Denatured Thermodynamics of Proteins in Weak Cation-exchange Chromatography

The thermostability of some proteins in weak cation-exchange chromatography was investigated at 20-80 ℃. The results show that there is a fixed thermal denaturation transition temperature for each protein. The appearance of the thermal transition temperature indicates that the conformations of the proteins are destroyed seriously. The thermal behavior of the proteins in weak cation-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies were compared in a wide temperature range. It was found that the proteins have a higher thermostability in a weak cation-exchange chromatography system. The thermodynamic parameters(Δ H 0, Δ S 0) of those proteins were determined by means of Vant Hoff relationship(ln k -1/ T ). According to standard entropy change(Δ S 0), the conformational change of the proteins was judged in the chromatographic process. The linear relationships between Δ H 0 and Δ S 0 can be used to evaluate 'compensation temperature'( β ) at the protein denaturation and identify the identity of the protein retention mechanism in weak cation-exchange chromatography.

Impact of Hydrogen Ion Concentration on Amino Acids Composition of Macadamia Protein: Approached Using Cation-Exchange Chromatography

In the present context, the objective of this study was to synthesize and analyze the content of AA of macadamia protein and the impact of hydrogen ion concentration (pH) on AA composition. The determination of AA mainly by cation-exchange chromatography was also investigated. Reproducible and reliable techniques for quantification and identification of AA usually require derivatization. However, techniques such as AA analyzer are composed of cation-exchange chromatography and other components can sideline the derivatization with significant accuracy. The present analysis revealed a higher concentration of essential amino acids especially acidic AA, Glu and Asp and basic AA, Arg than other AA in macadamia protein. The study constitutes first report of use of bubble chart for evaluation of AA and explaination of AAS. The results may elaborate that the degradation of AA of macadamia protein for extraction of pH 11 is caused by the impact of pH. Moreover, the nutritional values of AA present in macadamia protein could change for the better by adjusting pH of extraction.

Cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography for variant hemoglobins and HbF/A2:What must hematopathologists know about methodology?

Cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography(CE-HPLC) is a widely used laboratory test to detect variant hemoglobins as well as quantify hemoglobins F and A2 for the diagnosis of thalassemia syndromes. It's versatility, speed, reproducibility and convenience have made CE-HPLC the method of choice to initially screen for hemoglobin disorders. Despite its popularity, several methodological aspects of the technology remain obscure to pathologists and this may have consequences in specific situations. This paper discusses the basic principles of the technique, the initial quality control steps and the interpretation of various controls and variables that are available on the instrument output. Subsequent sections are devoted to methodological considerations that arise during reporting of cases. For instance, common problems of misidentified peaks, totals crossing 100%, causes of total area being above or below acceptable limits and the importance of pre-integration region peaks are dealt with. Ultimately, CE-HPLC remains an investigation, the reporting of which combines in-depth knowledge of the biological basics with more than a working knowledge of the technological aspects of the technique.

Isolation of Lysozyme from Chicken Egg White Using Polyacrylamide-based Cation-exchange Cryogel

An effective cation-exchange chromatographic method for lysozyme isolation from chicken egg white is presented, using supermacroporous cryogel grafted with sulfo functional groups. The chromatographic processes were carried out by one-step and sequential elution, respectively. Sodium phosphate buffer （pH 7.8） containing different concentrations of NaC1 is used as elution agent. The corresponding breakthrough characteristics and elution behaviors in the cryogel bed were investigated and analyzed. Purity of lysozyme in the elution effluent was assayed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE）. The maximum purity of the obtained lysozyme was about 96%, and the cryogel is demonstrated as a potential separation medium for purification of high-purit lysozyme from chicken egg white.

Determination of Organic Acids in Root Exudates by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: I. Development and Assessment of Chromatographic Conditions *1

Methods for determining nine low molecular weight organic acids in root exudates were developed by using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV (ultraviolet) detection at 214 nm. The mobile phase was 18 mmol L -1 kH 2PO 4 adjusted to pH 2.25 with phosphoric acid and the flow rate was 0.3 mL min -1 . The analytical column was a reversed phase silica based C 18 column (Shim pack CLC ODS). The root exudates were collected through submerging the whole root system into aerated deionized water for 2 hours. The filtered exudate solutions were concentrated to dryness by rotary evaporation at 40 °C, dissolved in 10 mL mobile phase. The chromatographic conditions of organic acid determination were analyzed. The results showed that there was a high selectivity and sensitivity in the organic acid determination by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Coefficients of variation for organic acid determination were lower than 10% except lactic acid. The recoveries were consistently between 80.1% to 108.3%. Detection limits were approximately 0.05 to 4.5 mg L -1 for organic acids except succinic acid with the detection limit of 7.0 mg L -1 . Phosphorus deficiency may contribute to the release of organic acids in soybean root exudates especially malic, lactic and citric acids.

Modified DIX model for ion-exchange equilibrium of L-phenylalanine on a strong cation-exchange resin

L-phenylalanine, one of the nine essential amino acids for the human body, is extensively used as an ingredient in food, pharmaceutical and nutrition industries. A suitable equilibrium model is required for purification of L-phenylalanine based on ion-exchange chromatography. In this work, the equilibrium uptake of L-phenylalanine on a strong acid-cation exchanger SH11 was investigated experimentally and theoretically. A modified Donnan ion-exchange （DIX） model, which takes the activiW into account, was established to predict the uptake of L-phenylalanine at various solution pH values. The model parameters including selectivity and mean activity coefficient in the resin phase are presented. The modified DIX model is in good agreement with the experimental data. The optimum operating pH value of 2.0, with the highest t-phenylalanine uptake on the resin, is predicted by the model. This basic information combined with the general mass transfer model will lay the foundation for the prediction of dynamic behavior of fixed bed separation process.

Elution Behaviour of Monocarboxylic Acids on a Cation-exchange Resin Column

The retention mechanism of monocarboxylic acids on a cation-exchange resin column was investigated. It was assumed that both Donnan membrane equilibrium and adsorption equilibrium were involved in the chromatographic process. On the basis of the proposed mechanism, an equation was derived for correlating distribution coefficient, Kd, dissociation constant, Aa, and adsorption equilibrium constant, K, of the analyzed acid. By this approach, retention data for some aliphatic acids under different operating conditions were predicted. Results are reasonably in agreement with experiment.

Liquid-phase esterification of methacrylic acid with methanol catalyzed by cation-exchange resin in a fixed bed reactor:Experimental and kinetic studies

The kinetic behavior of esterification between methacrylic acid and methanol catalyzed by NKC-9 resin was studied in a fixed bed reactor.The reaction was conducted in the temperature range of 323.15 to 368.15 K with the molar ratio of reactants from 0.8 to 1.4 under certain pressure.The measurement data were regression with the pseudo-homogeneous(P-H),Eley-Rideal(E-R),and Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)heterogeneous kinetic models.Independent adsorption experiments were implemented to gain the adsorption equilibrium constants of four components.Among the above three models,the L-H model exhibited the best fitting results.The stability of NKC-9 was evaluated by long-term running with the yield of methyl methacrylate no decrease during 3000 h operation.The structure and physicochemical properties of the new and used catalyst were performed by several characterizations including thermogravimetric analysis(TG),scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and so on.

Transport Properties of Novel Hybrid Cation-Exchange Membranes on the Base of MF-4SC and Halloysite Nanotubes

The diffusion permeability through new hybrid materials based on a Nafion-type membrane (MF- 4SC) and nanotubes of halloysite is investigated using the Nernst-Planck approach. A method of quantitative evaluation of physicochemical parameters (averaged and individual diffusion coefficients and averaged distribution coefficients of ion pairs in the membrane) of system “electrolyte solution—ion-exchange membrane—water”, which was proposed earlier, is further developed. The parameters of hybrid membranes on the base of MF-4SC and nanotubes of halloysite (5% wt and 8% wt) are obtained from experimental data on diffusion permeability of NaCl solutions using theoretical calculations. New model of three-layer membrane system can be used for refining calculated results with taking into account both diffusive layers. It is shown that adding of halloysite nanotubes into the membrane volume noticeably affects exchange capacity as well as structural and transport characteristics of original perfluorinated membranes. Hybrid membranes on the base of MF-4SC and halloysite nanotubes can be used in fuel cells and catalysis.

MODELLING OF MECHANICAL MECHANISM OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEM AND THEORETICAL EQUATIONS SHOWING DYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY

A simple model of chromatographic mechanical mechanism is present, and then a scrics of theoretical chromatographic equations and fundamental Formulae are derived. These theoretical equations and formulae not only reserve thermodynamic characteristics in the current fundamental chromatographic formulae, but also introduce one or more kinetic parameter, so it is possible to make the macroscopic-control on the effect of kinetic characteristics on chromatographic system.

Gas Chromatographic Method for Identification and Quantification of Commonly Used Residual Solvents in Pharmaceuticals Products

Background: Impurities are not expected in the final pharmaceutical products. All impurities should be regulated in both drug substances and drug products in accordance with pharmacopeias and ICH guidelines. Three different types of impurities are generally available in the pharmaceutical’s product specification: organic impurities, inorganic impurities, and residual solvents. Residual solvents are organic volatile chemicals used or generated during the manufacturing of drug substances or drug products. Purpose: The aim of this study is to develop a cost-effective gas chromatographic method for the identification and quantification of some commonly used solvents—methanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran (THF), benzene, toluene, and pyridine—in pharmaceutical product manufacturing. This method will be able to identify and quantify the multiple solvents within a single gas chromatographic procedure. Method: A gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a headspace sampler and a flame ionization detector, and a column DB 624, 30-meter-long × 0.32-millimeter internal diameter, 1,8 μm-thick, Brand-Agilent was used to develop this method. The initial GC oven temperature was 40°C and held for 5 minutes. It was then increase to 80˚C at a rate of 2˚C per minute, followed by a further increase to 225˚C at a rate of 30˚C per minute, with a final hold at 225˚C for 10 minutes. Nitrogen was used as a carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.20 mL per minute. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was selected as sample solvent. Results: The developed method is precise and specific. The percent RSD for the areas of six replicate injections of this gas chromatographic method was within 10.0 and the recovery result found within 80.0% to 120.0%.

Simultaneous purification of minor components in natural products using twin-column recycling chromatography with a step solvent gradient

The isolation of minor components from complex natural product matrices presents a significant challenge in the field of purification science due to their low concentrations and the presence of structurally similar compounds.This study introduces an optimized twin-column recycling chromatography method for the efficient and simultaneous purification of these elusive constituents.By introducing water at a small flowing rate between the twin columns,a step solvent gradient is created,by which the leading edge of concentration band would migrate at a slower rate than the trailing edge as it flowing from the upstream to downstream column.Hence,the band broadening is counterbalanced,resulting in an enrichment effect for those minor components in separation process.Herein,two target substances,which showed similar peak position in high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and did not exceed 1.8%in crude paclitaxel were selected as target compounds for separation.By using the twin-column recycling chromatography with a step solvent gradient,a successful purification was achieved in getting the two with the purity almost 100%.We suggest this method is suitable for the separation of most components in natural produces,which shows higher precision and recovery rate compared with the common lab-operated separation ways for natural products(thin-layer chromatography and prep-HPLC).

Determination of 14 Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Mutton by Gel Permeation Chromatography-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GPC-GC-MS)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to purify mutton samples by gel permeation chromatography(GPC).[Methods]Fourteen organophosphorus pesticide residues in samples were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)in selective ion scanning mode(SIM).[Results]The organophosphorus pesticide standard solutions showed good linearity in the mass concentration range of 0.1-10.0μg/ml with correlation coefficients(r)not lower than 0.999,and the detection limits(S=3 N)ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/kg.The average recovery values were in the range of 80.2%-99.7%,with relative standard deviations(RSDs,n=3)in the range of 1.8%-6.3%,at the addition levels of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg.[Conclusions]The method is simple,sensitive and accurate,and can be used for the determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in mutton.

Comprehensive analysis of phenolic composition and antioxidant mechanisms in Gymnema sylvestre extracts using LC-MS and column chromatography

Recent studies have highlighted the potential of plant extracts as therapeutic agents for managing oxidative stress and related disorders.This study aims to elucidate the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of Gymnema sylvestre extracts.Ethanolic reflux extraction followed by column chromatography was employed to isolate phenolic compounds.The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified using the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods,respectively.Antioxidant activities were assessed by DPPH,ABTS scavenging assays and the ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)assay.High-Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)with a C18 column and Thermo TSQ Quantum Access Max(LC-MS)were used to determine the levels of gymnemic acid and identify other potential phenolic compounds.The analysis revealed significant antioxidant activities in the fractions.Fraction A showed the highest DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities,and Fraction C demonstrated the highest ferric reducing power.LC-MS analysis identified several phenolic compounds,indicating that these are major contributors to the antioxidant efficacy of the extract.This study provides a detailed phenolic profile and confirms the strong antioxidant potential of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract,supporting its therapeutic use and further investigation.

Determination of Benzo[a]pyrene in Edible Oil by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detector (HPLC-FL)

In this study, an optimized high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (HPLC-FL) method for the determination of benzo[a]pyrene in edible oil was established. HPLC was performed with Thermo Fisher Scientific C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) as the chromatographic column and acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase, and the excitation wavelength and emission wavelength of fluorescence detector were 286 and 430 nm, respectively. The response was high, and the linear range was 0.5-10.0 ng/ml. The lowest limit of detection was 0.11 ng/ml, and the average recovery was 92.5%. This method is suitable for quantitative analysis of benzo[a]pyrene content in edible oil.

Development of Quantitative Analysis Method of Carbendazim in Tomatoes by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection(HPLC-FLD)

Carbendazim belongs to the benzimidazole fungicides,which can be used for control lots of fungi pathogens.High-performance liquid chromatography is frequently used for the analysis of carbendazim in all kinds of samples.In most occasions,the developed methods were applied for the simultaneous detection of a huge number of pesticides.Thus,an analytical method via UPLC-FLD was developed,and the sample preparation process was optimized by studying the effect of extraction solvent,approach,time and purification absorbent on the recovery rate of carbendazim.The results showed the optimized method for analysis was ultrasonication-assisted extraction with acetonitrile for 1 min,and subsequent purification by C18.In this occasion,the established analytical method of carbendazim in tomato samples displayed good linearity,accuracy and precision.

基于顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱和顶空-气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术结合化学计量法分析芜菁冻干片挥发性成分

为探究不同品种芜菁冻干片中挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的差异,采用顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)和顶空-气相色谱-离子迁移谱(headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,HS-GC-IMS)对紫色、黄色和白色3种芜菁冻干片的VOCs进行分析,并结合主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和偏最小二乘判别法(partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)等化学计量法探究不同品种芜菁冻干片挥发性成分的差异。结果表明,通过HS-SPME-GC-MS共解析出96种VOCs,包括醛类、醇类、酮类、含硫化合物、酯类、酸类等化合物,其中含硫化合物和酯类为芜菁冻干片中相对含量最高的化合物种类;HS-GC-IMS共解析出94种VOCs,包括醛类、酯类、酮类及含硫化合物等挥发性成分。HS-SPME-GC-MS和HS-GC-IMS检出的挥发性物质种类和含量存在差异,共有VOCs有15种,二者结果互为补充,结合使用可以较全面系统地表征芜菁冻干片的挥发性成分。PCA和PLS-DA结果表明,2种方法均能够有效区分3种芜菁冻干片。通过变量投影重要度分别筛选了59种和23种差异VOCs,该结果可为芜菁冻干片VOCs的差异分析提供参考方法。

活性炭净化-离子色谱法测定茶水及茶饮料中氟含量及其健康风险评估

目的建立分析纯活性炭净化-离子色谱法检测茶水及茶饮料中氟离子含量的方法,进而研究茶水及茶饮料对人体健康风险。方法将6种茶叶分别以两种方式冲泡进行实验,方式一:按时间梯度冲泡茶叶;方式二:一次投茶,多次加水冲泡茶叶,收集茶水。茶水及茶饮料,经活性炭净化,0.45μm微孔滤膜过滤,以4.5 mmol/L碳酸钠和0.8 mmol/L碳酸氢钠溶液为淋洗液,经AS23离子色谱柱(4.0 mm×250 mm)分离,离子色谱进行检测。以冲泡方式一获得的最高茶氟溶出量,冲泡方式二获得的总茶氟溶出量以及茶饮料中氟含量分别进行健康风险评估。结果在最佳分析条件下,本法氟离子的检出限为0.016 mg/L;在0.1~5.0 mg/L质量浓度范围内的线性关系良好,相关系数(r^(2))为0.9996;加标回收率94.93%~105.32%;相对标准偏差1.02%~2.13%(n=6)。本方法检测茶叶中氟离子的溶出量,发现茶叶中氟离子的溶出量均随冲泡时间的延长不断增加达到最高值;随冲泡次数的增加,茶叶中氟离子的溶出量先增加,之后下降的趋势逐渐变缓。前2次冲泡氟离子溶出率可达茶氟总溶出量的65%以上。结论该方法灵敏度高,准确性好,操作简单,具有实用价值。以该法检测6种茶叶在两种冲泡方式下获得的茶氟日摄入量以及茶饮料中茶氟日摄入量均符合我国和世界卫生组织推荐的氟日摄入量限值要求;目标危险因素(target hazard quotient,THQ)均小于1,对人体没有显著健康风险。建议减少茶叶浸泡时间,洗茶,选用优质茶叶来科学健康饮茶。

基于非靶代谢组学探究食管鳞状细胞癌津血亏虚证患者的代谢特征

背景津血亏虚是中晚期食管癌患者的主要临床表现,但目前关于食管鳞状细胞癌津血亏虚证代谢组学特征的研究报道较少见。目的探究食管鳞状细胞癌津血亏虚证患者的代谢组学特征。方法选择2022年4—12月就诊于河北医科大学第四医院中医科、胸外科的食管鳞状细胞癌津血亏虚证患者35例作为病例组,招募同时期健康志愿者35例作为对照组。收集两组受试者血清标本,通过超高效液相色谱质谱技术分析其代谢组学特征,筛选差异代谢物及差异代谢通路。结果筛选出具有物质二级匹配名称的差异代谢物88种,具有显著性差异的关键代谢通路5条(β-丙氨酸代谢通路,鞘脂代谢通路,亚油酸代谢通路,甘氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸代谢通路,花生四烯酸代谢通路)及其代谢物11种(表达下调代谢物:β-丙氨酸,磷脂酰胆碱,L-高丝氨酸,L-别苏氨酸;表达升高代谢物:肌肽,亚油酸,9,10-二羟基八氢-1-氧杂-4-氮杂苯并环庚烯,羟基丙酮酸,花生四烯酸,肝素B3,血栓素B2)。结论食管鳞状细胞癌津血亏虚证患者存在具有显著性差异的代谢通路及其代谢物,主要涉及氨基酸、脂肪酸等能量代谢异常。

在线凝胶渗透色谱-气质联用法测定腌制鱼中7种N-亚硝胺类化合物的一测多评研究

目的:建立气质联用法结合QuEChERS法和在线凝胶渗透色谱技术检测腌制鱼中7种N-亚硝胺类化合物,并对采用的一测多评法进行研究。方法:样品经优化后的QuEChERS法提取和净化后,采用在线凝胶渗透色谱技术进行二次净化。试验对QuEChERS方法进行了优化,对基质效应、样品溶液的稳定性和方法耐受性进行了试验,并进行了方法学验证;试验以NDMA为参照对象,建立了其余6种N-亚硝胺类化合物一测多评校正方法。结果:经凝胶渗透色谱技术净化后,可有效除去大部分杂质,降低基质效应,提高灵敏度。校正因子分别为f_(NMEA/NDMA)=6.7369、f_(NDEA/NDMA)=0.6679、f_(NDPA/NDMA)=0.2399、f_(NDBA/NDMA)=1.1532、f_(NPIP/NDMA)=0.7289、f_(NPYR/NDMA)=0.7103,且稳定性较好。方法学验证表明,7种N-亚硝胺类化合物的检出限为0.02~0.29μg/kg;加标回收率和精密度分别为NDMA 101.0%~107.5%,2.5%~3.9%;NMEA 102.0%~108.4%,2.8%~4.0%;NDEA 101.6%~109.0%,2.6%~3.9%;NDPA 103.1%~107.4%,1.9%~4.0%;NDBA 103.7%~107.7%,1.7%~3.8%;NPIP 104.7%~107.5%,2.3%~3.7%;NPYR 101.4%~106.4%,2.2%~3.8%。结论:该方法具有灵敏度高、操作简便、方法稳定等特点,适用于大批量腌制鱼中N-亚硝胺类化合物的测定。