The Empirical Analysis of the Impacts of Income Distribution Gap on Consumption Demand:Based on the Statistic Data of Chinese Urban Residents in 2000-2010

This paper analyzes the impact of income distribution gap on consumption demand from a theoretical view,and draws the conclusion that there is an inverse relationship between income distribution gap and consumption demand.Then,the paper finds that the existing widening income distribution gap in China has a negative impact on consumption demand,but this is not the key factor for the insufficient consumption demand because of the low level of per capital income.At last,it suggests that governments should improve the income level of entire residents and adjust income distribution structure simultaneously.

On the Reasons and Strategies about the Expansion of Present China＇s Income Distribution Gap

In recent years, the disparity of Chinese people＇s income has been unsteadily expanding. The reasons lie in many aspects, among which there are mainly income disparity between the rural and the urban and the disparity between regions, including the disparity between people both in the city and in the countryside. Therefore the corresponding strategies should be put into effect .

Four Decades of China's Income Distribution Reform

Income gaps in China kept widening over the past four decades of economic transition. First, this paper describes the change in income gaps before and after reform and opening-up in 1978 and found that income gaps had been expanding between urban and rural areas, within cities and within the countryside. However, this did not lead to income polarization since low-income groups only had a slower income growth compared with highincome groups. The number of poor people continuously reduced thanks to rapid economic growth. Over the past decade, the widening of income gaps has been initially curbed. Accordingly, we explained the impact of economic transition on income distribution from the perspectives of market-based distribution, ownership structure, opening-up and internal income distribution. Lastly, this paper provides an in-depth analysis on urban-rural income gaps, excessive compensation in monopolistic sectors and income inequalities arising from corruption. To address these problems, it is important to enhance tax regulation, increase transfer payments to poor people, improve social security, equalize public services, enhance poverty relief and develop a fairer income distribution system.

China＇s Current income Distribution Status and Countermeasures Analysis

From two perspectives, - the proportion of residential income and the equality of residential income distribution - this paper identifies a widening gap in China＇s income distribution and considers that this is a result of different factors such as technological progress, increasing return on assets, the economic growth priority strategy of local governments, the increasing number of migrant workers who are in a weak position to negotiate wages, as well as the rapid process of industrialization. Based on the above analysis, this paper presents policy recommendations on how to improve the income distribution system.

The Approaches to Narrowing Urban-Rural Income Gap——From the Perspective of Rural Social Security

From the situations about the incomes and life quality of the urban and rural residents,the thesis briefly introduces the status quo of the urban-rural income gap and explores the impact of the income gap on social economy:firstly,it hampers economic development;secondly,it is detrimental to the social development.Then the thesis analyzes the role of a sound social security in narrowing urban-rural income gap:at first,it broadens the institutional environment of improving the agricultural efficiency;secondly,it eliminates the uncertainties influencing the farmers' income;thirdly,it improves the farmers' capacity to increase income;at last,it enhances the farmers' consciousness of wealth.Next the thesis inquires into the problems existing in the system of rural social security:the first problem is more obviously fragmented system;the second is inadequate security projects and narrower coverage;the third is an obvious lack of equality in urban and rural security;the fourth is even less sound management system;the last is the lagging of legislation.Afterwards the thesis proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the system of rural social security and narrow urban-rural income gap:firstly,to integrate the social security system in rural areas;secondly,to perfect security projects and enhance the security system;thirdly,to integrate the administrative management of social security;at last,to enforce the legal system.

Methods of Measuring and Decomposing the Income Gap： A Survey

In this study, we classify the income gap into the total income gap and the inter-group income gap depending on the subjects of study. Measurement and decomposition methods are discussed at three levels： income inequality, polarization, and the inter-group income gap. While income inequality focuses on description of the overall income gap, polarization aims to examine the phenomenon of the ＂clustering effect＂ in income distribution, for which the measurement indexes used can be broadly divided into bi-polarization and multi-polarization indexes. The Shapley decomposition method and decomposition of the distribution of inter- group income differences are cutting edge techniques for the decomposition of the income gap. We also stress the applicability and relevance of income gap measurement indexes and decomposition methods, to facilitate selection of the most appropriate methods for more accurate detection of the causes of the income gap.

Correlation between Employment and Income Distribution in China

The employment and income distribution problems after reform and opening up have become more and more lasting. To get these problems clear is of great practical significance in acquiring a deeper understanding of the nature, characteristics, and root causes of the current income distribution and employment problems; and finding a solution is to contribute to the building of a harmonious society. The co-existence of a half-market and half-traditional system is the basic feature of employment and income distribution in China. This paper analyzes the general and structural correlations between income distribution and employment in China. In the analysis of structural correlation, the paper explains the multi-institutional segmentation in the transitional period. In the multi-level areas segmented institutionally, the wage income gap or labor income gap has become the main factor contributing to the general income gap. To narrow the income gap, it is therefore necessary to attach much importance to the reform of employment-related institutions, the establishment, and the improvement of the market economic order.

我国教育投入产出对收入差距影响的实证研究

我国迅速发展的教育事业为经济社会发展做出了巨大贡献,为探究我国教育事业发展对收入差距产生的影响,选取1999-2020年我国31个省份相关数据,通过双固定效应模型、空间计量模型等方法展开实证分析。研究发现,教育投入会显著缩小本地区收入差距,教育产出显著地扩大了本地区的收入差距;机制分析结果表明,教育投入具有公平效应,且该过程会受到经济发展水平及政府其他资源配置能力的影响,教育产出更具马太效应,且该作用通过影响科技创新水平表现出来并受到劳动力市场情况的影响;空间计量结果表明,教育投入会缩小相邻地区收入差距,教育产出未对相邻地区收入差距产生作用。据此提出持续加大教育投入、继续发挥多次分配作用、政府政策发挥导向作用、完善其他配套政策等建议。

共同富裕愿景下增进农村低收入人口福利的政策创新——基于三次分配分析框架

面向全体人民共同富裕的伟大愿景目标,迫切需要对标共同富裕、研判福利差距,并进行制度性的回应。三次分配制度是改善农村低收入人口福利差距、促进农村低收入人口持续增收、实现全体人民共同富裕的有效手段。中国农村和农民在不断分化转型,三次分配的契合性也不尽相同。脱贫攻坚期间,中国基于三次分配的不同着力点围绕农村低收入群体展开了一系列政策实践,但是存在初次分配效率不高、再分配水平低、第三次分配尚未找到切入点、不同层次分配间协同性不足等问题。未来政策调整应当以加大农业就业准入门槛、提高农村低收入群体的劳动报酬、扩大农村非农就业机会作为初次分配的着力点;以强化农村低收入人口的转移支付力度、提高基本公共服务和社会保障均等化的深度与广度、完善农业支持与资源保护政策等作为再分配的着力点;以丰富第三次分配的实现形式、强化第三次分配与初次分配、再分配间的协同配合作为第三次分配的创新着力点。

数字经济与技能工资差距——基于CFPS的微观证据

随着引领新一轮科技革命和产业升级的数字技术发展,数字经济必将对中国的就业和收入分配格局产生重大影响,使技能工资差距呈现新特征。通过测度2018年中国各行业的数字经济发展水平,借助普通最小二乘法、无条件分位数回归与Oaxaca-Blinder分解等方法,考察数字经济发展对技能工资差距的影响及其作用机制。结果发现:(1)数字经济显著提高了低技能劳动者工资收入,且能缩小低技能群体和高技能群体内部中低收入差距;(2)数字经济能通过就业创造效应和时间投入效应为劳动者提供更多就业机会和就业岗位,提高工作强度,缩小技能工资差距,但职位晋升效应难以充分发挥;(3)数字经济对不同行业部门和不同社会资本群体的技能工资差距的影响存在显著的差异性。据此提出继续推进数字技术发展、积极探索数字经济背景下对高收入的规范与调节路径、完善对低技能群体的劳动权益保障体系、加强学习型社会建设,并以数字化改革推动公共服务高质量发展和实现基本公共服务均等化等政策建议。

企业数字化转型、人力资本与内部薪酬差距

企业是推动数字技术发挥经济效应的重要微观主体,也是平衡资本和劳动分配关系的关键所在。基于2009—2019年中国A股上市公司的数据,运用Python爬虫技术评估了上市公司的数字化转型程度,实证研究了数字化转型对企业内部薪酬差距的影响及其作用机制。实证分析发现,数字化转型对企业高管与员工之间的收入差距具有显著的扩大效应。机制分析结果表明,数字化转型会通过提升员工人力资本水平缩小企业内部收入差距,也会通过提升管理层人力资本水平扩大企业内部薪酬差距。异质性分析发现,数字化转型对低议价能力企业与非技术密集型企业内部薪酬差距的影响更大。进一步分析表明,企业数字化转型产生超额薪酬差距的原因在于员工薪酬涨幅小于管理层。因此,数字经济时代,为实现企业数字化转型与收入分配的相对公平,政府应推动劳动力知识技能升级,优化劳动力结构,充分发挥人力资本在推动企业内部收入分配公平方面的作用,进而缩小企业内部收入差距。

工业机器人应用会加剧中国城乡收入差距吗?

基于IFR数据库中国工业机器人数据,在科学测度2007—2019年中国31个省级区域工业机器人渗透度及城乡收入差距的基础上,细致刻画工业机器人应用对城乡收入差距的作用机制。研究发现:工业机器人应用显著加剧了中国城乡收入差距,因而有效处理机器人应用的收入分配效应能为高质量增长和共同富裕战略的协同共进提供重要支撑;工业机器人应用会通过提升就业技术结构高级化水平和资本利润率两个渠道,加剧中国城乡居民收入差距,且工业机器人应用在高劳动收入份额区域内引致的城乡收入差距效应较为显著;工业机器人应用有利于激发产业结构服务化及合理化的演进动力,并对制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚具有催化剂作用。为此,中国政府应及时和准确地预判工业机器人应用对中国目前及未来较长一段时间内经济与社会发展的动态影响,并在享受人工智能时代红利的同时,平抑其对城乡收入差距造成的负面冲击。

产业智能化的城乡收入差距效应及减小路径研究

随着新一轮科技革命浪潮的推进,产业智能化发展对城乡收入差距的影响越发显著,如何应对这种挑战以实现共同富裕是一个很重要的问题。本文从产业智能化的资本偏向性和技能偏向性角度论证了产业智能化对城乡收入差距的扩大作用,并从理论上探索了减小产业智能化对城乡收入差距影响的路径。在实证上,本文采用D-K标准误的固定效应模型进行分析,结果表明现阶段产业智能化显著地扩大了城乡收入差距;通过机制分析验证了产业智能化主要通过功能性收入分配效应和规模性收入分配效应来影响城乡收入差距;调节效应分析证明了优化产业结构和缩小城乡人力资本差距能缓解产业智能化对城乡收入差距的影响。

数字经济的城乡收入分配效应研究

随着新兴数字技术的应用,数字经济发展对城乡收入分配格局影响受到广泛关注。在测算省级收入不平等程度和数字经济发展水平指数的基础上,实证分析数字经济发展对城乡收入差距的影响,并探讨其影响机制和异质性。研究发现,数字经济发展增加了城乡收入不平等程度,存在不利于城乡收入差距缩小的“数字鸿沟”。机制检验发现,“数字鸿沟”效应主要是由于城乡教育和就业机会差距扩大以及城镇化水平的不均等所导致的。异质性检验结果表明数字经济发展对城乡收入差距的影响在中低收入地区更显著,且在2016年后收入差距拉大的情况变得更为明显。此外,研究还发现这种负向影响存在空间溢出效应,数字经济发展还会扩大相邻地区的城乡收入分配差距。基于此,提出增强城乡融合发展,积极促进劳动者数字技能提升与维护数字时代良好市场秩序的建议,以期数字经济发展的“数字红利”发挥协调城乡发展的作用。

收入分配差距与银行信用风险累积——基于企业部门杠杆的视角

改善收入分配状况、推进共同富裕是否有助于防范化解金融风险?立足于企业部门杠杆视角,构建包含家庭异质性、企业债务违约和银行破产特质的实际经济周期(RBC)模型,研究居民收入分配差距对银行信用风险的影响。理论模型预测显示,收入分配差距扩大会提高企业部门杠杆率,增加银行信用风险累积。其作用机制在于,收入分配差距扩大导致消费投资比下降,为企业部门加杠杆创造条件,但消费率和杠杆率的反向变动会造成企业实际收益率降低和违约风险上升,银行贷款信用风险敞口扩大。基于中国银行业数据的实证分析提供了上述理论推演成立的经验证据与微观基础。此外,本文还发现收入分配差距的影响存在地区性差异。上述结论隐含共同富裕目标的实现有利于守住不发生系统性风险底线,两个重大目标的内在逻辑自洽一致。

党组织嵌入公司治理对高管—员工薪酬差距的影响研究

收入分配制度的合理性是保障社会公平与正义的关键。然而,随着高管薪酬对企业绩效的作用逐渐凸显,高管薪酬不断提高致使高管“天价薪酬”成为普遍现象,引起理论界和实务界的广泛关注。基于我国特殊的公司治理制度,以2010-2021年我国沪深A股上市公司为研究样本对党组织嵌入公司治理是否影响以及如何影响高管—员工薪酬差距进行研究,发现党组织融嵌公司治理有助于抑制高管—员工薪酬差距,而且党组织融嵌程度越高,对高管—员工薪酬差距的抑制作用越强;此外,这种抑制作用对国有企业、董事长或总经理无政治关联、市场化程度低的企业更显著;进一步分析发现,党组织嵌入公司治理可以通过抑制管理层权力的扩大和降低企业风险进而抑制高管—员工薪酬差距。从中国特色的党组织嵌入公司治理视角探讨高管—员工薪酬差距的影响因素以及作用机制,对于丰富薪酬差距影响因素研究和党组织嵌入公司治理效应研究方面的文献,加强党组织建设、全面促进党组织建设与公司治理结构的有机结合、优化收入分配制度改革具有借鉴意义。

有效-有为-有爱的三次分配制度构建——基于广东省居民收入差距拉大的分析

收入差距缩小是共同富裕的重要标志之一,优化收入分配制度是缩小收入差距的重要举措。通过分析2013—2022年广东省居民收入数据发现:行业收入差距明显;城乡居民可支配收入差距变大;珠三角与粤东西北地区的人均可支配收入差距进一步扩大。这种现象主要是受统一要素市场不成熟、转移支付与税制建设不足以及社会互助激励欠佳复合影响的结果。未来应促进要素自由流动和强化规则衔接来提高初次分配份额;延续提低-扩中-调高思路,分步骤优化再分配机制;弘扬广济善助的美德,加大第三次分配力度,最终形成有效-有为-有爱的三次分配制度。

我国城乡收入分配差距空间格局及影响因素研究——基于省际面板数据的空间杜宾模型

基于空间杜宾模型,利用我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)1978—2022年的面板数据,研究省际城乡收入分配差距空间格局及影响因素。结果显示,我国省际城乡收入分配差距存在空间上的依赖性和异质性。由于经济发展突出的二元性与“晋升锦标赛”下激烈的区域竞争环境,产业就业结构与城乡结构对邻近地区有显著的短期空间溢出效应。各地区须优化产业布局、加强区域协作、深化制度改革、促进乡村产业振兴,通过就业承载力的全面提升,缩小城乡收入分配差距。

数字经济能收敛性别工资差距吗?——基于技能偏向型技术进步视角

数字经济的技术革命促使性别工资差距呈现新变化,但该变化的走势和影响机制尚需明确。本文从技能偏向型技术进步入手,以Welch的“大脑—肌肉”两要素模型为基础勾勒数字经济与性别工资差距的理论模型,探讨城市数字经济发展对性别工资差距的影响机制。研究结果显示,拥有技能偏向型技术进步特征的新兴技术是有偏的,数字经济发展能提高知识技能的相对价格,从而使女性劳动力得到溢价的优势,最终缩小了性别工资差距。且这种性别工资差距收敛在中高劳动力技能水平、低年龄段(16-30岁)、第三产业以及网络对工作很重要的组别中更为显著。上述研究结果在工具变量法和稳健性检验后仍成立。