Descriptive and Comparative Histology of the Urinary System of the Hematophagous Bats Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata

Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata, both of which are mammals of the order Chiroptera, Desmodontidae family, their diet consisting exclusively of blood. D. rotundus is the main vector and transmitter of the rabies virus, which affects human beings as well as several livestock species so the study of this bat species is of high importance within the fields of animal agriculture and public health. The present study describes and compares the histologic characteristics of the urinary system of two hematophagous bat species. A total of 5 bats from each species were captured in the municipalities of Progreso de Obregón, Hidalgo (D. rotundus), and Huayacocotla, Veracruz (D. ecaudata). Organs belonging to the urinary system were extracted: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra;samples were fixed using 10% formalin and processed by the paraffin embedding technique, obtaining sections of 5 µm thickness, which in turn were stained using hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) and Gomori trichrome (GT) stains. From the obtained histologic preparations, a descriptive and comparative analysis of the structural organography of the urinary system of both species was made, and no noteworthy histological differences between samples were noted. The present research is intended to provide a framework for future studies of these species’ currently understudied microscopic anatomy.

陆面过程模式BATS中地气通量计算方案的一个改进试验

在原有的陆面过程模式BATS中,对地表通量的计算基于简单的经验公式,这个计算是十分粗略的.而地气通量对各个气象要素的模拟都很重要,如动量通量会影响大气中的风速分布,热量通量会影响垂直方向上的温度分布而改变大气的层结稳定度,水汽通量则会改变空气中的水分含量和潜热,因而改进地气通量的计算精度是有必要的.为了提高地─气间通量计算的精度,在模式中增加稳定度的分类,将近地层稳定度分为5类,用中尺度气候模式RIEMS,分别对短期和中期模拟作了对比实验.经过比较和分析模拟结果,可以看出在增加稳定度的分类以后,模拟的各个气象要素场都较原来的有了改善.

用 BATS 模型模拟径流的个例研究

为了解陆气间水热交换在径流形成中的作用，本文采用ＢＡＴＳ模型模拟了淮河流域山区和平原在１９９１年汛期５０天的暴雨洪水过程，计算了径流，土壤温度和感热，潜热通量，并用常规的汇流计算方法得到了流域出口断面的流量过程线。为了集总地考虑地形（山区及平原）对径流的影响，对径流表达式中的指数“ｎ”进行了修正。计算结果表明：５０天洪水总量计算误差较小，模拟洪水的洪峰流量与峰现时间与实况相近，径流值的模拟精度与土壤表层温度的模拟精度紧密相关。所有这些说明径流模拟精度的提高是改进陆面对大气的感热、潜热通量计算的一个重要方面。

MM5BATS对东亚夏季气候及其变化的模拟试验

将陆面过程模式BATS耦合到中尺度模式 MM5V3 中与另一区域气候模式 RegCM2 一起对1995-2000年夏季东亚的区域气候作了模拟试验, 并与实际资料作了比较。模拟试验结果表明: (1)两个模式均能较合理地模拟出6年夏季平均的环流、温度和海平面气压等的变化, MM5BATS的模拟结果要略优于RegCM2的结果; (2)MM5BATS模式较合理地模拟出了 6 年夏季平均的降水分布, 而RegCM2模式的模拟结果偏强; (3)MM5BATS模式较好地模拟出了 1997 年和 1998 年夏季环流场的变化, 对降水的模拟也比较合理。RegCM2对1997年和 1998 年降水的模拟基本上都偏强。模拟试验结果还表明, 在区域气候模拟中有必要采用更新的模式。

陆面过程模型CoLM与BATS1e的模拟精度比较——以东北玉米农田为例

利用2008年锦州玉米农田生态系统野外观测站资料对CoLM与BATS1e模型模拟能力进行定量评价。比较发现:两模型对净辐射和表层土壤温度的模拟精度都较高且差异不大,CoLM模型对感热、潜热、土壤热通量、次表层土壤温度模拟能力都不同程度高于BATS1e模型,模拟值对实测值解释能力分别偏高3%、22%、1%、10%,NS(Nash-sutcliffe效率系数)分别偏高1.042、0.266、0.023、0.138。从各月情况看,两模型在7月对感热、潜热模拟能力都较高,而在其它月份CoLM模型模拟精度明显高于BATS1e模型,土壤热通量和次表层土壤温度在5~8月前者模拟精度高于后者。由于CoLM模型对潜热更高精度的模拟可证明其对表层土壤湿度模拟精度高于BATS1e模型。

基于高斯消元的BATS码的改进译码算法

BATS码是一种包括外码和内码的纠删码,外码是喷泉码的矩阵形式。内码是网络编码结构,采用随机线性网络编码算法。BATS码的常用译码算法为BP译码算法,但对有限长BATS码,BP译码算法的性能有大幅度的衰减。因此,在计算资源充足的情况下,可以在BP译码器后采用高斯消元算法对BATS码进行译码。采用高斯消元算法时,矩阵满秩则输入数据包可译,反之则不可译。因此,利用当矩阵不满秩时也有部分包可译的特点,识别并将这部分可译包译出,从而提高高斯消元译码器的译码性能。

基于滑窗BATS码的低时延图像渐进传输方案设计

在图像通信中,为了节约网络资源同时保证在多跳网络中的可靠传输,该文提出了一种基于编码统计的滑窗BATS码和小波SPIHT编码的图像传输方案。该方案同基于传统BATS码和SPIHT编码的图像传输方案、基于普通滑窗BATS码和SPIHT编码的图像传输方案相比,不仅较好地改善了BATS码的编码随机性对传输可靠性的影响,还在保证方案具备渐进传输特性的同时显著地降低了传输时延,从而提高了图像通信的用户体验质量(QoE)。

Land-Air Interaction over Arid/Semi-arid Areas in China and Its Impact on the East Asian Summer Monsoon. Part I:Calibration of the Land Surface Model (BATS)Using Multicriteria Methods

To improve the land surface simulation in the arid and semi-arid areas of northern China, the observational data from two field experiments in Dunhuang and Tongyu are used to optimize the parameters in the land surface model, BATS, through calibration with the multicriteria method. Sensitivity analysis to the parameters in Dunhuang and Tongyu indicates that different parameters need to be calibrated in two sites with different environmental and climate regimes. Comparison of observed sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and ground surface temperature with the simulated ones shows the simulations with the optimized parameters have been substantially improved. Especially, the holistic simulations with the calibration of the parameter values are much closer to the observations in the arid region （Dunhuang）, and the energy partition with the calibrated parameters can also be simulated well in the semi-arid region （Tongyu）. Whole results demonstrate that the parameter calibration of the land surface model is important when the model is to be used to investigate the land-air interaction.

空间通信与BATS码:天成之合（英文）

创新通信技术在国家重大空间技术开发计划中有着巨大的需求。本文综述了基于网络编码的空间通信技术,旨在探索未来基于网络编码的空间通信技术的可行性和潜力。首先讨论了空间通信的特点,并给出了不同编码方法的概述;详细介绍了基于网络编码的批量稀疏编码(BATS码)创新技术。BATS码作为一种潜在的应用技术可以很好地解决多跳中继网络中严重丢包问题;给出一个BATS码原型设计和实现,实验结果证明BATS码比现有技术具有明显优势;最后,讨论了BATS码在空间通信中的应用前景。

空间通信中的一种滑动窗口BATS码传输方案研究

针对空间通信中链路传播时延大、丢包率高、中继节点多的问题,在具有良好多级中继传输性能的BATS码基础上,提出一种滑动窗口传输方案,以提高空间传输的可靠性和时效性。利用小度值Batch对滑动窗口的非重叠区域进行编码传输,并采用不等滑动步长,实现了对滑动窗口的重叠部分和非重叠部分的均衡保护,使传输既具有较高可靠性,又具有较高的传输效率。仿真结果表明,在维持与传统的连续重叠滑窗相近可靠性的同时,传输效率提高约20%。

基于重要信息反馈的BATS码优化设计

BATS码是一种结合喷泉码和网络编码技术的新型前向纠删码,能有效保证数据在多跳网络中的可靠传输。在传统BATS码编译码方案中,反馈信息没有得到高效利用,为提高BATS码的译码性能,提出了一种改进的基于重要信息反馈的BATS码编译码算法,其中,重要信息包由接收端和发送端共同选择用于下一轮编码;同时,对重要信息的编码包在中继节点采用网络编码算法进行再编码,以保证重要信息在接收端的可靠恢复。仿真结果表明,该方案相比传统的BATS码以及过去用于喷泉码的基于重要信息反馈的编译码方案,具有更好的译码性能。

Bats and Viruses:a Brief Review

Bats,probably the most abundant,diverse and geographically dispersed vertebrates on earth,have recently been shown to be the reservoir hosts of a number of emerging viruses responsible for severe human and livestock disease outbreaks. Flying foxes have been demonstrated to be the natural reservoir for Hendra and Nipah viruses. Evidence supporting the possibility of bats as potential reservoirs for SARS coronavirus(SARS-CoV) and Ebola virus has also been reported. The recent discovery of these viruses and other viruses occurring naturally in the bat population provides a unique insight into a diverse pool of potentially emergent and pathogenic viruses. The factors which influence the ability of zoonotic viruses to effectively cross the species barrier from bats to other animal populations are poorly understood. A brief review is provided here on the recently emerged bat viruses and on current and future strategies for research in this area.

Pelage color of red bats Lasiurus borealis varies with body size:An image analysis of museum specimens

Mammalian pelage color can vary among individuals of many species, although this intraspecific variation is oftenoverlooked by researchers, perhaps because of its sometimes subtle nature and difficulty in assessing it quantitatively. Thus, suchvariation is rarely studied in mammals, and this is especially true within the order Chiroptera, where there has been very little empiricalresearch. We examined museum specimens of red bats (Lasiurus borealis, family Vespertilionidae) from Georgia, USA, todetermine the extent of sexual dimorphism in pelage color and to explore possible associations between body size and pelagecolor. We photographed 54 specimens under uniform lighting, and used an image analysis program to measure pelage hue on theuropatagium region, which is fully furred in members of the genus Lasiurus. Statistical analyses of pelage hue scores showedmales had significantly redder pelage than females when considered alone, but when examined together with effects of body sizeand collection year, sex was not significant, and collection year and body size were. More recent specimens tended to be less redthan older specimens, which might indicate a wearing of the buffy tips of hairs from older specimens, and smaller bats of bothsexes tended to be more red. These interesting findings are encouraging and we suggest that future explorations into intraspecificvariation in pelage color of bats using this or similar approaches are warranted to clarify the significance of the patterns. Thisstudy also demonstrated that care must be taken in analyses of mammalian pelage color from older museum skins, or at least thatresearchers must take into account the age of the specimens .

Discuss of Key Issue for Automatic BATS Control in Regional Power Grid

Busbar Automatic Transfer Switch (BATS) is very important for power distribution reliability. However, BATS can’t consider whether it cause overloading of devices after it acts. In this paper, we introduce the design principle of Automatic BATS control from whole architecture including its function, strategy and a rule of on-off. On the other hand, the running experience and effect is also introduced. Site operation shows that the proposed method is feasible and it can ensure power grid reliability.

First discovery of a cave-dwelling Tineid moth(Lepidoptera, Tineidae) from East Asia

In this study, we report Monopis crocicapitella （Clemens, 1859） （Tineidae）, which was collected from bat guano in a cave in the southern region of Korea, for the first time from East Asia. We briefly redescribe and illustrate the external morphology and genital structures of both sexes. Also, we discuss the local habitat characteristics and some of the ecological information that was observed during our field investi-gation.

Unexpected expression of heat-activated transient receptor potential(TRP)channels in winter torpid bats and cold-activated TRP channels in summer active bats

The ability to sense temperature changes is crucial for mammalian survival.Mammalian thermal sensing is primarily carried out by thermosensitive transient receptor potential channels(Thermo-TRPs).Some mammals hibernate to survive cold winter conditions,during which time their body temperature fluctuates dramatically.However,the underlying mechanisms by which these mammals regulate thermal responses remain unclear.Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and the Western blotting,we found that Myotis ricketti bats had high levels of heat-activated TRPs(e.g.,TRPV1 and TRPV4)during torpor in winter and cold-activated TRPs(e.g.,TRPM8 and TRPC5)during active states in summer.We also found that laboratory mice had high mRNA levels of cold-activated TRPs(e.g.,Trpm8 and Trpc5)under relatively hot conditions(i.e.,40°C).These data suggest that small mammals up-regulate the expression of cold-activated TRPs even under warm or hot conditions.Binding site analysis showed that some homeobox(HOX)transcription factors(TFs)regulate the expression of hot-and cold-activated TRP genes and that some TFs of the Pit-Oct-Unc(POU)family regulate warm-sensitive and cold-activated TRP genes.The dual-luciferase reporter assay results demonstrated that TFs HOXA9,POU3F1,and POU5F1 regulate TRPC5 expression,suggesting that Thermo-TRP genes are regulated by multiple TFs of the HOX and POU families at different levels.This study provides insights into the adaptive mechanisms underlying thermal sensing used by bats to survive hibernation.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus in bats

Three major human coronavirus disease outbreaks,severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS),Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS)and 2019 coronavirus disease(COVID-19),occurred in the twenty-first century and were caused by different coronaviruses(CoVs).All these viruses are considered to have originated from bats and transmitted to humans through intermediate hosts.SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2,disease agent of COVID-19,shared around 80%genomic similarity,and thus belong to SARS-related CoVs.As a natural reservoir of viruses,bats harbor numerous other SARS-related CoVs that could potentially infect humans around the world,causing SARS or COVID19 like outbreaks in the future.In this review,we summarized the current knowledge of CoVs on geographical distribution,genetic diversity,cross-species transmission potential and possible pathogenesis in humans,aiming for a better understanding of bat SARS-related CoVs in the context of prevention and control.

Convergences in the diversification of bats

Twenty-five characters or suites of characters from bats are considered in light of changes in bat classification. Thecharacters include some associated with flower-visiting (two), echolocation (12), roosting (six), reproduction (two) and three areof unknown adaptive function. In both the 1998 and 2006 classifications of bats into suborders (Megachiroptera and Microchiropteraversus Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera, respectively), some convergences between suborders are the same (e.g.,foliage roosting, tent building), but others associated with echolocation differ substantially. In the 1998 phylogeny convergencesassociated with echolocation (high duty cycle echolocation, nasal emission of echolocation calls) occurred among the Microchiroptera.In the 2006 phylogeny, they occur between Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera. While some traits apparently aroseindependently in two suborders (e.g., foliage-roosting, tent building, low intensity echolocation calls, noseleafs, nasal emission ofecholocation calls, high duty cycle echolocation behaviour), others appear to have been ancestral (roosting in narrow spaces,laryngeal echolocation, stylohyal-tympanic contact, oral emission of echolocation calls, and small litter size). A narrow profilethrough the chest is typical of bats reflecting the thoracic skeleton. This feature suggests that the ancestors of bats spent the day insmall crevices. Features associated with laryngeal echolocation appear to be ancestral, suggesting that echolocation evolved earlyin bats but was subsequently lost in one yinpterochiropteran lineage .

Effects of historic wildfire and prescribed fire on site occupancy of bats in Shenandoah National Park,Virginia,USA

Given the likelihood of regional extirpation of several once-common bat species in eastern North America from white-nose syndrome,it is critical that the impacts of forest management activities,such as prescribed fire,are known in order to minimize potentially additive negative effects on bat populations.Historic wildfires may offer a suitable surrogate to assess long-term burn impacts on bats for planning,implementing and assessing burn programs.To examine the effects of historic fire on bats,we sampled bat activities at 24 transect locations in burned and unburned forest stands in the central Appalachian Mountains of Shenandoah National Park(SNP),Virginia,USA.There was limited evidence of positive fire effects over time on hoary bats(Lasiurus cinereus Beauvois)and big brown bats(Eptesicus fuscus Beauvois)occupancy.Overall,there were few or mostly equivocal relationships of bat occupancy relative to burn conditions or time since fire in SNP across species using a false-positive occupancy approach.Our results suggest that fire does not strongly affect bat site occupancy short-or long-term in the central Appalachians.

Preface: Aerodynamics, dynamics and control of animal(insects, birds and bats) flight

Animal flight and swimming have long been of great interest to people.Besides curiosity about how their sophisticated aero-and hydrodynamic feats are performed,researches are very interested in the mechanics of animal flight and swimming for the following two reasons.One is that biologists need to understand the effects of aero-and hydrodynamic force production and energy expenditure on the physiology,behavior,evolution and other aspects of the animals.The