Endovascular treatment of direct carotid cavernous fistula resulting from rupture of intracavernous carotid aneurysm: A case report

BACKGROUND Direct carotid cavernous fistulas(CCFs)are typically the result of a severe traumatic brain injury.High-flow arteriovenous shunts secondary to rupture of an intracavernous aneurysm,resulting in direct CCFs,are rare.The use of a pipeline embolization device in conjunction with coils and Onyx glue for treatment of direct high-flow CCF resulting from ruptured cavernous carotid artery aneurysm in a clinical setting is not well documented.CASE SUMMARY A 58-year-old woman presented to our department with symptoms of blepharoptosis and intracranial bruits for 1 wk.During physical examination,there was right eye exophthalmos and ocular motor palsy.The rest of the neurological examination was clear.Notably,the patient had no history of head injury.The patient was treated with a pipeline embolization device in the ipsilateral internal carotid artery across the fistula.Coils and Onyx were placed through the femoral venous route,followed by placement of the pipeline embolization device with assistance from a balloon-coiling technique.No intraoperative or perioperative complications occurred.Preoperative symptoms of bulbar hyperemia and bruits subsided immediately after the operation.CONCLUSION Pipeline embolization device in conjunction with coiling and Onyx may be a safe and effective approach for direct CCFs.

Endovascular procedure-related spontaneous closure of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula: case report

Objective BACKGROUND Spontaneous closure of direct traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas (TCCFs) is rare. A few cases have been reported in literature to be related to diagnostic cerebral angiography and orbital venography. Several mechanisms have been postulated, including irritation of the vessels from contrast media, compression of the carotid artery and reduced blood pressure from general anesthesia. In our own series of about 400 patients at Ramathibodi Hospital, the incidence is approximately 1.75%.CASE PRESENTATION We present a case, which spontaneous closure occurred during attempted endovascular embolization. A 45-year-old woman with left TCCF was referred to our hospital for endovascular treatment. Cerebral angiogram revealed a small-hole fistula at the posterosuperior wall of C2-3 segment of the LICA. Transarterial balloon failed due to the small size of the fistula and acute retroangulation of the balloon attached microcatheter. Transarterial GDC coil placement into the first venous pouch was then attempted for two times, but was unsuccessful. During repositioning of the microcatheter for a third attempt, spontaneous closure of the fistula was observed and confirmed by control angiogram. CONCLUSION Spontaneous closure of direct traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas may occur during endovascular procedures, which can be caused by dissection of the venous pouch by the microcatheter or coils during manipulation, irritation of the vascular walls from the contrast media and decreased blood pressure from general anesthesia.

Color Doppler Imaging in the Diagnosis and Follow-up of Carotid Cavernous Sinus Fistulas

This report describes color doppler imaging (CDI) in theevaluation and follow-up of nine patients with carotid cavernous sinusfistulas.The orbits and carotid arteries were examined with CDI.In allcases,the diagnosis was confirmed by angiography.CDI clearlydemonstrated the dilated superior ophthalmic veins (SOVs) with retrogradeflow and low resistance arterial doppler waveform in all nine patients (10eyes).After the study of quantitative hemodynamics,we found that directcarotid cavernous sinus fistulas s...

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCF) and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods: Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coil embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stent management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% (4/22). A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% (8/22). Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.

Endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid cavernous fistulas with n-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate

Objective To explore the method and safety of endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid cavernous fistulas with n-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate. Method A total of 11 patients with traumatic direct carotid cavernous fistulas treated by endovascular embolization with n-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate. (n-BCA) were retrospectively analyzed,including the

Management of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula

Sixty-eight patients with traumatic carotid-cavemous fistula (TCCF) were treated by intravascular embolization. All patients were cured and 94.1% of internal carotid arteries were preserved. Proptosis, bruit and chemosis disappeared following embolization. The diagnosis and management of TCCF are also evaluated.

Endovascular treatment of carotid cavernous sinus fistula: A systematic review

Carotid cavernous sinus fistulas are abnormal communications between the carotid system and the cavernous sinus. Several classification schemes have described carotid cavernous sinus fistulas according to etiology, hemodynamic features, or the angiographic arterial architecture. Increased pressure within the cavernous sinus appears to be the main factor in pathophysiology. The clinical features are related to size, exact location, and duration of the fistula, adequacy and route of venous drainage and the presence of arterial/venous collaterals. Noninvasive imaging (computed tomography, magnetic resonance, computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, Doppler) is often used in the initial workup of a possible carotid cavernous sinus fistulas. Cerebral angiography is the gold standard for the definitive diagnosis, classification, and planning of treatment for these lesions. The endovascular approach has evolved as the mainstay therapy for definitive treatment in situations including clinical emergencies. Conservative treatment, surgery and radiosurgery constitute other management options for these lesions.

Transvenous Embolization of Carotid Cavernous Fistula by Sequential Occlusion of the Cavernous Sinus

Objective Introduction When we perform transvenous embolization of carotid cavernous fistula, we selectively occluded the venous outflow to the retrograde cortical venous drainage and retrograde ophthalmic venous drainage as the initial steps before the rest of the cavernous sinus. The rationale is to prevent re-diversion of flow into the ophthalmic veins and cortical veins in a subtotally occluded carotid cavernous fistula.Method From 1997 to 2004, a total of 46 patients with carotid cavernous fistula were treated by transvenous embolization using the proposed selective occlusion strategy. There were 6 direct and 40 dural cartoid cavernous fistulae. The embolic agents were Guglielmi detachable coils and fibered platinum coils. Transvenous embolization routes included inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) alone (32 patients), IPS and intercavernous sinus (9 patients), and superior ophthalmic vein (5 patients).Result The follow-up period ranged from 4 months to 7 years. One patient developed retinal hemorrhage due to ophthalic vein thrombosis one week after the embolization procedure. Two patients had transient ophthalmoplegia and 2 patients had symptomatic recurrence of the carotid cavernous fistula during the follow-up. Clinical cure was achieved in 44 patients (96%).Conclusion The sequential occlusion strategy offers a safe and effective method in the transvenous embolization of carotid cavernous fistula.

Management of Carotid Carvenous Fistula in Ghana;Challenges and Opportunities

Carotid-cavernous fistula is an abnormal communication between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. The fistula is classified based on its etiology, haemodynamic and anatomical configuration. The most common type is the direct high flow fistula resulting from trauma. Indirect fistula which is less common results from underlying conditions such as hypertension, collagen vascular diseases, pregnancy amongst others. It is in regards with this uncommon occurrence of indirect fistula that we report a case of forty years old woman who presented with a left protruding eyeball and headache a month after delivery and was diagnosed with spontaneous type D indirect carotid cavernous fistula with rapidly progressing symptoms. She was referred abroad for interventional radiological services due to unavailability of such services in our facility and country.

Diagnosis and endovascular treatment of spontaneous direct carotid-cavernous fistula

Background Spontaneous direct carotid-cavernous fistula （CCF） is relatively rare and few reports have been found in the literature. The aim of this paper was to report the clinical characteristics, imaging findings and curative effect of endovascular treatment for patients with spontaneous direct CCF. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of nine patients with spontaneous direct CCF admitted between May 2003 and November 2007 and the outcomes.of endovascular treatment. Sudden neuro-ophthalmological symptoms were the most common clinical presentation at diagnosis （n=8）. No patients had a history of head trauma. Cerebral digital subtraction angiography （DSA） was performed on all cases under local anesthesia and seven cases received endovascular treatment. Results In eight patients, internal carotid angiograms recorded during the early arterial phase revealed aneurysms located in the cavernous sinuses, and in one patient, a dilated internal carotid artery （ICA） was seen. Among the nine cases, seven received endovascular treatment via a transarterial approach and complete occlusion of the fistula was obtained with no technique-related complications, one died suddenly before treatment and one gave up treatment. A detachable balloon was used as the embolic material in two cases, a detachable balloon and detachable coil as the embolic material in two cases, balloon-assisted coil embolization in two cases and covered stents were successfully placed in the parent vessel to exclude the aneurysm and fistula from circulation in one case. During a follow-up period of 3-48 months, all treated patients remained asymptomatic except for one patient who suffered from ipsilateral decreased vision. Conclusions Most spontaneous direct CCF may be caused by a ruptured intracavernous aneurysm with direct shunting into the cavernous sinus. Endovascular treatment seems to be a safe and effective method for treating spontaneous direct CCF.

Transvenous treatment of a complex cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula secondary to balloon embolization of a traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula

Although recurrent traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula （CCF） and its treatment have beenreported sporadically,^1 a complex cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula （DAVF） secondary to balloon embolization of a direct traumatic CCF is rare. In 2005, we treated such a case via transvenous approach using coils and N-buty-2- cyanoacrylate （NBCA）. The causes of recurrent cavernous sinus DAVF and its endovascular approach are discussed.

血管内介入治疗外伤性颈动脉-海绵窦瘘存在的问题

目的 总结血管内介入治疗外伤性颈动脉-海绵窦瘘(TCCF)中存在的一些问题,探讨避免引起这些问题的技术方法。方法 以可脱性球囊栓塞治疗68例TCCF患者,共进行栓塞术75次。1例经颈部切开穿刺,以球囊栓塞;2例经眼静脉入路以微弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦,其余则经股动脉入路栓塞。 结果 颈内动脉通畅率为66.2％,有3例在瘘口近端闭塞颈内动脉,有5例在栓塞术后3 d内球囊过早泄漏,再次行栓塞术,1例栓塞瘘口后出现假性动脉瘤,1例出现眼静脉的动静脉瘘。结论 以可脱性球囊栓塞TCCF是可靠的方法,但目前球囊的性能有待提高,以微弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦瘘可提高颈内动脉通畅率,双侧股动脉穿刺置管可减少并发症。

颈内动脉-海绵窦瘘的眼部表现及其治疗

10例外伤性颈内动脉 海绵窦瘘的男性患者 ,年龄 18～ 5 5岁 ,均为单眼发病 ,同时伴有颅底骨折。分析其致伤原因、眼部表现特征、CT及脑血管造影所见及治疗方法选择等。结果表明 ,10例患者中 9例 (90 % )治愈 ,瘘口闭合 ,眼球突出、眶区杂音、眼睑及结膜肿胀消失 ;1例好转者眼球突出、眼睑及结膜肿胀也较术前减轻。其中一次栓塞治愈 4例 ,二次栓塞治愈 4例 ,三次栓塞治愈 1例。治愈的 9例中随访 6个月～ 10年 ,无一例复发。 2例发生并发症 ,分别为暴露性角膜炎和球囊误入颈内动脉 ,经对症处理均未发生严重后果。结果提示 ,搏动性眼球突出 ,眶区闻及与脉搏一致的血管性杂音 ,球结膜血管高度扩张 ,为颈内动脉 海绵窦瘘的眼部特征性表现 ;球囊或弹簧圈栓塞是治疗颈内动脉 海绵窦瘘的有效方法。

经面静脉-眼上静脉入路治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘

目的 评价经面静脉 眼上静脉入路治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘 (CCF)的有效性。方法 :经股静脉 面静脉 眼上静脉入路到达患侧海绵窦 ,用GDC或EDC ,游离弹簧圈 ,真丝线段等多种栓塞材料填塞海绵窦 ,同时闭塞瘘口。面静脉插管困难者 ,在下颌角附近切开皮肤显露面静脉 ,直视下穿刺面静脉放置相应导管 ,再经眼上静脉到达患侧海绵窦并将其填塞。结果 :经面静脉 眼上静脉入路对 14例、16侧海绵窦进行了栓塞治疗 ,其中 5例为外伤性、直接CCF(A型 ) ,经动脉途径球囊栓塞后复发 ,或微弹簧圈栓塞未能成功 ,或经岩下窦入路未能成功 ,9例为自发性、间接CCF(D型 8例 ,C型 1例 )。 13例经股静脉 面静脉 眼上静脉途径 ,1例通过直视下面静脉穿刺。 11例栓塞治疗后即刻造影显示瘘消失 ,2例残留低流量的岩下窦引流 ,另有 1例在微导管进入面静脉后 ,面静脉痉挛闭塞 ,未能继续进行栓塞治疗 ,造影仍见瘘存在 ,但眼静脉出现明显的造影剂滞留。 1例A型CCF在球囊栓塞后出现外展神经麻痹 ,经面静脉 眼上静脉栓塞后亦无改善。因面静脉痉挛闭塞未能栓塞成功者 ,于术后即感眼部症状加重 ,但第 2天感症状缓解 ,术后第 2 1天症状明显改善 ,造影检查发现瘘口已经消失 ,术后 1个月患者眼部症状完全消失。其他病例在栓塞术后眼部症状明显改善 ,?

Willis覆膜支架治疗外伤性颈内动脉-海绵窦瘘:4例报告

目的总结Willis覆膜支架用于外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)的治疗经验。方法2014年12月至2015年12月,用Willis覆膜支架医治外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘4例,均行临床随访。结果 Willis支架均成功植入,其中1例出现少许对比剂内漏,以更高压力二次充胀球囊后仍内漏,置入第2枚覆膜支架后,内漏消失。造影可见瘘口闭合,无颈内动脉阻塞,无手术并发症。临床随访4例,原临床症状均未复发。结论 Willis覆膜支架是治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的有效手段,值得推广。

颈内动脉-海绵窦瘘的眼部表现及诊断分析

目的:分析颈动脉海绵窦瘘引起眼部改变的临床特点,减少误诊。方法:对5例经脑血管造影证实为颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的患者从病史、眼部表现及特殊检查方面进行回顾性分析。结果:5例患者均有外伤史、眼球突出、球结膜充血水肿及眼球运动障碍。眶区闻及与脉搏一致的血管性杂音为颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的眼部特征性表现。结论:常规做眼球、前额、乳突部位的听诊,积极进行眼部多普勒探查,及时行DSA检查,可作出正确的诊断。

经血管内栓塞治疗颈外动脉-海绵窦瘘

目的：探讨经血管内栓塞治疗３例颈外动脉海绵窦瘘的临床意义。材料和方法：３例颈外动脉海棉窦瘘均经股动脉入路栓塞，采用微螺旋圈和聚乙烯醇颗粒将瘘口闭塞。结果：术后患者临床症状显著改善。随访１个月至１年病情无复发。结论：颅内无血管杂音是其重要体征。

可脱性球囊栓塞治疗外伤性颈内动脉-海绵窦瘘

目的:报告采用可脱性球囊栓塞治疗外伤性颈内动脉-海绵窦瘘(TCCF)10例,取得较为满意的效果.方法:经股动脉插管采用Magic 3F/1.8F可脱性球囊导管,用国产乳胶球囊闭塞瘘口,球囊充填剂为等渗的Ominipaque.结果:本组10例中1次栓塞成功7例,2次栓塞成功1例,1例部分栓塞,1例失败,治愈率为80%,6例颈内动脉保持通畅,1例术后球囊移位,3例出现脑血管痉挛.结论:可脱性球囊栓塞治疗TCCF是目前较为理想的治疗方法,但术中要尽量闭塞瘘口,保持颈内动脉通畅,并注意球囊移位及脑血管痉挛的发生.

外伤性颈动脉-海绵窦瘘4例的超声特征

目的:评价B型超声波探查对外伤性颈动脉-海绵窦瘘的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析4例4眼由外伤(头部车祸伤或跌倒头部着地伤)导致的颈动脉-海绵窦瘘患者的B型超声波扫查的声像特征。结果:超声探查发现4例患者球后脂肪垫内见B型超声声像图为眼上静脉为圆形或椭圆形回声区,内界为弱或无回声,边界清晰。眼眶压迫试验为阳性,如果压迫试验用的压力大时,无回声区将消失,眼眶肌肉回声有增粗。结论:B型超声波探查特征性声像图结合患者头部外伤,眼球充血,球结膜及结膜下血管怒张,呈深红色,眼底视网膜静脉血管扩张、眼球突出、复视等典型临床表现,对外伤性颈动脉-海绵窦瘘提供临床有用的诊断价值。