Correlation between Waist Circumference and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Women from Shanghai, China

Objective To evaluate whether waist circumference （WC） 〉85 cm is related to asymptomatic preclinical atherosclerosis in women from Shanghai, China. Methods A total of 2365 females aged 〉20 years recruited from 4 communities underwent physical examination and carotid artery scanning. Their carotid intima-media thickness （C-iMT） was measured. Results The C-IMT was significantly higher in overweight or obese women with their BMI 〉25.0 kg/m2 {P〈O.01） and in those with their WC _〉85 cm than in those with their WC 〈85 cm （P〈O.01）. Spearman and partial correlation analysis showed that the C-IMT was significantly correlated with WC which was independent of menopausal status. The C-IMT significantly increased with the increasing WC and reached to a platform in about 85 cm. An increment tendency was found in the subgroup with its WC 〈 85 cm （P〈O.01） while no significant tendency was found in the subgroup with its WC_〉85 cm （P=0.07）. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that the WC was an independent risk factor for C-IMT. In logistic regression model, the odd ratio of WC _〉80 cm, _〉80 cm and 〈85 cm and 〉85 cm for evaluating the risk of C-IMT elevation was 2.632, 2.501, and 1.878, respectively. Conclusion WC is significantly correlated with C-IMT in women from Shanghai, China, and WC_〉85 cm may be used in identifying the risk of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.

Ultrasound Assessraent of Intima-media Thickness and Diameter of Carotid Arteries in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis or Renal Transplantation

Renal transplant （RT） recipients have a high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of renal transplantation on the development of arteriosclerosis have been controversial. The carotid intima-media thickness （CIMT） and diameter （CD） are important indicators of vascular remodeling and arteriosclerosis. In this study, 31 patients with hemodialysis （HD）, 31 RT recipients and 84 age- and gender-matched control subjects were enrolled. Their CIMT and CD were measured by ultrasonic radiofrequency tracking, and the linear regression models and Z test were used to identify the progression of arteriosclerosis and the risk factors. Compared with HD group, RT group had significantly lower CIMT and CD. CIMT was found to be associated with age, body weight, resistance index and diastolic velocity, while CD was associated significantly with age, body weight, pulsatility index, end diastolic velocity and diastolic blood pressure （DBP）, respectively. The correlation curves between CIMT and age showed the slopes of curves were decreased successively in control, RT and HD groups, and the curves between CD and age showed the slopes were decreased in order of RT 〉 control 〉 HD groups. It was concluded that CIMT and CD were significantly correlated with age in RT and moderately with age in HD patients. RT could reduce the progress of arteriosclerosis in patients with end-stage renal disease.

Relationship between Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Diabetes Clinical Risk Factors among Normotensive Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Native Black African Population

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with atherosclerosis with changes in the thickness of the intima-media of carotid arteries which causes increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. The carotid artery reflects the degree of atherosclerosis in the various vessels especially coronary arteries. Measurement of the carotid artery thickness with real time, relatively cheap and non-invasive ultrasonography method is used in monitoring atherosclerotic disease progression and response to treatment. This study is aimed at ultrasonographic evaluation of the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in adult Type 2 Diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic healthy controls matched for age, gender and body mass index (BMI). And to also determine its association if any with selected clinical factors among a native Black African population. Methodology: This was a prospective case control study involving 54 adult type 2 diabetics and 54 adult non-diabetic controls. CIMT was measured at 3 segments of the extracranial carotid arteries by a 7.5 - 10 MHz linear transducer of a portable Mindray M5 ultrasound machine. Results: Among the native black African population studied, there was significant difference in CIMT of adult type 2 diabetics compared to healthy non-diabetics adults (p value = 0.012 and 0.001 on the right and left respectively). The mean carotid intima-media thickness in diabetics was 0.81 mm and 0.85 mm, while in non-diabetics it was 0.74 mm and 0.75 mm on the right and left respectively. The presence of diabetes showed independent positive correlation with CIMT (beta: 0.24, p value = 0.004). Age (beta: 0.30, p value = 0.001) and plasma cholesterol level (beta: 0.30, p value = 0.013) also had positive correlation with CIMT. Conclusion: There was statistically significant difference in carotid intima-media thickness between adult type 2 diabetics and age, sex matched non-diabetics. DM showed independent correlation with CIMT.

A REVIEW ON ARTERY WALL SEGMENTATION TECHNIQUES AND INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS MEASUREMENT FOR CAROTID ULTRASOUND IMAGES

Stroke and heart attack,which could be led by a kind of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease named as atherosclerosis,would seriously cause human morbidity and mortality.It is important for the early stage diagnosis and monitoring medical intervention of the atherosclerosis.Carotid stenosis is a classical atherosclerotic lesion with vessel wall narrowing down and accumulating plaques burden.The carotid artery of intima-media thickness(IMT)is a key indicator to the disease.With the development of computer assisted diagnosis technology,the imaging techniques,segmentation algorithms,measurement methods,and evaluation tools have made considerable progress.Ultrasound imaging,being real-time,economic,reliable,and safe,now seems to become a standard in vascular assessment methodology especially for the measurement of IMT.This review firstly attempts to discuss the clinical relevance of measurements in clinical practice at first,and then followed by the challenges that one has to face when approaching the segmentation of ultrasound images.Secondly,the commonly used methods for the IMT segmentation and measurement are presented.Thirdly,discussion and evaluation of different segmentation techniques are performed.An overview of summary and future perspectives is given finally.

Relationship between peripheral arterial disease, carotid intima-media thickness and C-reactive protein in elderly diabetic patients

Purpose: To study the association between carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and high sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) level as markers for PAD in elderly patients with DM. Subjects: A case-control study on 90 participants aged 60 years and older divided into 60 cases (30 patients with DM alone and 30 patients with DM and comorbidities) and 30 healthy controls. All were assessed by measuring CIMT, ankle brachial index (AB), and markers for cardiovascular disease such as high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Results: hs-CRP levels showed statistically significant difference being highest among patients with DM and comorbidities and lowest among controls (P < 0.001). Also, symptoms of PAD were significantly higher among cases than controls. ABI was able to detect PAD in many asymptomatic patients. Color changes were present in only 43.30% (n = 26) of positive PAD cases while delayed wound healing, claudication pain, rest pain, cold extremities, and trophic changes were present in 23.30% (n = 14), 16.71% (n = 10), 16.71% (n = 10), 45.00% (n = 27), and 21.7% (n = 13). Using logistic regression analysis revealed that DM, CIMT, and hs-CRP were independent predictors for PAD (OR = 4.194, 7.236, 1.003;P value = 0.044, 0.25, 0.031) after adjustment of other coronary risk factors such as sex, smoking, hypertension, TC, and TG. Conclusion: Diabetic elderly have higher prevalence of asymptomatic PAD thannon-diabetics using solely ABI. DM, CIMT, and hs-CRP are independent predictors for the occurrence of PAD. Hs-CRP levels are highest among diabetics with comorbidities.

Relationship of plasma homocysteine, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, high mobility group box 1 protein with carotid intima-media thickness in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective:To explore the relationship of plasma homocysteine(Hcy),soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1(sICAM-1)and high mobility group box 1 protein(HMGB1)with carotid intima-media thickness(c-IMT)in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods:A total of 100 elderly patients who were diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus in Baogang Hospital of Inner Mongolia from June 2017 to May 2020 were chosen as research objects.According to c-IMT,they were divided into the normal group(n=35),the mild to moderate group(n=41)and the severe group(n=24).The expression levels of plasma Hcy,sICAM-1 and HMGB1 were compared between groups respectively.Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship of plasma Hcy,sICAM-1,HMGB1 with c-IMT.Results:The comparison in plasma Hcy,sICAM-1,HMGB1 and c-IMT among the three groups of patients was of statistical significance(p<.05).The results of correlation analysis showed that the expression levels of plasma Hcy,sICAM-1 and HMGB1 were positively correlated with c-IMT in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(r=.627,.598,.614;p<.05).Conclusions:The expression levels of plasma Hcy,sICAM-1 and HMGB1 are abnormally increased in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,and related to c-IMT,which can provide a strong evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment by detecting their levels in clinical practice.

Metformin effect on internal carotid artery blood flow assessed by area under the curve of carotid artery Doppler in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

BACKGROUND Insulin resistance(IR)was reported in most polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)cases.Metformin,a biguanide drug,successfully reduced IR.Homeostatic Model Assessment for IR(HOMA-IR)and Doppler parameters assessed metformin's effectiveness.AIM To verify whether the area under the curve of the internal carotid artery(AUC-ICA)Doppler wave can be a useful marker for assessing IR among PCOS cases who presented with menstrual irregularity and were treated with metformin over 6 mo.METHODS An observational,cross-sectional study recruited 54 eligible PCOS women;the anthropometrics were as follows:age,body mass index(BMI),menstrual cycle days,biochemical serum cholesterol,low and high-density lipoprotein,sex hormone-binding globulin,fasting blood glucose,and HOMA-IR,hormonal testosterone,luteinizing hormone over follicle-stimulating hormone ratio,and ultrasonic pulsatility index(PI)and resistance index(RI),carotid artery intima-media thickness(CIMT)and(AUC-ICA)parameters were initially recorded and repeated 3 mo and 6 mo later with metformin tab 500 mg;three times/day for 6 mo.In addition,AUC-ICA was assessed by taking repeated systolic and diastolic wave height measurements.RESULTS Metformin caused a progressive reduction in BMI,menstrual cycle days,biochemical hormonal,and Doppler parameters(CIMT,PI,RI,and AUC-ICA).AUC-ICA correlated strongly to all PCOS parameters.AUC-ICA correlated inversely with treatment time(r=-0.98,P<0.001)and positively with HOMA-IR(r=0.98,P<0.0001).Via the best subset regression model,the AUC-ICA had the highest predictive value for HOMA-IR.CONCLUSION AUC-ICA preceded PI,RI,and CIMT with a strong,meaningful correlation to all PCOS parameters,making it a reliable marker for the assessment of IR,especially during metformin therapy.Further studies are recommended to promote the application in practice.

降脂和抗血小板治疗对老年患者CIMT及心脑血管病的影响

目的探讨规范降脂和抗血小板治疗对老年患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度（CIMT）及预防心脑血管病的影响。方法采用治疗前后列队对照研究,所有患者均行头颅MR、颈动脉彩超检查及登记心脑血管病事件发生情况。12月、24月时复查颈动脉彩超。并对不同治疗时间与左右CIMT变化行相关性分析。结果规范降脂和抗血小板治疗12个月时,34例患者左右两侧CIMT变化无差异（P〉0.05）。治疗24个月时,30例患者CIMT有轻度的下降趋势,且左侧下降较右侧的明显,但均无差异（P〉0.05）。对两组不同治疗持续时间与左右CIMT变化的相关性分析,结果具有相关性增加的趋势。治疗12个月和24个月时,存在低度正相关性（r在0.374～0.473之间,P〈0.05）。12、24个月时心脑血管病分别为18%（6/34）和23%（7/30）,脑部均为症状较轻的小片脑梗塞。结论规范降脂和抗血小板治疗,对老年患者的CIMT具有相对稳定和一定的减轻作用,并与治疗时间有低度正相关性（P〈0.05）。小片脑梗塞再发率与感染、间中血压偏低及病程中因手术、出血等暂停使用抗血小板药物有关。

2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝严重程度与CIMT的相关性

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的严重程度与颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT)的关系。方法:138例T2DM患者分为不合并NAFLD组(n=44)、合并轻度NAFLD组(n=39)和合并中重度NAFLD组(n=55),记录3组患者一般资料、生化指标和CIMT。结果:T2DM合并NAFLD患者的CIMT、腰围、体质量指数、甘油三酯、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰基转移酶、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖明显高于单纯T2DM者,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显低于单纯T2DM患者(P<0.05)。多元逐步回归分析显示,CIMT与合并NAFLD的严重程度呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。结论:T2DM合并NAFLD者肥胖和脂代谢紊乱状态更明显,并且CIMT随NAFLD严重程度的增加而逐渐增厚。

Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Cross-sectional Study in Northern China

Objective Increased carotid artery intima-media thickness(CIMT)and carotid plaque as manifestations of carotid atherosclerosis have been used as markers of cardiovascular disease(CVD).The components of metabolic syndrome(Met S)are linked to CVD,but the association between Met S and CVD is controversial.Methods A total of 8,933 Chinese adults aged 40 years or older from 2010 to 2014 were selected from the Jidong and Kailuan communities.Met S was defined by the International Diabetes Federation criteria.CIMT and carotid plaque were measured using color Doppler ultrasound.Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of Met S with carotid plaque and CIMT.Results Met S was found among 3,461(3,461/8,933)participants.The odds ratio and 95%confidence internal(CI)for carotid plaques in participants with Met S was 1.16(1.03-1.30).The risk of carotid plaques increased with the number of Met S components.The average CIMT was higher in participants with Met S(β=0.020,95%CI,0.014-0.027)and in participants with more Met S components.Conclusion Individuals with Met S are at an increased risk for carotid atherosclerosis compared to those without MetS.

Effect of short term intensive multitherapy on carotid intima-media thickness in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background Controlling plasma glucose levels, blood pressure and lipid levels is proven to reduce the risk of vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This has prompted intensive multitherapy targeted at several macrovascular risk factors. Carotid intima-media thickness （cIMT） is a reliable measure of early atherosclerosis. We sought to determine whether a 6-month intensive mutiltherapy program resulted in better goal attainment than usual care and its effect on the development of cIMT among patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods The study randomly assigned 220 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus to intensive or traditional therapy groups. The clinical parameters, such as fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure, body weight and insulin were assessed at the baseline and after the 6-month therapy, cIMT of the patients was also obtained. Results The average levels of fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin Alc, total cholesterol （TC） and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） in the intensive group were significantly lower than those in the control group at the end of 6-month treatment. By 6 months, a higher proportion of patients in the intensive therapy group than in the control group attained goals for fasting plasma glucose （FPG）, TC, LDL-C and hemoglobin Alc. With intensive multherapy the level of carotid intima-media thickness in the intensive therapy group was lower than that in the control group （（0.88±0.26） mm vs （0.96±0.22） mm, P 〈0.01）. Conclusions The evidence from this clinical trial demonstrates that intensive glucose, lipid and blood pressure control in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes is associated with diabetic macrovascular benefits. Intensive multitherapy allows more patients to achieve aims of control and may reduce macrovascular complications and delay disease progression.

Association between Carotid Intima-media Thickness and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Glu504Lys Polymorphism in Chinese Han with Essential Hypertension

Background： Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 （ALDH2） is involved in the pathophysiological processes of cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies showed that mutant ALDH2 could increase oxidative stress and is a susceptible factor for hypertension. In addition, wild-type ALDH2 could improve the endothelial functions, therefore reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to explore the frequency of the Glu504Lys polymorphism of the ALDH2 gene and its relation to carotid intima-media thickness （CIMT） in a group of patients with essential hypertension （EH） and to investigate the association between the Glu504Lys polymorphism and CIMT in Chinese Han patients with EH. Methods： In this study, 410 Chinese Han patients with EH who received physical examinations at the People＇s Hospital of Sichuan Province （China） were selected. DNA microarray chip was used for the genotyping of the Glu504Lys polymorphism of the ALDH2 gene. The differences in CIMT among patients with different Glu504Lys ALDH2 genotypes were analyzed. Results： The mean CIMT of the patients carrying AA/AG and GG genotypes was 1.02 ± 0.31 mm and 0.78 ±0.28 mm, respectively. One-way ANOVA showed that the CIMT of the patients carrying the AA/AG genotype was significantly higher than in the ones carrying the GG genotype （P 〈 0.001）. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the Glu504Lys AA/AG genotype of the ALDH2 gene was one of the major factors influencing the CIMT in patients with EH （odds ratio = 3.73 l, 95% confidence interval = 1.589-8.124, P = 0.001）. Conclusions： The Glu504Lys polymorphism of the ALDH2 gene is associated with the CIMT of Chinese Han patients with EH in Sichuan, China.

Naïve hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B patients are at risk of carotid atherosclerosis:A prospective study

BACKGROUND There is an increased risk of atherosclerosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C or human immunodeficiency virus,but there is scarce data on hepatitis B virus infection.The hypothesis of this study is that hepatitis B virus infection increases the risk of carotid plaques and subclinical atherosclerosis in naïve hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)negative subjects.AIM To assess the rate of carotid plaques and subclinical atherosclerosis in naïve HBeAg negative subjects in comparison with a cohort of healthy controls.METHODS Prospective case-control collaborative study conducted in two tertiary hospitals.Four hundred and two subjects prospectively recruited at the outpatient clinic were included from May 2016 to April 2017:201 naïve HBeAg-negative hepatitis B virus-infected[49 chronic hepatitis B(CHB)and 152 inactive carriers(ICs)]and 201 healthy controls.Anthropomorphic and metabolic measures,liver stiffness and carotid Doppler ultrasound were performed.Subclinical atherosclerosis was established on an intima-media thickness increase of≥1.2 mm and/or the presence of carotid plaques.Normally distributed quantitative variables were compared with the Student t test and those with a non-normal distribution with the Mann-Whitney U test.Categorical variables were compared between groups using theχ2 or Fisher exact test.RESULTS Carotid plaques were found more often in CHB(32.7%)than ICs(17.1%)or controls(18.4%)(P=0.048).Subclinical atherosclerosis was also increased in CHB(40.8%)vsICs(19.1%)or controls(19.4%)(P=0.003).No differences in the risk of atherosclerosis were observed between controls and ICs.The factors independently associated with the presence of carotid plaques were age[odds ratio(OR)1.43,P<0.001]and CHB(OR 1.18,P=0.004)and for subclinical atherosclerosis,age(OR 1.45,P<0.001),CHB(OR 1.23,P<0.001)and diabetes(OR 1.13,P=0.028).In the subset of young subjects(<50 years),carotid plaques(12.5%vs 1.1%,P=0.027)and subclinical atherosclerosis(12.5%vs 2.2%,P=0.058)were more frequent among CHB than ICs.CONCLUSION Untreated HBeAg-negative CHB is an independent risk factor for carotid plaques and subclinical atherosclerosis,while ICs present a similar risk to controls.

Relationship between platelet-lymphocyte ratio and carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective:To investigate the relationship between platelet-lymphocyte ratio(PLR)and carotid atherosclerosis(CAS)in middle-aged and elderly patients with T2DM.Methods:A total of 420 middle-aged and elderly patients with T2DM who were hospitalized in the Endocrinology Department of our hospital from September 2018 to September 2020 and were examined by ultrasound were selected as the subjects.The carotid artery intima-media thickness(CIMT)was examined by color Doppler ultrasonography,including normal CIMT group(n=111),CIMT thickening group(n=103)and CAS plaque group(n=206).The differences of serum PLR levels among the three groups were compared.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between PLR and CAS plaque formation.The receiver operating curve(ROC)was used to evaluate the value of multivariate Logistic regression model(Logit P)in the diagnosis of CAS lesions.Results:The mean value of PLR in CAS plaque group(127.86±48.54)was significantly higher than that in CIMT normal group(109.15±48.35).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for other confounding factors,the increase of PLR was an independent risk factor for the occurrence of CAS plaque.ROC showed that the efficacy of multivariate Logit P model in the diagnosis of CAS plaque was(AUC=0.807,95%CI=0.759-0.858).Conclusions:PLR is one of the important risk factors for the occurrence of CAS lesions.At the same time,the multivariate Logistic regression model established in this study has clinical reference value in predicting CAS lesions in middle-aged and elderly patients with T2DM.

青年肥胖合并代谢综合征患者颈动脉弹性变化及其危险因素分析

目的:探讨青年肥胖(OB)合并代谢综合征(MS)患者颈动脉弹性变化及其危险因素。方法:选取医院收治的108例20~40岁的OB患者,依据是否合并MS将其分为OB合并MS(OB-MS)组(57例)和单纯OB组(51例),同期选取来院体检的47名体重正常受检者纳入健康对照组。收集入组者的性别、年龄、血糖、血脂、血压、右侧颈动脉内中膜厚度(CIMT)及右侧颈动脉局部脉搏波传导速度(PWV),比较3组间上述观察指标的差异,应用多元线性回归模型分析OB-MS组右侧颈动脉局部PWV升高的危险因素。结果:OB-MS组的高血糖、高血压及血脂异常的检出率明显高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=85.18,χ^(2)=29.83,χ^(2)=75.51;P<0.001);单纯OB组高血糖、高血压和血脂异常与OB-MS组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=39.77,χ^(2)=26.14,χ^(2)=38.19;P<0.001);单纯OB组高血糖、血脂异常的检出率高于健康对照组,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=17.21,χ^(2)=13.33;P<0.001);OB-MS组的右侧颈动脉CIMT、右侧颈动脉局部PWV明显高于健康对照组(Z=41.94,Z=38.11;P<0.001);OB-MS组的右侧颈动脉局部PWV高于单纯OB组(Z=27.03,P<0.017);单纯OB组的右侧颈动脉CIMT高于健康对照组(Z=21.48,P<0.017);多元线性回归分析显示:右侧颈动脉CIMT增厚、体质量指数(BMI)增加是OB-MS组右侧颈动脉局部PWV升高影响因素。结论:无动脉粥样硬化斑块的青年OB-MS患者颈动脉弹性减低,CIMT和BMI增加是其危险因素。

Relationship of plasma level of Lp-PLA_2 and pulse wave velocity and carotid intima-media thickness

Background Increased plasma level of Lp-PLA2 is a potential risk factor for atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, whether Lp-PLA2 has effects on both vascular function and structure changes is still unclear. Method One hundred and eighty-six outpatient subjects without overt cardiovascular disease were enrolled and anthropomet- ric data, plasma level of Lp-PLA2 and other related laboratory parameters were collected. Measurements of pulse wave velocity （PWV） and carotid intima-media thickness （CIMT） were performed by an experienced investigator. According to plasma level of Lp-PLA2, all the subjects were divided into two groups as follows： 〈 200 ng/mL （n = 96） and ≥200 ng/mL （n = 90）. Result Body mass index, smoking, diabetic mellitus, systolic blood pressure, and LDL-C level were positive correlation with plasma level of Lp-PLA2, while use of statins was negatively correlative. Both PWV and CIMT positively correlated with smoking, systolic blood pressure, LDL-C level and plasma level of Lp-PLA2, while negatively correlated with HDL-C level and usage of statins. CIMT in the group with plasma level of Lp-PLA2 〈 200 ng/mL （0.9 ± 0.2 mm, n = 96） was sig- nificantly less than that with plasma level of Lp-PLA2≥200 ng/mL （1.2 ±0.4 mm, n = 90, P = 0.32）, and similar finding was also observed in PWV （9.1± 0.5 m/s vs 12.7 ± 0.4 m/s, P = 0.38）. Conclusion Our present study shows that in subjects without overt CVD, increased plasma level of Lp-PLA2 is associated with vascular function （PWV） and structure （CIMT） deterioration.

Detection of carotid artery fluid dynamics and serum inflammatory factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective:To explore the value of fluid dynamic parameters and inflammatory factors in the prediction of early atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods:A total of 126 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were admitted to our hospital from March 2015 to July 2016 were selected as study subjects and divided into non atherosclerotic group (61 cases) and atherosclerosis group (65 cases)according to carotid artery IMT. At the same time, 60 healthy persons were selected as the control group. The fluid dynamics indexes (PSV, EDV and MV) and serum inflammatory factors (MCP-1, TNF-α and hs-CRP) were detected in the three groups.Results: There were no significant differences in PSV, EDV and MV between left and right carotid arteries in non-atherosclerotic group and control group. PSV, EDV and MV of left and right carotid artery were significantly lower in atherosclerosis group than those in control group. The carotid artery PSV, EDV and MV of left and right in atherosclerosis group were also significantly lower than those of non-atherosclerosis group. The MCP-1, TNF-α and hs-CRP levels in the non-atherosclerosis group were respectively (417.10±78.54), (85.72±9.97) and (3.73±0.61), significantly higher than those in the control group. The MCP-1, TNF-αand hs-CRP levels in atherosclerosis group were respectively (532.95±97.48), (123.56±12.85) and (5.39±0.74) , significantly higher than those in the control group and non-atherosclerosis group.Conclusion:Hydrodynamic parameters and serum inflammatory factors can be used as diagnostic criteria for carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients, and provide guidance for the early diagnosis of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

不同血压水平血管病变情况评估及相关危险因素分析

目的评估不同血压水平血管病变情况,并对其相关危险因素进行分析。方法将2016年4月在航天中心医院体检中心体检人群744例按照血压水平分为4组,其中理想血压组224例、正常高值血压组344例、高血压1级组135例、高血压2级及3级组41例。首先评估各组血管病变的情况,包括颈股脉搏波传导速度(cfPWV)、臂踝脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)、踝臂指数(ABI)及颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT)等;然后对各组血管病变的相关危险因素进行对比及统计学分析。结果随着血压水平的逐级升高,理想血压组、正常高值血压组、高血压1级组、高血压2级及3级组各组间血管病变的程度也逐渐加重,以上4组cfPWV、baPWV、CIMT值逐渐增高(P<0.05),并且从正常高值血压水平开始cfPWV、baPWV、CIMT等检查的异常检出率就已经明显增加;而上述4组血压人群的ABI异常检出率均较低,组间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。上述4组随着血压水平的升高,年龄、体质量指数、骨密度、幽门螺杆菌感染情况、C反应蛋白、尿酸、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、总胆固醇水平逐渐升高(P<0.05),而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇逐渐降低(P<0.05)。年龄、空腹血糖(FPG)、骨密度为颈股脉搏波传导速度(cfPWV)的独立危险因素,其OR值、95%CI分别为1.158(1.123-1.195)、1.568(1.118-2.200)、0.055(0.012-0.259);年龄、甘油三酯(TG)、骨密度为颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT)的独立危险因素,其OR值、95%CI分别为1.102(1.077-1.127)、0.572(0.358-0.913)、0.008(0.002-0.033)。结论极易被人们忽视的正常高值血压水平人群已经开始存在代谢异常,并且已经存在较为明显的动脉早期亚临床损害。因此从心脑血管病预防的角度来看,从正常高值血压阶段开始就要重视对血压及亚临床血管病变的及时监控及治疗。

颈动脉粥样硬化与女性绝经后骨质疏松的关系

目的探讨女性绝经后骨质疏松(osteoporosis, OP)与颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(carotid intima-media thickness,CIMT)及颈动脉斑块的相关性。方法选择2016年10月至2017年10月在日照市中医医院体检的绝经后女性144例,应用双能X线骨密度仪检测腰椎(L1～L4)的骨密度(bone mineral density, BMD),依据BMD检测结果分为OP组(52例)和非OP组(92例);应用彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉CIMT及颈动脉斑块。评价颈动脉粥样硬化与OP的关系。结果 OP组颈动脉斑块比例高于非OP组(28.8%vs. 13.0%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.020);OP组CIMT虽高于非OP组[(1.01±0.42)mm vs.(0.89±0.36)mm],但差异无统计学意义(P=0.078)。多因素分析提示,颈动脉斑块是OP的独立危险因素(OR=3.488,95%CI 1.318～9.226,P=0.012),而CIMT增厚与OP无关(OR=1.906,95%CI 0.891～4.079,P=0.096);相关性分析提示,CIMT与L1～L4的BMD无相关性(r=-0.151,P=0.072),颈动脉斑块与L1～L4 BMD呈负相关(r=-0.223,P=0.007)。结论女性绝经后颈动脉斑块形成可增加OP风险,而CIMT与OP无相关性。

维持性腹膜透析患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度及相关危险因素分析

目的研究终末期肾功能衰竭(ESRD)行维持性腹膜透析患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度及相关危险因素分析。方法选择75例终末期肾功能衰竭行维持性腹膜透析患者为PD组及46例健康对照者为对照组。检测血红蛋白(Hb)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(SCr)、白蛋白(ALB)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血钙(Ca)、血磷(P)、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、血压;用彩色多普勒超声测量双侧颈动脉内中膜厚度(CIMT)及斑块情况。结果PD组患者和对照组CIMT分别是(0.84±0.12)mm和(0.53±0.04)mm,PD组的CIMT较对照组明显增厚(P<0.05),PD组和对照组颈动脉粥样斑块发生率分别是36%和13%,PD患者组斑块的发生率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。CIMT和斑块发生率与下列因素相关:分别是年龄(r=0.46,P<0.001),CRP(r=0.51,P<0.05),ALB(r=-0.29,P<0.05)。结论维持性腹膜透患者颈动脉粥样硬化发生率明显高于正常对照组;除传统的人危险因素外,我们认为尿毒症内环境紊乱、微炎症状态、营养不良等也是加速粥样硬化过程的重要因素。