Analytical Expressions of Concentrations inside the Cationic Glucose-Sensitive Membrane

A mathematical model of Wu et al. [J. Membr. Sci 254 (2005) 119-127] of a cationic glucose-sensitive membrane is discussed. The model involves the system of non-linear steady-state reaction-diffusion equations. Analytical expres-sions pertaining to concentration of oxygen, glucose, and gluconic acid for all values of parameters are presented. We have employed Homotopy analysis method to evaluate the approximate analytical solutions of the non-linear boundary value problem. A comparison of the analytical approximation and numerical simulation is also presented. A good agreement between theoretical predictions and numerical results is observed.

Waste acid recovery utilizing monovalent cation permselective membranes through selective electrodialysis

Selective electrodialysis(SED)has surfaced as a highly promising membrane separation technique in the realm of acid recovery owing to its ability to effectively separate monovalent ions through the utilization of a potential difference.However,the current SED process is limited by conventional commercial monovalent cation permselective membranes(MCPMs).This study systematically investigates the use of an independently developed MCPM in the SED process for acid recovery.Various factors such as current density,volume ratio,initial ion concentration,and waste acid systems are considered.The independently developed MCPM offers several advantages over the commercial monovalent selective cation-exchange membrane(CIMS),including higher recovered acid concentration,better ion flux ratio,improved acid recovery efficiency,increased recovered acid purity,and higher current efficiency.The SED process with the MCPM achieves a recovered acid of 95.9%and a concentration of 2.3 mol·L^(–1) in the HCl/FeCl_(2) system,when a current density of 20 mA·cm^(-2) and a volume ratio of 1:2 are applied.Similarly,in the H_(2)SO_(4)/FeSO_(4) system,a purity of over 99%and a concentration of 2.1 mol·L^(–1) can be achieved in the recovered acid.This study thoroughly examines the impact of operation conditions on acid recovery performance in the SED process.The independently developed MCPM demonstrates outstanding acid recovery performance,highlighting its potential for future commercial utilization.

Removal of Endotoxin from Human Serum Albumin Solutions by Hydrophobic and Cationic Charged Membrane

A novel matrix of macropore cellulose membrane was prepared by chemical graft, and immobilized the cationic charged groups as affinity ligands. The prepared membrane Fan be used for the removal of endotoxin from human serum albumin (HSA) solutions. With a cartridge of 20 sheets affinity membrane of 47 mm diameter, the endotoxin level in HSA solution can be reduced ro 0.027 eu/mL. Recovery of HSA was over 95%.

Monovalent cation perm-selective membranes(MCPMs)"New developments and perspectives

As one of the most typical and promising membrane processes, electrodialysis(ED) technique plays a more and more significant role in industrial separation. Especially, the separation of monovalent cations and multivalent cations is currently a hot topic, which is not only desirable for many industries but also challenging for academic explorations. The main aim of the present contribution is to view the advances of a wide variety of monovalent cation perm-selective membranes(MCPMs) and their preparation technologies including(1) covalent crosslinking,(2) surface modification,(3) polymer blending,(4) electrospinning,(5) nanofiltration alike membrane,and(6) organic–inorganic hybrid. The relevant advantages and disadvantages with respect to some specific cases have been discussed and compared in detail. Furthermore, we elaborately discuss the opportunities and challenges of MCPMs, the fabricating strategies to take and the future perspectives.

Assessment of Cation Exchange Membrane Method and Estimation of Potassium Critical Values

Soil and tissue analyses are usually used in identifying potassium(K) deficiencies and predicting K fertilizer requirements of crops.The critical levels of both soil and fresh leaf tissue at seventh leaf stage were developed and assessed for canola,chickpea and sunflower grown on two Saskatchewan,soils,with six rates of K fertilizer supply, in a growth chamber experiment.The available potassium in soils was determined by two methods:1)resin strip extraction, and 2) NH4OAC extraction. The potassium in fresh leaves was determined at seventh leaf stage by a simple procedure using a common garlic press and injector to extract the plant sap and testing the sap with a handheld ion selection electrode meter. The results shoWed significant relationships between the resin strip extractable K and NH4OAC extractable K, and between the plant uptake of total K and the supply of available K in the soils determined by the two methods. Good relationships were also found between the potassium in fresh leaves and the plant uptake of total K for canola, chickpea and sunflower.The resin strip extraction for K was calibrated using common NH4OAC extraction, and recommended for routine analyses because of its simplicity and sensitivity.

Use of Cation Exchange Membrane in Soil Potassium Release and Wheat Response to Potassinm

A pot experiment was conducted in the growth chamber on Saskatchewan soils with dfferent texture todeterniine the K release status and wheat K demand. The relationship between K uptake and soil availableK extracted by cation exchange membrane (CEM-K) and the effect of K fertilizer on wheat growth and soilavailable K was also evaluated. Theatments of 0, 60 and 120 mg K/kg were applied to sandy, low and highK loamy and clay soils. The highest yields were achieved with the application of 120 mg K/kg in sandysoil and 60 mg K/kg in other soils. On the whole, the clay soil contributed K more than other soils fromslowly available fraction. Regression revealed a linear relationship between the soil available K extractedby NH_4OAc(Ka) and CEM-K in suspensions (r=0.93). Results also showed that CEM-K in burial and insuspensions were different not only in the amount but also in correlation with Ka or K uptake.

Glucose-sensitive Membrane with PBA-based Contraction-type Linear Polymer as Chemical Valves Prepared by Surface Grafting

Glucose-sensitive membrane has potential application in self-regulating insulin release.Phenylboronic acid(PBA)is a well-known glucose reporter.Unfortunately,most PBA-based glucose-sensitive materials are expansion-type,which are not suitable as chemical valves in membrane pores for self-regulating insulin release.According to a new glucose-sensitive mechanism,we synthesized PBA-based contraction-type glucose-sensitive liner polymer and microgels.Herein,a glucose-sensitive membrane was prepared by grafting PBA-based contraction-type glucose-sensitive linear polymer on the membrane surface.Through adjusting the chain length and chain density,the glucose-sensitivity of the membrane was optimized.The membrane can reversibly regulate insulin release at physiologically relevant glucose concentrations in simulates body fluids and fetal bovine serum.The membrane also has good stability,anti-fouling and biocom patibility.It has potential application in selfregulating insulin release.

Effects of Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles on Characteristics of Nanocomposites PES Cation Exchange Membranes

Nanocomposite cation exchange membranes（CEMs） were prepared by adding various loadings of functionalized silica nanoparticles to the sulfonated polyethersulfone（s PES） polymeric matrix. The silica nanoparticles were functionalized by mercaptopropyl（F1, IEC=0）, propylsulfonic acid（F2, IEC= 2.71）, and sulfonic acid（F3, IEC=2.84）. The properties of prepared membranes were investigated by varying the loadings of functionalized silica nanoparticles. Applying functionalized nanoparticles provides additional ion exchange groups and enhances water contents as well as conductivities and permselectivities of the membranes. The maximum IEC of 1.9 meq.g^-1 was obtained for the membrane having 3 wt% F3 nanoparticles and the maximum conductivity of 0.237 S·cm^-1 was achieved for the membrane having 2 wt% F3 nanoparticles, which were 19.6% and 64% higher than the corresponding values for s PES membrane, respectively. The excellent properties of the nanocomposite cation-exchange membranes make them appropriate candidates for electrodialysis and desalination processes.

Transport Properties of Novel Hybrid Cation-Exchange Membranes on the Base of MF-4SC and Halloysite Nanotubes

The diffusion permeability through new hybrid materials based on a Nafion-type membrane (MF- 4SC) and nanotubes of halloysite is investigated using the Nernst-Planck approach. A method of quantitative evaluation of physicochemical parameters (averaged and individual diffusion coefficients and averaged distribution coefficients of ion pairs in the membrane) of system “electrolyte solution—ion-exchange membrane—water”, which was proposed earlier, is further developed. The parameters of hybrid membranes on the base of MF-4SC and nanotubes of halloysite (5% wt and 8% wt) are obtained from experimental data on diffusion permeability of NaCl solutions using theoretical calculations. New model of three-layer membrane system can be used for refining calculated results with taking into account both diffusive layers. It is shown that adding of halloysite nanotubes into the membrane volume noticeably affects exchange capacity as well as structural and transport characteristics of original perfluorinated membranes. Hybrid membranes on the base of MF-4SC and halloysite nanotubes can be used in fuel cells and catalysis.

Elucidation of Abnormal Potential Responses of Cation-Selective Electrodes with Solid-State Membranes to Aqueous Solutions of CuCl2 and CdI2

An empirical solution to abnormal potential responses, showing peaks of emf, of commercial Cu2+- and Cd2+-selective electrodes with solid-state membranes was proposed for aqueous solutions of CuCl2 and CdI2. The two-step processes of Mn+ + Yn? (s: solid phase) MY(s) and MY(s) + 2X? X2MY2?(s) (n = 1, 2) at a test solution/electrode-interface were considered as a model. Here, Mn+, Yn?, and X? refer to a divalent or univalent cation, functional groups of electrode materials, and a halide ion (X? = Cl?, Br?, I?), respectively. By applying electrochemical potentials to these processes at n = 2, we derived an equation. Regression analyses based on the equation reproduced well the plots of emf versus log 2(*[M]t) for the Cd(II) and Cu(II) systems: *[M]t denotes a total concentration of species relevant to M2+ in a bulk of the aqueous solution. Also, we obtained log Ks(CdBr2) = 4.28 ? 0.22, log Ks(CdI2) = 6.98 ? 0.05, log Ks(CuCl2) = 3.96 ? 0.09, and log Ks(CuBr2) = 11.4 at 25?C. The magnitude in ?log Ks reflected that in the logarithmic solubility product, log {*[M2+](*[X?])2}, for bulk water, where *[M2+] or *[X?] denotes a molar concentration of the bulk solu-tion of M2+ or X? at equilibrium, respectively. Moreover, a mixture of CuSO4 with NaCl at the molar ratio of 1:1 yielded a plot similar to that of CuCl2.

Electrodeposition of cobalt in double-membrane three-compartment electrolytic reactor

The process parameters were optimized for the electrodeposition of cobalt from cobalt chloride solution in the membrane electrolytic reactor. Effects of parameters such as catholyte composition, current density and temperature on the current efficiency, specific power consumption and quality of deposition were studied. The catholyte was a mixed solution of cobalt chloride, the initial middle electrolyte consisted of diluted hydrochloric acid, and the anolyte was sulfuric acid. An anion exchange membrane separated the catholyte from the middle electrolyte, and a cation exchange membrane separated the anolyte from the middle electrolyte. The results showed that a maximum current efficiency of 97.5% was attained under the optimum experimental condition of an catholyte composition of 80 g/L Co^2＋, 20 g/L H3BO3, 3 g/L NaF and pH of 4, at a cathode current density of 250 A/m2 and a temperature of 50 ℃ HCl could be produced in the middle compartment electrochemically up to 0.45 mol/L.

Membrane-Potential Alteration During K+ Uptake of Different Salt-Tolerant Wheat Varieties

K＋ is the most abundant cation in plant cells and plays an important role in many ways.K＋ uptake of plant has respect to its salt resistant capacity.There are two categories of channel transportation for plants to uptake K＋,one is through K＋ channels and the other is through nonselective cation channels（NSCCs）.The transmembrane localization of K＋ may change membrane potential（MP）.In this paper,three wheat varieties with different salt tolerance were selected and the MP was measured by microelectrode during K＋ uptake.The results showed that the effects of K＋ uptake on MP through K＋ channels or NSCCs were distinct.K＋ influx through K＋ channels led to MP hyperpolarization,while K＋ influx through NSCCs resulted in depolarization.Diverse MP alteration of wheat varieties with different salt tolerance was mainly due to NSCCs-mediated K＋ uptake.Compared with the salt-tolerant wheat,the MP hyperpolarization during K＋ uptake of saltsensitive wheat was much more evident,probably because of the cation outflux through NSCCs during this process.

膜法分离一/二价阳离子的研究进展

各类工业过程如水质软化、食用盐纯化、盐湖卤水提锂、酸和重金属资源回收等对一/二价阳离子高效分离的需求日益增长,近年来,针对上述分离体系的膜材料的研究取得了诸多进展。本文详细总结了针对一/二价阳离子分离的选择性阳离子交换膜、纳滤膜、支撑液膜和离子印迹膜的研究进展,重点梳理了相关膜材料的离子选择性优化思路和机理,对比分析了上述膜过程的特点和适用场景。基于此,作者认为,离子筛分精细化是膜分离技术的重要发展方向。在分子尺度明晰分离层的形成和演化机理,对于提高界面聚合反应可控度,实现在亚纳米尺度膜结构的精细调控至关重要。通过在膜基体内可控构建目标离子的特异性识别位点和传质通道,有望实现高选择性离子筛分。此外,具有本征规则孔道结构的新型分离膜材料,如MOFs、COFs、二维层状结构膜等,在精细筛分方面具有良好的发展潜力。

双极膜电渗析再生处理氨氮的阳离子交换树脂

采用阳离子交换树脂去除饮用水中低浓度氨氮并应用双极膜电渗析技术再生阳离子交换树脂。研究了双极膜电渗析技术树脂再生性能,确定了最佳再生条件。结果表明,当槽电压为15 V,树脂室循环液初始pH值为3,不同氨氮吸附量的树脂,其再生率均达到55%以上。该方法较相同浓度酸再生法,再生率由0.54%提升至63.34%。此外,该方法可一定程度降低树脂的铁中毒。

醚氧-烷基间隔三离子侧链型PBI碱性膜研究

基于侧链接枝改性合成了一系列具有醚氧-烷基-醚氧链段间隔分布的三阳离子侧链型聚苯并咪唑膜(oat-PBI-x)。侧链中两段柔性的含醚链段有助于亲水通道和氢键网络的形成,促进OH-快速传递,而己烷基间隔段可打破侧链全亲水属性,有效抑制膜过度溶胀。在IEC为1.40 mmol/g时膜的综合性能达到最佳。80℃时电导率为144.4 mS/cm,拉伸强度保持在21 MPa,在80℃、1 mol/L KOH溶液中浸泡900 h后电导率保留率为91.7%。将其应用于H_(2)/O_(2)燃料电池,可在1549 mA/cm^(2)的高电流密度下达到611 mW/cm^(2)的峰值功率密度。

MoS_(2)/PVDF阳离子交换膜的制备及污染物去除性能

为了在提高微生物脱盐燃料电池脱盐效率的同时去除污水中的金属离子和有机染料,对传统的PVDF阳离子交换膜进行改性,通过加入MoS_(2)提高PVDF的亲水性能和吸附性能,增加了羟基等亲水基团,当加入0.5%的MoS_(2)后脱盐效率较纯的PVDF提高了66.0%.有机染料亚甲基蓝(MB)去除率提高了47.1%,金属离子铅(Pb)去除率提高了37.7%.

磺化聚砜改性阳离子交换膜用于高盐乙二醇废液电渗析脱盐

深水油气田开采过程中普遍需要使用乙二醇(EG)作为水合物抑制剂,副产大量高盐乙二醇废液(SEGW),对其进行除盐回用具有重要的经济价值和生态环境效益。SEGW回收系统的脱盐工序通常采用热法蒸馏,以离子选择性电迁移为除盐机制的电渗析(ED)技术有望显著简化脱盐工艺、降低投资成本和运行能耗,具有较好应用潜力。但常规ED技术用于SEGW脱盐时存在着盐迁移和EG泄漏间的trade-off效应,阻碍了实际应用。为了减少ED脱盐过程中EG的损失,提出采用磺化聚砜(SPSF)对阳离子交换膜(CEM)进行表面改性,SPSF改性层的引入使得CEM表面形成致密离子传输通道,基于空间位阻和电荷效应促使EG分子与水合阳离子的迁移速率形成显著差异,赋予了改性CEM良好的阻醇脱盐性能。实验结果表明,对于EG含量为60%的SEGW,改性膜在达到与原膜同等脱盐效率时可降低61%的EG损失。

多阳离子光交联型聚芳基哌啶阴离子交换膜的制备及性能研究

通过超酸催化制备了联苯哌啶聚合物主链(PB),并合成了交联剂N^(1),N^(6)-双己烯-N^(1),N^(1),N^(6),N^(6)-四甲基己烷-1,6溴化二铵(HETD),采用高效环保的紫外光固化技术制备了一系列不同HETD含量的交联型聚芳基哌啶阴离子交换膜QPBP-HETD-X%(X=20,40,60和80,其中X为HETD摩尔百分含量)。结果显示,多阳离子交联结构的引入有效提升了膜的机械强度和电化学性能。其中QPBPHETD-60具有较好的综合性能,离子传导率为59.08 mS/cm(80℃),溶胀率仅有4.15%(室温),其拉伸强度高达42.93 MPa,经过60℃下1 mol/L NaOH处理360 h后,离子传导率保存率为84.42%。

磺化聚砜/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)阳离子交换膜的制备及应用研究

通过MILD法(制备过程较为温和)从MAX相制备了常见的MXene-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x),并对该Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)进行了FE-SEM、TEM、AFM、XRD、XPS表征。通过流涎法制备了磺化聚砜(SPSF)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)阳离子交换膜,并对膜进行形貌、理化性能表征。将SPSF/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)膜应用于电渗析脱盐过程,考察膜堆电压、脱盐率、电流效率和能耗。结果表明,MILD法刻蚀得到的Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)片是单层或少层的,并且与SPSF相容性良好;当Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)添加量为2.0%时,膜(SPSF/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-2.0%膜)的离子交换容量最高(1.37 mmol/g)、面电阻最低(7.07Ω·cm^(2)),在电渗析脱盐过程中的脱盐率(80.12%)和电流效率(90.03%)最高、能耗最低(10.98 kWh/kg)。

车用燃料电池质子交换膜研究进展

氢燃料电池汽车被认为是真正的环保新能源清洁动力汽车,质子交换膜作为其核心部分,它性能的好坏直接影响着燃料电池的性能与使用寿命。文章介绍了三类质子交换膜的研究情况,并提出静电纺丝技术能够通过控制材料形态来调整材料性能,在质子交换膜生产领域具有广阔的前景;发掘能够多方面提升质子交换膜性能的材料或者将多种填料复合改性将成为质子交换膜领域新的研究方向;为车用质子交换膜领域提供了新思路。