Urban Spatial Form Optimization Strategies Based on the Principle of Climate Adaptability of Regional Architecture: A Case Study of Traditional Cave Dwelling Villages in Northern Shaanxi Province

A multitude of climate-adaptive design approaches are embedded in regional architecture,which have a positive impact on addressing the deformed development of urban spatial patterns and the dual challenges of climate and resources.This paper examines the principles of climate adaptability embedded in the site layout and spatial organization characteristics of traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi Province.The extracted climate adaptability principles are summarized,and the resulting design strategies that are well-suited to the contemporary urban space form are presented.Through analysis,it can be observed that traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi are predominantly situated on south-facing slopes in proximity to water at low altitudes.These villages are characterized by compact building groups and east-west development,which is constrained by the elements of mountains and rivers.A two-level street system is generated,comprising streets parallel to the contour line and roadways perpendicular to the contour line.This results in the formation of a courtyard form enclosed by mountains.Such site layout and spatial organization exhibit excellent climate adaptability with regard to heat,ventilation,and wind storage.In light of the aforementioned considerations,the following urban spatial form design strategies are put forth:①the topographic height difference can be exploited to obtain sufficient sunshine;②the group shape can be optimized in order to reduce building energy consumption;③the best orientation of the building can be chosen to take account of both winter and summer conditions;④the height and length can be combined in order to form natural masking;⑤the D/H ratio of streets and roadways should be controlled to achieve a balance between heat gain and cooling of groups;⑥vents should be set appropriately to optimize group ventilation;⑦climate buffers should be established to increase the level of climate response.

The Cave Dwellings in Northern Shaanxi

Cave dwellings (or Yaodong in Chinese) are a unique style of traditional houses on the Loess Plateau of westerncentral China. They exhibit rich folk customs and a flavor of the surrounding environment. The soil of the Loess Plateau is thick and compact, making it the ideal place for building caves that are sturdy enough to last hundreds or even thousands of years without collapsing. Most cave dwellings have straight walls and low arched ceilings, with the walls reinforced with grass and mud. Cave dwellings are comfortable to live in, being cool in the summer and warm in the winter. Being cut into the mountain, the architecture blends in quite well with the surrounding natural environment, while the rust exterior exhibits the beauty of ingenuity.

A Brief Analysis of the Formal Characteristics of Kiln Dwellings in Tongchuan Area,Shaanxi

The unique topography and historical and cultural background have determined the diversity and uniqueness of kiln architecture in the Tongchuan area.In addition to the double-slope residential architecture,traditional kiln dwellings with regional characteristics such as Leaning on the cliff cave dwelling,ground Pit cave dwelling and Freestanding cave dwellings have also been formed.This paper takes the inheritance and protection of traditional kiln as the starting point,and through field research and literature analysis,we have systematically collected images,measured data,and drawn up horizontal and vertical profiles and three-dimensional structure drawings of the traditional kiln dwellings in Tongchuan,and concluded the three types of forms and structural characteristics and artistic form characteristics of the traditional kiln dwellings in Tongchuan.The aim is to provide a basis and reference for the protection and inheritance of tangible and intangible cultural heritage in Shaanxi,as well as for subsequent research in this field.

人水共生理念下传统窑洞聚落景观理水智慧研究——以陕北地区为例

中国传统聚落景观营建素有将人水共生作为古人聚居选址及农耕生产的理念和举措。因此,在聚落选址之初,古人对自然山水环境的寻找、观察及借用的用心程度甚至超过聚落后期的建设过程。为了更好地保护和传承半干旱区传统窑洞聚落景观理水智慧,避免本土理水营建技术的消失与断代,以陕北黄土高原区传统窑洞聚落为研究对象,从人水共生哲学思想出发,结合DIKW层次结构模型,构建传统聚落理水智慧解析路径与方法。从聚落选址布局理水智慧、人居营建理水智慧、农耕生产理水智慧和自然生态理水智慧4个方面,开展陕北传统窑洞聚落景观理水智慧的提取与体系构建。以期为当前我国半干旱地区乡村聚落生态人居景观营建和水基础设施建设提供理论与经验借鉴。

陕北窑洞窗格图案形象特征及其应用

陕北窑洞门窗是使用功能和文化功能的综合体,有着特殊的构成与结构,蕴含独特的传统文化观念。窗格图案造型古朴、样式多变、形象抽象,并承载着丰富的农耕文化寓意,呈现出强烈的地域性、艺术性和民俗性特征,为地域文化创新应用提供了借鉴。

传统窑洞聚落景观地方性知识图谱构建——以陕北地区为例

【目的】为修正黄土高原地区传统窑洞聚落地域性人居个性缺失、形象趋同等问题,需要准确识别其地域性人居景观特征。【方法】运用人类学中的地方性知识理论,提出传统窑洞聚落地方性知识的挖掘方法及路径,并以陕北地区32个传统窑洞聚落景观为例,对其选址布局、空间形态、院落布局、营建技艺和民俗文化中所蕴藏的地方性知识进行识别、提取与图谱构建。【结果】形成由2个门类、6个大类、27个中类、65个小类构成的陕北传统窑洞聚落景观地方性知识图谱。【结论】研究提出陕北地区传统窑洞聚落景观的在地性保护与传承策略,可为黄土高原地区传统窑洞聚落景观地域性人居景观的保护传承和在地性人居营建提供指导与启示。

陕西铜川地区窑洞民居形制特征简析

独特的地形地貌和历史文化背景决定了铜川地区窑洞建筑的多样性和独特性,除了双坡面民居建筑外,还形成了具有地域特色的靠崖窑、地坑窑、明锢窑等传统窑洞民居。该文从传承与保护传统窑洞为出发点,通过田野调研和文献分析,对铜川地区的传统窑洞民居进行了系统性的图像采集、数据测量、平立剖和三维结构图的绘制等相关工作,论证并总结出铜川传统窑洞民居的三种形制与结构特征和艺术形态特征。旨在为陕西的物质与非物质文化遗产保护与传承,以及该领域的后续研究提供依据和参考。

陕北黄土高原窑洞文化与旅游开发探讨

窑洞不仅是一种具有独特风格的建筑形式,更是一种孕育了黄土高原浓重的民俗民情、体现了人地和谐发展观的文化形式;窑洞文化是黄土文化的重要组成部分,也是需要深度开发的重要人文旅游资源。文章结合陕北旅游发展实际,全面分析了旅游开发面临的机遇和问题,进一步提出了陕西作为旅游资源大省应当抓住陕北红色旅游热这个发展契机,采取依托延安、深挖窑洞文化内涵、将窑洞旅游与其它旅游项目捆绑推出等策略和建议,使窑洞文化旅游成为发展陕北旅游的新亮点。

陕北黄土丘陵区威胁窑洞民居的地质灾害问题--以陕西延安地区为例

窑洞是陕北黄土丘陵区民居的一种主要形式。在介绍区内窑洞的类型和分布的基础上,阐述了滑坡、崩塌、塌窑、窑洞透水等主要窑洞民居地质灾害的发育特征。从沟谷发育期、斜坡结构类型、地形特征等方面分析了窑洞灾害形成的主要原因,认为黄土的工程地质特性是灾害发育的物质基础,人类工程活动和降雨是灾害形成的主要诱发因素。最后从窑洞的选址、斜坡的设计、窑洞的防水等几个方面提出了灾害的防治措施。

陕北小城镇居住建筑适宜性研究——以志丹县新型窑洞为例

在总结志丹县小城镇居住建筑现状的基础上,提出了志丹县小城镇居住建筑存在的问题,并设计了适宜居住的新型窑洞。

浅谈陕北地区窑洞建筑的通风设计策略

窑洞是陕北地区的特色建筑形式,它不仅是当地传统文化和人文精神的结晶,而且符合绿色生态和可持续发展的要求。该文以陕北地区传统窑洞为研究对象,通过文献数据分析和实地调研两种方式,提出了陕北地区传统窑洞建筑的通风设计策略,旨在探索传统窑洞建筑改造的新方式。

陕北窑洞民居发展对策研究

针对陕北地区传统民居窑洞,从窑洞本身及其发展环境出发,分析了窑洞的建筑特色和使用价值以及它在陕北地区的发展现状,指出窑洞的发展正面临着十分尴尬的境地。运用SWOT分析法,概括了窑洞的优势、劣势、机遇、挑战,优势方面突出其作为生土建筑的生态优势,因地制宜的特征,解决黄土高原土地和能源、环境等问题的作用,以及富含乡土特色的审美价值;劣势方面突出了村落布局缺乏整体性、交通不便、室内通风采光条件欠缺、造型和空间单一呆板;机遇方面则突出了世界范围内对建筑生态学的日益重视,以及对地下民用建筑的探索和应用;挑战则在于窑洞建筑技术、窑洞民居与城市化之间的矛盾、窑洞民居与现代生活之间的矛盾、"限制"型的管理模式几个方面。在此基础上,建议陕北窑洞的发展应该通过舆论正确引导、改变人们的传统观念;从筑窑技术上努力改善窑洞的缺点;加大基础设施建设,改善窑居环境;开发具有陕北特色的窑洞文化旅游;建设具有陕北特色的社会主义新农村。

雨洪管控视角下陕北窑居聚落水利风景营构与实践

受自然地理和人类活动的影响,陕北地区形成了自成体系、特征鲜明的窑居聚落水利风景。从地域性视角出发,讨论了陕北窑居聚落水利风景的形成机理和基本特征;总结回顾了雨洪管控视角下窑居聚落水利风景营构的传统经验和技术特点;针对不同聚落场地雨洪管控要素布局面临的核心矛盾和具体雨洪管控目标,构建了基于传统智慧并融合现代LID技术的6种典型聚落场地空间的水利要素布局形式;提出了陕北窑居聚落水利风景的保护策略并开展了水利风景营构规划实践。

基于地域文化传承的陕北黄土高原地区窑洞建筑符号特征研究

陕北黄土高原窑洞区是中国六大窑洞区之一,此区域地形千沟万壑,气候干旱少雨,拥有厚重的红色文化、农耕文化和历史民俗,在自然条件和社会因素的共同影响下,形成了独具特色的窑洞建筑及其符号特征。窑洞建筑符号是传递区域文化内涵最直观的名片。以建筑符号学为理论基础,从图像符号、指示符号、象征符号3个类型,解读陕西窑洞区的窑洞建筑符号特征,试图探索窑洞建筑符号对区域文化内涵的展示与传承作用。

陕北窑洞民居发展对策研究(英文)

In view of traditional house in northern area of Shaanxi Province which was cave dwelling,based on cave dwelling and its development environment,the paper had analyzed architectural characteristics and use value of cave dwelling and its development in northern Shaanxi,and then pointed out that cave dwelling development had been reduced into an awkward situation.By using SWOT analysis method,the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats of cave dwellings had been summarized.In terms of strengths,cave dwelling had ecological advantage as native architecture,was constructed based on local conditions,could solve land,energy and environment problems on Loess Plateau,and abounded in aesthetic value of native feature.In terms of weaknesses,village layout lacked of integrity,transportation was not convenient,indoor ventilation and lighting were insufficient,and pattern and space were simplified and stereotyped.In terms of opportunities,it stressed architectural ecology having received more and more attention in the world,and exploration and application of underground civil architecture.In terms of threats,it lied in construction technology of cave dwelling,contradiction between cave dwelling and urbanization and between cave dwelling and modern life,and management mode of restricted type.On this basis,it suggested that cave dwelling development in northern Shaanxi should transform people's traditio-nal concept through correct guidance of public voice;strive to eliminate weakness of cave dwelling;improve cave environment by enhancing infrastructure construction;develop characteristic cave dwelling cultural tourism in northern Shaanxi,and construct new socialist countryside of northern Shaanxi character.

陕北无定河流域窑洞民居景观的基因识别与保护

为研究陕北无定河流域窑洞民居的保护策略,文章统计分析陕北无定河流域窑洞民居的基本信息,并选取了12个典型窑洞聚落进行研究,通过结合运用景观唯一性特征的基础上,构建陕北无定河流域窑洞民居景观基因识别指标体系,并借鉴二维形态识别模式分析法、视觉与感知分析模式法、结构特征分析模式法、资料记录法等对其景观基因进行识别提取,提出窑洞民居的保护策略,以期为其保护与传承提供理论依据。

陕北窑洞民居门窗的传统营建智慧

陕北窑洞民居作为我国重要的建筑文化遗产,具有历史文化悠久、地域特点独特、民俗文化浓厚等特点。而陕北窑洞民居的重要组成部分——传统门窗,其制作过程更是蕴含了制作技艺、人文民俗、文化艺术等无限智慧,具有独特的研究价值与研究意义。本文通过梳理陕北窑洞民居门窗的传统营建智慧,为今后相关研究与利用提供真实有效的参考依据。

陕北榆林地区窑洞民居形态与建筑文化解析

陕北传统窑洞民居作为人们日常生活的栖息场所、地域文化的一种载体、先辈们建造技艺的结晶、黄河文化与华夏文明发展的遗存佐证而具有历史性、实用性、技术性、审美性和不可代替性。对其进行深入研究具有很高的历史价值、社会价值和学术价值。通过田野调查、资料分析、现场测绘、归类统计、CAD制图和3D建模等手法,详实地展示了榆林窑洞民居的建筑形制与结构特征,并在理论上得出:榆林传统民居院落以窑洞院式、混合院式为典型的形式,以及以窑为主,窑房相融的地域特征;在院落布局上遵循传统的中轴对称布局形式,且房屋在方位的前后、体量的大小上遵循了传统礼制文化中前后有序、尊卑有别的等级思想;在构建与装饰上兼具实用性与美化性。旨在为丰富和研究陕北传统民居理论成果提供参考,为传统民居保护与传承以及窑洞建筑所体现出的“生态、绿色、环保”特征再利用提供依据。

陕北窑洞建筑装饰纹样的地区特点

陕北窑洞建筑艺术是炎黄子孙优秀的传统文化,它是一个民族的艺术精华以及道德观念,更是这片黄土地古老的深层文化。由于其独特的地理因素使得其具有独特的造型艺术,本文从陕北的地理特点、传统的民俗观以及独特的造型特点去分析,对窑洞建筑装饰纹样的地区特点进行研究分析,从而得出陕北窑洞的建筑装饰风格是粗狂、浑厚、简单大方等特点。展示出窑洞建筑民居带给我们的震撼之感与艺术魅力。