Spheroidization and Ostwald Growth of Carbide in Isothermal Process of Hot-Deformed High Carbon Chromium Cast Steel

In isothermal spheroidizing process,the spheroidization and growth of the carbide formed in hot-deformed high-carbon chromium cast steel at high temperature were investigated.The results showed that the spheroidizing growth of carbide proceeds in such a way that the bigger carbide particles swallow the smaller ones,and the short rhabdoid carbides dissolve and are spheroidized by itself.When the samples were held at 720℃ for more than 3 h,the spheroidization is not obvious.The feature of the process is the size increment and the amount decrement of carbide particles.The empirical equation for growth rate of carbides was obtained.The volume fraction of carbides keeps constant.The growth process agrees well with Ostwald Ripening Law.

Microstructure and Property of High Carbonic-Chromium Cast Steel with Different Hot Deformation Ratio

The microstructure and properties of high carbonic-chromium cast steel subjected to different hot deformation ratios were studied.The experimental results show that the microstructure and properties of high carbonic-chromium cast steel are obviously improved after hot deformation,and the best mechanical properties of the cast steel can be obtained under hot deformation ratio of 40 %-50 %,which leads to the morphology change of eutectic carbide and the precipitation of granular carbides.

Effects of Strain Ratio on Fatigue Behavior of G20Mn5QT Cast Steel

Due to traffic and wave actions, cast steel joints are subjected to variable-amplitude fatigue loading, which may cause fatigue problems. The ratio of the minimum strain to the maximum strain(strain ratio)can be employed to analyze the influence of variable-amplitude fatigue both in the elastic and plastic ranges. To evaluate the effect of the strain ratio on G20Mn5 QT cast steel, the fatigue tests of smooth specimens were carried out at the strain ratio of 0.1. The cyclic deformation and the relationships between the strain amplitude, the stress amplitude, the Smith, Watson and Topper(SWT)parameter and fatigue life were studied and compared with those at the strain ratio of-1. Compared with other methods, Basquin formula and Solonberg formula provide reliable and appropriate ranges of S-N curve and fatigue limit at different strain ratios respectively. The SWT parameter can be used to predict the fatigue life at other strain ratios accurately.

Study and Application of Nb-V-Ti Microalloyed Cast Steel

A new type of Nb-V-Ti microalloyed cast steel was produced. Computer simulation was adopted to optimize the content of alloying elements. The microstructure of the microalloyed steel was analyzed. The fatigue property, wear and friction properties and rupture toughness of the steel were investigated. The service and operating properties of Nb-V-Ti microalloyed cast steel coupler were also examined. The results show that the steel has excellent comprehensive mechanical properties. The granular bainite structure and precipitation strengthening are the primary strengthening mechanism. The fine grain brings the steel good plasticity and excellent toughness. Various service and operating properties of Nb-V-Ti microalloyed cast steel automatic coupler are excellent.

Influence of Re-Ti modification on the high impact wear resistance of high Si bainitic cast steel

The effect of rare earth （Re） and titanium （Ti） multi-modification on the impact wear behavior of Mn-B high-Si bainitic cast steel was investigated systematically. The experiments show that the impact wear resistance can be improved greatly with the addition of Re and Ti. Its wear loss is only about 1/3-1/2 as large as that of the unmodified bainitic cast steel. By the Re/Ti modification, coarse dendrite grains and bainitic/martensite duplex structure have been refined effectively, and the impact toughness of the bainitic cast steel is nearly tripled （10 mm×10 mm×55 mm, with unnotched sample）. Consequently, the modified bainitic cast steel possesses good wear resistance under high im- pact. For both modified and unmodified bainitic cast steels, high hardness white layer and deformed zone are developed beneath the worn surface under the high impact wear, but the formation and propagation of cracks are different for these bainitic casting steels. Different mod- els for the formation and propagation of cracks for both modified and unmodified bainitic cast steels under high impact wear are proposed.

Shear performance analysis of a heavy-duty universal hinged cast steel support

This paper presents the shear performance analysis of a heavy-duty universal hinged cast steel support with the largest bearing capacity. The effect of 9 parameters ( 52 specimens) ,i. e. height of the upper support,depth of the ring of the upper support,depth of the top plate of the bottom support,height of the ribs of the bottom support,depth of the ribs of the bottom support,bolt hole diameter,number of the ribs of the bowl,depth of the ribs of the bowl,and yield strength of the material,were analyzed with a 3-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element model in which the nonlinearities of geometry,material and contact were all considered. Analysis shows that height of the upper support,depth of the ring of the upper support and yield strength of the material have a great effect on the mechanical performance of the support. Height of the upper support has the largest effect on performance price ratio of the support,and the maximum effect can be up to 160% . Depth of the top plate of the bottom support,height of the ribs of the bottom support and depth of the ribs of the bottom support have a medium effect on performance price ratio of the support,and the effect is within the limit of 15% 19% .

Combined Cellular Automaton Model for Dynamic Recrystallization Evolution of 42CrMo Cast Steel

The dynamic recrystallization(DRX) simulation performance largely depends on simulated grain topological struc?tures. However, currently solutions used di erent models for describing two?dimensional(2 D) and three?dimensional(3 D) grain size distributions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a more universal simulation technique. A cellular automaton(CA) model combined with an optimized topology deformation technology is proposed to simulate the microstructural evolution of 42 CrMo cast steel during DRX. In order to obtain values of material constants adopted in the CA model, hot deformation characteristics of 42 CrMo cast steel are investigated by hot compression metal?lographic testing. The proposed CA model deviates in two important aspects from the regular CA model. First, an optimized grain topology deformation technology is utilized for studying the hot compression e ect on the topology of grain deformation. Second, the overlapping grain topological structures are optimized by using an independent component analysis method, and the influence of various thermomechanical parameters on the nucleation process, grain growth kinetics, and mean grain sizes observed during DRX are explored. Experimental study shows that the average relative root mean square error(RRMSE) of the mean grain diameter obtained by the regular CA model is equal to 0.173, while the magnitude calculated using the proposed optimized CA model is only 0.11. This paper pro?poses a novel combined CA model for simulating the microstructural evolution of 42 CrMo cast steel, which notably uses a ICA?based grain topology deformation method to optimize the overlapping grain topological structures in simulation.

MORPHOLOGY OF(Mn,Fe)S SINGLE CRYSTAL GROWTH IN CAST STEEL

The step pattern of single crystal growth and the morphology at equilibrium state of(Mn, Fe)S on the wall of micro-voids in ZG25 cast steel have been observed using scanning electron microscope.The face-centred cubic(Mn,Fe)S single crystal at equilibrium state is shown to be tetrakaidecahedron consisted of eight{111}planes and six{100}planes,and is a typical example of the O_h—m3m cubic crystal system.

INFLUENCE OF RARE EARTH ON INTERGRANULAR CRACKING OF 9% Ni CAST STEEL

The intergranular cracking of 9% Ni cast steel seems mainly to relate to the segregation of contaminates H,S and P along boundaries.An addition of rare earth may eliminate the seg- regation of these contaminates along grain boundaries and improve the binding force among boundaries,so as to reduce remarkably the intergranular cracking.

A new preparation technology of structural- gradient materials without a brittle transition zone in a Mn-Si-Cr-B bainitic cast steel

In the present work, a unique gradient cooling heat treatment process(GCHT) for a Mn-Si-Cr-B bainitic cast steel was developed, and microstructure and mechanical properties were examined by OM, SEM, EBSD and a uniaxial tensile test. The results showed that the structural-gradient-material(SGM) with a gradient microstructure from granular bainite to martensite was successfully produced, and it exhibited a good ductility(~13.8%) at one end and an excellent ultimate strength(~1,720 MPa) at the other end. In between the bainite and martensite, a transition region with a superior combination of tensile strength and ductility(1,700 MPa and 11.1%) was obtained, which is different from the normal knowledge of a brittle transition region. Moreover, through changing the gradient of cooling rate, the optimized SGM with a new gradient microstructure from pearlite to martensite showed a more stable structural gradient and an improved ductility(22.8%) at one end. The microstructure variation in the sample was mainly related to the carbon diffusion rate during heat treatment, and the diffusion rate could be controlled by regulating the cooling velocity. Therefore, the SGMs with different gradient microstructures could be designed to meet the needs of different properties. As a result, this work provides a new approach for preparation of the gradient structured steel, which has potential for practical application for dual-property automobile parts.

Isothermal oxidation behavior of Nb-bearing austenitic cast steels at 950℃

The oxidation behaviors of three austenitic cast steels with different morphologies of primary carbides at 950℃ in air were investigated using scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectroscopy,and focused ion beam/transmission electron microscopy.Their oxidation kinetics followed a logarithmic law,and the oxidation rate can be significantly decreased as long as a continuous silica layer formed at the scale/substrate interface.When the local Si concentration was inadequate,internal oxidation occurred beneath the oxide scale.The spallation of oxides during cooling can be inhibited with the formation of internal oxidation,owing to the reduced mismatch stress between the oxide scale and the substrate.The“Chinese-script”primary Nb(C,N)was superior to the dispersed primary Nb(C,N)in suppressing the oxidation penetration in the interdendritic region by supplying a high density of quick-diffusion Cr channels.In addition,the innermost and outermost oxidation layers were enriched with Cr,whereas the Cr evaporation in the outermost layer was significant when the water vapor concentration in the environment was high enough.These findings further the understanding regarding the oxidation behavior of austenitic cast steels and will promote the alloy development for exhaust components.

Effects of Rare Earths on Toughness of 31Mn2SiRE Wear- Resistance Cast Steel

The toughness of 31Mn2SiRE wear-resistance cast steel were increased by means of RE compound modification and high temperature austenitizing. The results show that the microstructures can be refined, needle and network ferrite are eliminated, the dislocation density and the quantity of dislocated martensite are increased remarkably, and the shape and distribution of inclusions are improved by the addition of RE. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the modified steel can be greatly increased, especially the toughness (αK) by 44%, yield strength (σs) by 10%, and elongation (δ5) by 42%.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a new type of austempered boron alloyed high silicon cast steel

In the present paper, a new type of austempered boron alloyed high silicon cast steel has been developed, and its microstructures and mechanical properties at different temperatures were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the boron alloyed high silicon cast steel comprises a dendritic matrix and interdendritic eutectic borides in as-cast condition. The dendritic matrix is made up of pearlite, ferrite, and the interdendritic eutectic boride is with a chemical formula of M2B (M represents Fe, Cr, Mn or Mo) which is much like that of carbide in high chromium white cast iron. Pure ausferrite structure that consists of bainitic ferrite and retained austenite can be obtained in the matrix by austempering treatment to the cast steel. No carbides precipitate in the ausferrite structure and the morphology of borides remains almost unchanged after austempering treatments. Secondary boride particles precipitate during the course of austenitizing. The hardness and tensile strength of the austempered cast steel decrease with the increase of the austempering temperature, from 250 oC to 400 oC. The impact toughness is 4-11 J?cm-2 at room temperature and the impact

Corrosion of two kinds of cast steels containing chromium in hot concentrated alkaline

A typical hot concentrated alkaline corrosion environment exists in alumina metallurgical industry, so that steel materials with outstanding alkaline corrosion resistance are strongly demanded for its processing equipment. In this paper, the corrosion resistance of two kinds of martensitic cast steels containing chromium in static 303g/L NaOH alkaline solution at 85℃ was studied through polarization and potential-time curves, corrosion weight loss and corrosion morphology analysis. Experimental results showed that protection effect by passive film of cast steel containing Cr was temporary. The low carbon steel without Cr content also exhibited chemical passivity in the same solution. The corrosion mode of the tested Cr-containing cast steel was composed of active dissolving corrosion and caustic embrittlement cracking. Dissolving corrosion was the primary mechanism for the induced weight loss, while severe caustic embrittlement cracking was secondary. With the increase of chromium content in the cast steel, the tendency of the caustic embrittlement cracking decreased, while the active dissolving corrosion increased.

Effect of Si Content on Mechanical Properties of a Mo and V Free Low Alloy Cast Steel for Automobile Cold Pressing Die

象坚硬那样的重要性质的联合上的 Si 内容的效果，变硬除了力量增长的能力，和焊接能力系统地被调查为汽车冷压开发瞬间和 V 免费低合金铸钢死插入。作为die 为适用性的评估插入，机械性质在退火的 spheroidization ( SA )以后被测量，熄灭并且 tempering ( Q/T )，和变硬的火焰( FH )处理， respectively.The 开发了包含瞬间和 V 免费合金铸钢的 0.8%-1.6%Si 显示出的优秀矩阵加强效果，变硬能力，和焊接能力，为die 完成机械性质的工业标准插入。

Influence of isothermal quenching of LAMC CrMnSi cast steel on impact toughness

The influence of isothermal quenching process of low-alloy and medium carbon (LAMC) CrMnSi cast steel on the impact toughness was investigated. The microstructure and mechanical property of LAMC CrMnSi cast steel were analyzed by the laser optical modulator, the scanning electron microscopy, the energy dispersive spectrometer, the hardness and impact tests. The experimental results show that the dual phases of bainite and residual austenite can be obtained by the severity isothermal quenching, the fractographies of specimens change from quasi-cleavage to dimple at 310℃ for 60min, the impact toughness for specimens at the room temperature isothermally (achieves) 130J/cm^2, meantime and its hardness is more than 45(HRC).

Effect of V-Ti on the Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Behavior of 6CrC Cast Steel Mill Balls

Iron-chromium cast alloys are basically abrasive wear resistant materials particularly employed in mining industry;these alloys are often utilized in the manufacture of milling balls. In particular, high Cr and high C cast alloys have been subjected of significant research;for instance, most reports have been addressed on analyzing the relation between microstructure and the abrasive wear behavior;however, there exist a reduced number of reports on relatively low Cr and low C cast alloys. In this research, five low Cr cast steels containing additions of V and Ti were melted in an open atmosphere induction furnace. Comparisons on the morphology, size, type and distribution of carbides were carried through optical microscopy, SEM and XRD. Hardness testing was employed at room temperature with the purpose of correlate to wear behavior. A laboratory pilotplant ball-mill set with a batch of ore was utilized in order to evaluate the abrasive wear resistance. According to microstructure observations, a martensitic primary matrix was revealed in all specimens. The fraction of M7C3 and M3C interdendritic eutectic carbides varied according to alloying level. Further results indicated that variations in the shape and size of M7C3 and M3C along with the presence of V and Ti carbides influenced on the abrasive wear behavior of low Cr cast steel mill balls.

Transformation Behavior and Microstructure in a 40Cr_2Ni_2MoV Cast Steel

The transformation behavior of a 40Cr2Ni2MoV cast steel manufactured by electroslag remelting (ESR) has been investigated. Compared to a forged steel, the incubation periods for both the pearlite and bainite transformations are shorter, but the transformation times are longer. The austenite is easier to transform into martensite. Optical microscopy and TEM indicated that there were variations in microstructure during the super-cooled austenite transformation. This is attributed to an inhomogeneous austenite, resulting from the segregation of elements during the ESR solidification.

Cutting Characteristics of Duplex Stainless Cast Steel X2CrNiMoN25-7-3

因为它有优秀 pitting 腐蚀抵抗， X2CrNiMoN25-7-3 双不锈钢对象海水那样的包含氯化物的环境合适。双纯洁的演员组钢经常被用来在关节提供部分几何学的复杂性。然而，在扔以后用机器制造是不可缺少的。这研究评估了纯洁的演员组钢的切的特征。优势的粘附在高切速度，而是工具是弱的穿大。在细工品和工具边之间的散开和反应被调查。内部散开的忽视和一个反应阶段被观察，但是契约能力是低的。

Influence of carbon content on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mn13Cr2 and Mn18Cr2 cast steels

In this paper, a comparison study was carried out to investigate the influence of carbon content on the microstructure, hardness, and impact toughness of water-quenched Mn13Cr2 and Mn18Cr2 cast steels. The study results indicate that both steels' water-quenched microstructures are composed of austenite and a small amount of carbide. The study also found that, when the carbon contents are the same, there is less carbide in Mn18Cr2 steel than in Mn13Cr2 steel. Therefore, the hardness of Mn18Cr2 steel is lower than that of Mn13Cr2 steel but the impact toughness of Mn18Cr2 steel is higher than that of Mn13Cr2 steel. With increasing the carbon content, the hardness increases and the impact toughness decreases in these two kinds of steels, and the impact toughness of Mn18Cr2 steel substantially exceeds that of Mn13Cr2 steel. Therefore, the water-quenched Mn18Cr2 steel with high carbon content could be applied to relatively high impact abrasive working conditions, while the as-cast Mn18Cr2 steel could be only used under working conditions of relatively low impact abrasive load due to lower impact toughness.