed by the median and interquartile range of each behavior and consensus. The findings showed the main contents of caring that contained six components as follows： kindness, understanding worth and showing respect, professional relationship, professional competency, professional ethics, and holistic care. The training was a method for promotion of caring behavior. Additionally, in the the first Delphi technique, the experts approved all of the components of caring behavior and the guidelines for promotion of caring behavior as identified in the researchers＇ concepts. However, the researchers＇ concepts were developed 54 caring behaviors while the experts＇ opinion were 50 caring behaviors. In the second and third Delphi technique, all items of caring behaviors get consensus shown by interquartile range not more than 1.5 and the median since 3.5.