Distribution of the Ordovician Fluid in the Tahe Oilfield and Dynamic Response of Cave System S48 to Exploitation

The Tahe Oilfield is a complex petroleum reservoir of Ordovician carbonate formation and made up of spatially overlapping fracture-cavity units. The oilfield is controlled by a cave system resulting from structure-karst cyclic sedimentation. Due to significant heterogeneity of the reservoir, the distribution of oil and water is complicated. Horizontally, a fresh water zone due to meteoric water can be found in the north part of the Akekule uplift. A marginal freshening zone caused by water released from mudstone compaction is found at the bottom of the southern slope. Located in a crossformational flow discharge zone caused by centripetal and the centrifugal flows, the main part of the Tahe Oilfield, featuring high salinity and concentrations of CI^- and K^＋＋Na^＋, is favorable for accumulation of hydrocarbon. Three types of formation water in the Tahe Ordovician reservoir are identified： （1） residual water at the bottom of the cave after oil and gas displacement, （2） residual water in fractures/pores around the cave after oil and gas displacement, and （3） interlayer water below reservoirs. The cave system is the main reservoir space, which consists of the main cave, branch caves and depressions between caves. Taking Cave System S48 in the Ordovician reservoir as an example, the paper analyzes the fluid distribution and exploitation performance in the cave system. Owing to evaporation of groundwater during cross-formational flow, the central part of the main cave, where oil layers are thick and there is a high degree of displacement, is characterized by high salinity and Br^- concentration. With high potential and a long stable production period, most wells in the central part of the main cave have a long water-free oil production period. Even after water breakthrough, the water content has a slow or stepwise increase and the hydrochemistral characteristics of the produced water in the central part of the main cave are uniform. From the center to the edge of the main cave, displacement and enrichment of oil/gas become weaker, residual water increases, and the salinity and concentration of Br^- decrease. At the edge of the main cave, although the wells have a high deliverability at the beginning with a short stable production period and water-free production period. After water breakthrough, the pressure and deliverability drop quickly, and the water content rises quickly. The hydrochemistral characteristics of the produced water are relatively uniform. Wells in the branch caves have a relatively low deliverability at the beginning, with a short stable production period. Water breakthrough appears quickly and then the pressure and deliverability drop quickly. The salinity and concentrations of CI^-and K^＋＋Na^＋ are usually fluctuant or descend slowly in the produced water. Wells in low areas of ancient karst have a low deliverability and a short stable production period. The yield drops quickly and the water content is high, while the characteristics of the produced water may vary significantly well to well. The salinity and concentrations of CI^-and K^＋＋Na^＋ in the produced water are usually fluctuant with a precipitous decline.

沉浸式技术CAVE在宋韵文化及历史复现上的应用

在有关政策引导下,以CAVE(洞穴状自动虚拟环境)为代表的各类沉浸式技术逐渐进入公共文化教育空间,改进原有单一、单向的展陈模式,辅助传统文化和历史复现。以宋韵文化为例,CAVE系统的应用影响了人们对历史及当下的空间感知和文化认同。人们通过集体观看,在熟悉的现代性“酷”的技术视觉与文化中,认识到个体在历史中的血脉延续性,从而获得沉浸式的文化认同,维续了中华民族这一身份的连贯一致。进而,这一共享的文化认同通过创意产业带动经济发展,将文化价值转化为经济价值。

Analysis of the Application of Span-Bridge Technology for Building Highway Tunnels that Go Over Solutional Caves

This article presents a real engineering project showcasing the application of span-bridge construction technology for building a highway that goes over a solutional cave.An overview of the project and the details of applying this technology in highway construction are provided.Besides,strategies for enhancing its construction quality are also proposed.The objective of this analysis is to improve the safety and quality of similar projects.

Karst Cave Tourism System in Zhejiang Province Based on Resource Regional Analysis

Karst cave tourism plays an important role in the overall tourism of Zhejiang Province,China.In analyzing the current status of karst cave tourism resources,it is crucial to develop a scientific system for optimizing resource exploitation and tourism development in the future.This study conducted an analysis of resource characteristics and regional structure in Zhejiang Province.Nearest neighbor index(NNI) method and accessibility index method were used for a comprehensive understanding of the effects of scale,strength,combination,and accessibility of karst cave tourism resources.Results indicated that karst cave tourism resources in Zhejiang Province have a significant regional influence,and that resource quality and exploitation are diverse in different regions.Among the regions,Jinhua had the highest exploitation proportion of over 60% and the lowest NNI value of 0.098.Furthermore,regional analysis inferred that different karst caves demonstrate diversity in accessibility to tourism markets,among which the Lingshan Cave,Fengshui Cave,and Xianqiao Cave reveal the highest accessibility index of 2.41.Finally,we put forward a karst cave tourism system in Zhejiang Province based on the Growth Pole Theory and set up an overall scheme for karst cave tourism development.From a regional perspective analysis,the study refined the methods for regional resource research and provided a strategic proposal for karst cave tourism in Zhejiang Province.

The first cavefish in the Dinaric Karst?Cave colonization made possible by phenotypic plasticity in Telestes karsticus

Cave animals are an excellent model system for studying adaptive evolution.At present,however,little is known about the mechanisms that enable surface colonizers to survive in the challenging environment of caves.One possibility is that these species have the necessary genetic background to respond with plastic changes to the pressures of underground habitats.To gain insight into this process,we conducted a comparative study with the fish species Telestes karsticus,which occurs in a hydrological system consisting of an interconnected stream and a cave.Results showed that T.karsticus resided year-round and spawned in Sušik cave,making it the first known cavefish in the Dinaric Karst.Cave and surface populations differed in morphological and physiological characteristics,as well as in patterns of gene expression without any evidence of genetic divergence.To test whether observed trait differences were plastic or genetic,we placed adult fish from both populations under light/dark or constant dark conditions.Common laboratory conditions erased all morphometric differences between the two morphs,suggesting phenotypic plasticity is driving the divergence of shape and size in wild fish.Lighter pigmentation and increased fat deposition exhibited by cave individuals were also observed in surface fish kept in the dark in the laboratory.Our study also revealed that specialized cave traits were not solely attributed to developmental plasticity,but also arose from adult responses,including acclimatization.Thus,we conclude that T.karsticus can adapt to cave conditions,with phenotypic plasticity playing an important role in the process of cave colonization.

Animal life in the chemoautotrophic ecosystem of the hypogenic groundwater cave of Ayyalon (Israel): A summing up

Seven years after the discovery of the chemoautotrophic sulfidic groundwater site of the Ayyalon cave, its macrofauna can be fully reviewed. It consists of six endemic stygobiont and troglo-biont crustaceans and other arthropods and two species still with unclear status. The taxonomic list is followed by brief discussions on the systematics of the species as well as by a few comments concerning the eventual broader zoogeographical and speleological implications of the Ayyalon faunistic findings, as they appeared in literature.

Reproductive seasonality of Astyanax mexicanus cavefish

DEAR EDITOR,The characiform fish Astyanax is a well-studied model system for understanding evolutionary development and genomics in cave biology.Nonetheless,considerable gaps remain in our understanding of its field ecology.Here,we conducted a fouryear field study and found that while cavefish spawned yearround,reproductive peaks occurred in January to February.

Effect of soil-rock system on speleothems weathering in Bailong Cave,Yunnan Province,China

Bailong Cave with its well-developed Middle Triassic calcareous dolomite’s system was opened as a show cave for visitors in 1988. The speleothem scenery has been strongly weathered as white powder on the outer layers. Study of the cave winds, permeability of soil-rock system and the chemical compositions of the dripping water indicated: (1) The cave dimension structure distinctively affects the cave winds, which were stronger at narrow places. (2) Based on the different soil grain size distribution, clay was the highest in composition in the soil. The response sense of dripping water to the rainwater percolation was slow. The density of joints and other openings in dolomite make the dolomite as mesh seepage body forming piles of thin and high columns and stalactites. (3) Study of 9 dripping water samples by HYDROWIN computer program showed that the major mineral in the water was dolomite.

A Darcy-Law Based Model for Heat and Moisture Transfer in a Hill Cave

A hill can be regarded as an environmental carrier of heat.Water,rocks and the internal moisture naturally pre-sent in such environment constitute a natural heat accumulator.In the present study,the heat and moisture trans-fer characteristics in a representative hill cave have been simulated via a method relying on the Darcy’s law.The simulations have been conducted for both steady and unsteady conditions to discern the influence of permeability and geometric parameters on the thermal and moisture transfer processes.The reliability of the simulation has been verified through comparison of the numerical results with the annual observation data.As revealed by the numericalfindings,the internal temperature of the hill accumulator is proportional to the permeability,outside surface temperature,overground height,underground constant temperature layer depth,and underground tem-perature of the hill,and it is inversely proportional to the horizontal size of the hill.Moreover,in the considered case,the order of magnitude of the permeability of the hill is contained in the range 10-15–10-13,and displays a certain sensitivity to the rainwater seepage.

Study on constructive system of green cave dwelling in Loess Plateau—Interpretation with the “regional gene” theory

This article reveals the inherent evolution adjusting mechanism of regional architecture by means of considering the concept and method of "regional gene" as the research approach of regional architecture construction system, and in the mean- while establishes the "gene database" of regional architecture and optimum technology, on the basis of the principle of sustainable development and scientific evaluation system. In addition, this article chooses the planning of model villages of cave dwellings in Loess Plateau and the construction of ecological cave dwellings for case study to prove the feasibility of the research approach.

基于CAVE系统设计的绍兴历史文化街区活化研究

在数字化发展大背景下,传统历史文化街区的保护有了新思路,以绍兴鲁迅故里历史街区的活化项目为依托,对CAVE系统体感游戏设计进行研究探索。分析其整体系统组成和特点优势并且探讨该系统对传统历史文化街区保护改造的影响。通过个案研究,利用虚拟现实技术实现对历史遗存建筑和内部空间的创新发展,最终提出解决文化遗产保护和公众参观服务之间矛盾的有效方案,从而实现提升绍兴世界级古城IP、增加文化和旅游业态体验深度的目的。

Burning Cave-Pipe Coil-Kang Coupled Heating System Research

Nowadays,people still rely on traditional heating methods in rural areas of northern China,such as Kang(bed-stoves) and burning caves in cold winter.Field measurements of indoor environment were carried out in several rural houses with burning-cave-coil-Kang coupling heating system in northern China.The results show that this system is able to realize the graded use of internal energy of burning cave.The temperature of supply pipe water ranged from 30 ℃ to 50 ℃ which met the demands in 74.7% of time.The surface temperature of Kang maintained at above 25 ℃.Compared with traditional burning cave,using burning-cave-coil-Kang coupled with heating system has a higher thermal efficiency of 48.9%,which is 8.32% higher than the traditional one.

PCCAVE:基于连网PC的廉价CAVE系统

讨论了一个基于 PC的廉价 CAVE系统的实现方法 .FCCAVE使用 4台微机配合中低档的图形显示卡构成图形绘制系统 ,代替 SGI工作站和 Reality Engine高档工作站图形卡 .PCCAVE整体上是一个主从式并行计算结构 ,主节点提供人机交互控制接口 ,从节点接受主节点命令和绘制立体图像 .PCCAVE的通信子系统使用 MPI实现 ,实现了并行计算的同步控制和智能信息代理服务 ,图形子系统以 Direct X和 Open GL 作为底层图形 API.还研究了系统的主要瓶颈和性能指标 .利用该系统实现了浙江大学的校园漫游 .结果表明该系统的许多指标都超越或者接近于 SGI Onyx2 ,具有良好的推广前景和较高的实用价值 .

一种基于CAVE的交互式全景视频显示方法

为了实现全景视频的沉浸式显示,开发了一个基于CAVE的交互式全景视频显示系统.本系统成功地实现了pgr全景视频文件在CAVE上的播放.首先,将全景视频中的每一帧全景图像映射到一个虚拟球面上;其次,使用五个虚拟相机对该球面的四面及顶面进行拍摄,调整各相机的参数使所得各幅图像覆盖整个球面区域,并能够无缝拼接;最后,将所得五幅图像分别投影到CAVE系统中各投影幕中;另外,实现通过鼠标、手柄等输入设备调整CAVE中各投影幕的画面.

CAVE立体显示系统的搭建及立体图像的几何校正

为了解决由投影机的位置不准确而引起的立体图像视差畸变问题,根据立体图像产生方式以及显示方式的不同,给出了适合于工程上搭建"经济型"CAVE立体显示系统的几种实现方式,包括主动立体方式、主动变被动方式以及直接被动立体方式.将帧缓存中双眼的视景图像分别拷贝到纹理内存中,通过重投影变换计算出B样条曲面控制点坐标并绘制B样条曲面,分别映射纹理内存中双眼图像的纹理到各自的B样条曲面上.通过对左右眼立体图像分别进行几何校正,实现了CAVE多通道立体显示的无缝拼接;通过微调B样条曲面的控制点坐标以及确定曲面阶数,实现了左右立体图像局部位置的调整以及图像平滑度的调整.实验结果显示,该方法不影响视景实时绘制.

基于CAVE的集装箱装卸仿真系统

介绍了基于CAVE系统的集装箱装卸模拟器的硬件平台,给出了本实验室已搭建的CAVE系统的详细配置。阐述了多通道立体显示技术在集装箱装卸模拟器视景系统中的应用,分析了基于被动立体显示的集装箱模拟器的系统构成。通过船舶的压载水调节系统,建立了集装箱装卸操作人员与船舶驾驶员的联系。最后根据拉格朗日运动方程建立了系统的广义坐标下四自由度的运动模型。

基于CAVE2的森林虚拟仿真系统应用研究

将CAVE2沉浸式虚拟仿真硬件与森林经营管理需求相结合,设计与实现了基于CAVE2的森林虚拟仿真系统,为开展森林经营管理活动提供了虚拟仿真平台。分析了CAVE2硬件系统性能与特征,提出了研发系统总体结构。分别设计了树木形态结构、森林景观、森林生长与森林经营模拟4个系统模块功能与实现流程,利用Unity三维开发引擎,实现了软件系统的研发。以杉木人工林样地为实验对象,开展了系统应用。结果表明:该方法有效实现了CAVE2虚拟现实硬件系统与Unity可视化模拟软件系统的集成,可在沉浸式三维虚拟仿真环境内开展交互式森林经营与生长预估可视化模拟。该森林虚拟仿真系统具有沉浸感与交互性,可为森林管理提供新的科研与应用平台,可用于指导森林经营实践。

基于CAVE的配电仿真培训系统的实现

针对传统配电仿真培训时场景沉浸感差、操作体验不理想的不足,设计了一种基于CAVE(Cave Automatic Virtual Environment)的配电仿真培训系统。系统采用虚拟建模技术构建仿真的配电三维虚拟场景,并通过高分辨率的三维立体显示方式输出,同时使用虚拟现实互动设备,实现学员与虚拟场景的交互。现场测试结果表明,系统能够使学员产生身临其境的沉浸感受和现场真实操作的体验。

CAVE系统的发展及在医学领域中的运用

CAVE系统是虚拟现实技术运用中很受欢迎的一个系统工具,越来越多的科研教学工作围绕这一高科技工具展开。结合所访问的卡尔加里大学医学院的CAVE系统分析了该系统的结构和工作原理,并对未来CAVE系统在医学领域的运用作了简要描述。

基于Cave系统体感游戏设计的敦煌壁画艺术传播研究--以壁画故事《张骞出使西域》为例

进入近现代社会之后,敦煌壁画赖以生长的时代环境和文化土壤发生了深刻的变化,面对这些变化,我们有必要结合当前的文化生态环境对敦煌壁画艺术进行有效的保护,这不仅是我们当代人的文化使命,也是推动敦煌文化研究向纵深发展的重要途径。基于Cave系统的敦煌壁画主题体感游戏设计,是以技术化的方法实现中国传统文化多样化传播的有益尝试,结合高新的科学技术的发展成果,将敦煌文化根植于大众的日常生活中,以此开辟敦煌壁画艺术保护的新途径,实现对敦煌壁画艺术的活态保护。