Room temperature low threshold lasing of green GaNbased vertical cavity surface emitting laser(VCSEL)was demonstrated under continuous wave(CW)operation.By using self-formed InGaN quantum dots(QDs)as the active region...Room temperature low threshold lasing of green GaNbased vertical cavity surface emitting laser(VCSEL)was demonstrated under continuous wave(CW)operation.By using self-formed InGaN quantum dots(QDs)as the active region,the VCSEL emitting at 524.0 nm has a threshold current density of 51.97 A cm^(-2),the lowest ever reported.The QD epitaxial wafer featured with a high IQE of 69.94%and theδ-function-like density of states plays an important role in achieving low threshold current.Besides,a short cavity of the device(~4.0λ)is vital to enhance the spontaneous emission coupling factor to 0.094,increase the gain coefficient factor,and decrease the optical loss.To improve heat dissipation,AlN layer was used as the current confinement layer and electroplated copper plate was used to replace metal bonding.The results provide important guidance to achieving high performance GaN-based VCSELs.展开更多
A three-dimensional electrical-thermal coupling model based on the finite element method is applied to study thermal properties of implant-defined vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays. Several param...A three-dimensional electrical-thermal coupling model based on the finite element method is applied to study thermal properties of implant-defined vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays. Several parameters including inter-element spacing, scales, injected current density and substrate temperature are considered. The actual temperatures obtained through experiment are in excellent agreement with the calculated results, which proves the accuracy of the model. Due to the serious thermal problem, it is essential to design arrays of low self-heating. The analysis can provide a foundation for designing VCSEL arrays in the future.展开更多
Far-field properties dependent on array scale, separation, element width and emitted wavelength are system atically analyzed theoretically and experimentally. An array model based on the finite-difference method is es...Far-field properties dependent on array scale, separation, element width and emitted wavelength are system atically analyzed theoretically and experimentally. An array model based on the finite-difference method is established to simulate the far-field profile of the coherent arrays. Some important conclusions are obtained. To achieve a higher quality beam, it is necessary to decrease separation between elements, or to increase the element width. Higher brightness can be achieved in the array with larger scale. Emitted wavelength also has an influence on the far-field profile. These analyses can be extended to the future design of coherent vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays.展开更多
The polarization of traditional photonic crystal(PC) vertical cavity surface emitting laser(VCSEL) is uncontrollable,resulting in the bit error increasing easily.Elliptical hole photonic crystal can control the tr...The polarization of traditional photonic crystal(PC) vertical cavity surface emitting laser(VCSEL) is uncontrollable,resulting in the bit error increasing easily.Elliptical hole photonic crystal can control the transverse mode and polarization of VCSEL efficiently.We analyze the far field divergence angle,and birefringence of elliptical hole PC VCSEL.When the ratio of minor axis to major axis b/a = 0.7,the PC VCSEL can obtain single mode and polarization.According to the simulation results,we fabricate the device successfully.The output power is 1.7 mW,the far field divergence angle is less than 10°,and the side mode suppression ratio is over 30 dB.The output power in the Y direction is 20 times that in the X direction.展开更多
Based on the car front-wheel-hub forging forming process of numerical simulation, the temperature gradient expression of forging model cavity near the surface layer was got ten, which illustrates that the forging temp...Based on the car front-wheel-hub forging forming process of numerical simulation, the temperature gradient expression of forging model cavity near the surface layer was got ten, which illustrates that the forging temperature gradient is related to forging die materials thermal conductivity, specific heat and impact speed, and the correlation coefficient is 0.97. Under the different thermal conductivity, heat capacity and forging speed, the temperature gradient was compared with each other. The paper obtained the relevant laws, which illustrates the temperature gradient relates to these three parameters in a sequence of thermal conductivity 〉 impact speed〉 specific heat capacity. To reduce thermal stress in the near-surface layer of hot forging cavity, the material with greater thermal conductivity coefficient and specific heat capacity should be used.展开更多
It is important to determine quantitatively the internal carrier loss arising from heating and barrier height variation in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting quantum well laser (VCSEL). However, it is generally diff...It is important to determine quantitatively the internal carrier loss arising from heating and barrier height variation in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting quantum well laser (VCSEL). However, it is generally difficult to realize this goal using purely theoretical formulas due to difficulty h, deriving the parameters relat^i~g to the quantum well structure. In this paper, we describe an efl:icient approach to characterizing and calculating the carrier loss due to the heating and the barrier height change in the VCSEL. In the method, the thermal carrier loss mechanism is combined with gain measurement and calculation. The carrier loss is re-characterized in a calculable form by constructing the threshold current and gain detuning-related loss current using the measured gain data and then substituting them for the quantum well-related parameters in the formula. The result can be expressed as a product of an exponential weight factor linked to the barrier height change and the difference between the threshold current and gain detuning-related loss current. The gain variation at cavity frequency due to thermal carrier loss and gain detuning processes is measured by using an AllnGaAs-AIGaAs VCSEL structure. This work provides a useful approach to analysing threshold and loss properties of the VCSEL, particularly, gain offset design for high temperature operation of VCSELs.展开更多
Beam steering in implant defined coherently coupled vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays is simulated using the FDTD solution software. Angular deflection dependent on relative phase differences amo...Beam steering in implant defined coherently coupled vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays is simulated using the FDTD solution software. Angular deflection dependent on relative phase differences among elements, inter-element spacing, element size and emitted wavelength is analyzed detailedly and systematically. We design and fabricate 1×2 implant defined VCSEL arrays for optimum beam steering performance. Electroni- cally controlled beam steering with a maximum deflection angle of 1.6° is successfully achieved in the 1 × 2 VCSEL arrays. The percentage of the power in the central lobe is above 39% when steering. The results show that the steering is controllable. Compared with other beam steering methods, the fabrication process is simple and of low cost.展开更多
In this work, the characteristics of the photonic crystal tunneling injection quantum dot vertical cavity surface emitting lasers(Ph C-TIQD-VCSEL) are studied through analyzing a modified modulation transfer functio...In this work, the characteristics of the photonic crystal tunneling injection quantum dot vertical cavity surface emitting lasers(Ph C-TIQD-VCSEL) are studied through analyzing a modified modulation transfer function. The function is based on the rate equations describing the carrier dynamics at different energy levels of dot and injector well. Although the frequency modulation response component associated with carrier dynamics in wetting layer(WL) and at excited state(ES) levels of dots limits the total bandwidth in conventional QD-VCSEL, our study shows that it can be compensated for by electron tunneling from the injector well into the dot in TIQD structure. Carrier back tunneling time is one of the most important parameters, and by increment of that, the bias current dependence of the total bandwidth will be insignificant. It is proved that at high bias current, the limitation of the WL-ES level plays an important role in reducing the total bandwidth and results in rollovers on 3-d B bandwidth-I curves. In such a way, for smaller air hole diameter of photonic crystal, the effect of this reduction is stronger.展开更多
In order to improve the optical properties of the Ⅲ-Ⅴ laser diodes (LDs) by means of H2S plasma passivation technology, H2S plasma passivation treatment is performed on the GaAs(110) surface. The optimum passiva...In order to improve the optical properties of the Ⅲ-Ⅴ laser diodes (LDs) by means of H2S plasma passivation technology, H2S plasma passivation treatment is performed on the GaAs(110) surface. The optimum passivation conditions obtained are 60-W radio frequency (RF) power and 20-min duration. So the laser cavity surfaces are treated under the optimum passivation conditions. Consequently, compared with unpassivated lasers with only AR/HR-eoatings, the catastrophic optical damage (COD) threshold value of the passivated lasers by H2S plasma treatment is increased by 33%, which is almost the same as that of (NH4)2Sx treatment. And the life-test experiment has demonstrated that this passivation method is more stable than (NH4)2Sx solution wet-passivated treatment.展开更多
This is an expand of the complex function method in solving the problem of interaction of plane.SH-waves and non-circular cavity surfaced with linig in anisotropic media.the use the method similar to that incorporated...This is an expand of the complex function method in solving the problem of interaction of plane.SH-waves and non-circular cavity surfaced with linig in anisotropic media.the use the method similar to that incorporated in [2] added with Savin's method for solving stress concentration of non-circular cavity surfaced with lining in elasticity.Anisotropic media can be used ic simulate the conditions of thegeology.The solving proceeding for this problem can be processed conveniently in the manner similar to that introduced in [2].In this paper.as illustrated in example numerical studies have been done for a square cavity surfaced with lining in anisotropic media.展开更多
In this paper, a new semi-analytical and semi-engineering method of the closed form solution of stress intensity factors (SIFs) of cracks emanating from a surface semi-spherical cavity in a finite body is derived us...In this paper, a new semi-analytical and semi-engineering method of the closed form solution of stress intensity factors (SIFs) of cracks emanating from a surface semi-spherical cavity in a finite body is derived using the energy release rate theory. A mode of crack opening displacements of a normal slice is established, and the normal slice relevant functions are introduced. The proposed method is both effective and accurate for the problem of three-dimensional cracks emanating from a surface cavity. A series of useful results of SIFs are obtained.展开更多
A surface plasmon interference lithography assisted by a Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity composed of subwavelength metal gratings and a thin metal fihn is proposed to fabricate high-quality nanopatterns. The calculated res...A surface plasmon interference lithography assisted by a Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity composed of subwavelength metal gratings and a thin metal fihn is proposed to fabricate high-quality nanopatterns. The calculated results indicate that uniform straight interference fringes with high contrast and high electric-field intensity are formed in the resist under the F-P cavity. The analyses of spatial frequency spectra illuminate the physical mechanism of the formation for the interference fringes. The influence of the F-P cavity spacing is discussed in detail. Moreover, the error analyses reveal that all parameters except the metal grating period in this scheme can bear large tolerances for the device fabrication.展开更多
Multiple steady solutions and hysteresis phenomenon in the square cavity flows driven by the surface with antisymmetric velocity profile are investigated by numerical simulation and bifurcation analysis.A high order s...Multiple steady solutions and hysteresis phenomenon in the square cavity flows driven by the surface with antisymmetric velocity profile are investigated by numerical simulation and bifurcation analysis.A high order spectral element method with the matrix-free pseudo-arclength technique is used for the steady-state solution and numerical continuation.The complex flow patterns beyond the symmetry-breaking at Re≈320 are presented by a bifurcation diagram for Re<2500.The results of stable symmetric and asymmetric solutions are consistent with those reported in literature,and a new unstable asymmetric branch is obtained besides the stable branches.A novel hysteresis phenomenon is observed in the range of 2208<Re<2262,where two pairs of stable and two pairs of unstable asymmetric steady solutions beyond the stable symmetric state coexist.The vortices near the sidewall appear when the Reynolds number increases,which correspond to the bifurcation of topology structure,but not the bifurcation of Navier-Stokes equations.The hysteresis is proposed to be the result of the combined mechanisms of the competition and coalescence of secondary vortices.展开更多
In this paper,optical properties of two-dimensional periodic annular slot cavity arrays in hexagonal close-packing on a silica substrate are theoretically characterized by finite difference time domain(FDTD) simulat...In this paper,optical properties of two-dimensional periodic annular slot cavity arrays in hexagonal close-packing on a silica substrate are theoretically characterized by finite difference time domain(FDTD) simulation method.By simulating reflectance spectra,electric field distribution,and charge distribution,we confirm that multiple cylindrical surface plasmon resonances can be excited in annular inclined slot cavities by linearly polarized light,in which the four reflectance dips are attributed to Fabry–Perot cavity resonances in the coaxial cavity.A coaxial waveguide mode TE11 will exist in these annular cavities,and the wavelengths of these reflectance dips are effectively tailored by changing the geometrical pattern of slot cavity and the dielectric materials filled in the cavities.These resonant wavelengths are localized in annular cavities with large electric field enhancement and dissipate gradually due to metal loss.The formation of an absorption peak can be explained from the aspect of phase matching conditions.We observed that the proposed structure can be tuned over the broad spectral range of 600–4000 nm by changing the outer and inner radii of the annular gaps,gap surface topography.Meanwhile,different lengths of the cavity may cause the shift of resonance dips.Also,we study the field enhancement at different vertical locations of the slit.In addition,dielectric materials filling in the annular gaps will result in a shift of the resonance wavelengths,which make the annular cavities good candidates for refractive index sensors.The refractive index sensitivity of annular cavities can also be tuned by the geometry size and the media around the cavity.Annular cavities with novel applications can be implied as surface enhanced Raman spectra substrates,refractive index sensors,nano-lasers,and optical trappers.展开更多
The characteristics of the photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting lasers(PhC-VCSELs) were investigated by using the full vector finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) method through the transverse mode los...The characteristics of the photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting lasers(PhC-VCSELs) were investigated by using the full vector finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) method through the transverse mode loss analysis. PhC-VCSELs with different photonic crystal structures were analyzed theoretically and experimentally. Through combining the dual mode confinement of oxide aperture and seven-point-defect photonic crystal structure, the PhC-VCSELs with low threshold current of 0.9 mA and maximum output power of 3.1 mW operating in single fundamental mode were demonstrated. Mode loss analysis method was proven as a reliable and useful way to analyze and optimize the PhC-VCSELs.展开更多
In this paper, stable single-mode operation at high temperatures is produced by the surface-relief-integrated vertical cavity surface emitting laser(VCSEL). The gain-cavity mode detuning technique is employed to rea...In this paper, stable single-mode operation at high temperatures is produced by the surface-relief-integrated vertical cavity surface emitting laser(VCSEL). The gain-cavity mode detuning technique is employed to realize high operating temperatures for the VCSEL. The surface relief is etched in the centre of the top side as a mode discriminator for the fundamental mode output, and the threshold current minimum is 1.94 mA at high temperatures by the gain-cavity mode detuning technique. Maximum single-fundamental-mode output power of 0.45 mW at 80℃ is obtained, and the side mode suppression ratios(SMSRs) are more than 30 dB with increasing temperature and current, respectively.展开更多
Cavity optomechanics is applied to study the coupling behavior of interacting molecules in surface plasmon systems driven by two-color laser beams. Different from the traditional force–distance measurement, due to a ...Cavity optomechanics is applied to study the coupling behavior of interacting molecules in surface plasmon systems driven by two-color laser beams. Different from the traditional force–distance measurement, due to a resonant frequency shift or a peak splitting on the probe spectrum, we have proposed a convenient method to measure the van der Waals force strength and interaction energy via nonlinear spectroscopy. The minimum force value can reach approximately 10^(-15) N, which is 3 to 4 orders of magnitude smaller than the widely applied atomic force microscope(AFM). It is also shown that two adjacent molecules with similar chemical structures and nearly equal vibrational frequencies can be easily distinguished by the splitting of the transparency peak. Based on this coupled optomechanical system, we also conceptually design a tunable optical switch by van der Waals interaction. Our results will provide new approaches for understanding the complex and dynamic interactions inmolecule–plasmon systems.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20493,62104204,and 62234011)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFE0131500)the President’s Foundation of Xiamen University(No.20720220108).
文摘Room temperature low threshold lasing of green GaNbased vertical cavity surface emitting laser(VCSEL)was demonstrated under continuous wave(CW)operation.By using self-formed InGaN quantum dots(QDs)as the active region,the VCSEL emitting at 524.0 nm has a threshold current density of 51.97 A cm^(-2),the lowest ever reported.The QD epitaxial wafer featured with a high IQE of 69.94%and theδ-function-like density of states plays an important role in achieving low threshold current.Besides,a short cavity of the device(~4.0λ)is vital to enhance the spontaneous emission coupling factor to 0.094,increase the gain coefficient factor,and decrease the optical loss.To improve heat dissipation,AlN layer was used as the current confinement layer and electroplated copper plate was used to replace metal bonding.The results provide important guidance to achieving high performance GaN-based VCSELs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61376049,61076044,61107026,61204011and U1037602the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing under Grant Nos 4132006,4102003,and 4112006+1 种基金the Scientific Research Fund Project of Municipal Education Commission of Beijing under Grant No KM201210005004the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education under Grant No 20121103110018
文摘A three-dimensional electrical-thermal coupling model based on the finite element method is applied to study thermal properties of implant-defined vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays. Several parameters including inter-element spacing, scales, injected current density and substrate temperature are considered. The actual temperatures obtained through experiment are in excellent agreement with the calculated results, which proves the accuracy of the model. Due to the serious thermal problem, it is essential to design arrays of low self-heating. The analysis can provide a foundation for designing VCSEL arrays in the future.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61376049,61076044,61107026 and 61204011the Scientific Research Fund Project of Municipal Education Commission of Beijing under Grant No PXM2014-014204-07-000018
文摘Far-field properties dependent on array scale, separation, element width and emitted wavelength are system atically analyzed theoretically and experimentally. An array model based on the finite-difference method is established to simulate the far-field profile of the coherent arrays. Some important conclusions are obtained. To achieve a higher quality beam, it is necessary to decrease separation between elements, or to increase the element width. Higher brightness can be achieved in the array with larger scale. Emitted wavelength also has an influence on the far-field profile. These analyses can be extended to the future design of coherent vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays.
基金Project supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2008AA03Z402)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation,China (Grant Nos. 4092007,4112006,4102003,and 4132006)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61076044,61036002,61036009,and 60978067)the Doctoral Fund of the Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 20121103110018)
文摘The polarization of traditional photonic crystal(PC) vertical cavity surface emitting laser(VCSEL) is uncontrollable,resulting in the bit error increasing easily.Elliptical hole photonic crystal can control the transverse mode and polarization of VCSEL efficiently.We analyze the far field divergence angle,and birefringence of elliptical hole PC VCSEL.When the ratio of minor axis to major axis b/a = 0.7,the PC VCSEL can obtain single mode and polarization.According to the simulation results,we fabricate the device successfully.The output power is 1.7 mW,the far field divergence angle is less than 10°,and the side mode suppression ratio is over 30 dB.The output power in the Y direction is 20 times that in the X direction.
基金Funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University (No.2010-II-025)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50675165)
文摘Based on the car front-wheel-hub forging forming process of numerical simulation, the temperature gradient expression of forging model cavity near the surface layer was got ten, which illustrates that the forging temperature gradient is related to forging die materials thermal conductivity, specific heat and impact speed, and the correlation coefficient is 0.97. Under the different thermal conductivity, heat capacity and forging speed, the temperature gradient was compared with each other. The paper obtained the relevant laws, which illustrates the temperature gradient relates to these three parameters in a sequence of thermal conductivity 〉 impact speed〉 specific heat capacity. To reduce thermal stress in the near-surface layer of hot forging cavity, the material with greater thermal conductivity coefficient and specific heat capacity should be used.
文摘It is important to determine quantitatively the internal carrier loss arising from heating and barrier height variation in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting quantum well laser (VCSEL). However, it is generally difficult to realize this goal using purely theoretical formulas due to difficulty h, deriving the parameters relat^i~g to the quantum well structure. In this paper, we describe an efl:icient approach to characterizing and calculating the carrier loss due to the heating and the barrier height change in the VCSEL. In the method, the thermal carrier loss mechanism is combined with gain measurement and calculation. The carrier loss is re-characterized in a calculable form by constructing the threshold current and gain detuning-related loss current using the measured gain data and then substituting them for the quantum well-related parameters in the formula. The result can be expressed as a product of an exponential weight factor linked to the barrier height change and the difference between the threshold current and gain detuning-related loss current. The gain variation at cavity frequency due to thermal carrier loss and gain detuning processes is measured by using an AllnGaAs-AIGaAs VCSEL structure. This work provides a useful approach to analysing threshold and loss properties of the VCSEL, particularly, gain offset design for high temperature operation of VCSELs.
基金Supported by the‘Supporting First Action’Joint Foundation for Outstanding Postdoctoral Program under Grant Nos Y7YBSH0001 and Y7BSH14001the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 61434006the National Key Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2017YFB0102302
文摘Beam steering in implant defined coherently coupled vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays is simulated using the FDTD solution software. Angular deflection dependent on relative phase differences among elements, inter-element spacing, element size and emitted wavelength is analyzed detailedly and systematically. We design and fabricate 1×2 implant defined VCSEL arrays for optimum beam steering performance. Electroni- cally controlled beam steering with a maximum deflection angle of 1.6° is successfully achieved in the 1 × 2 VCSEL arrays. The percentage of the power in the central lobe is above 39% when steering. The results show that the steering is controllable. Compared with other beam steering methods, the fabrication process is simple and of low cost.
文摘In this work, the characteristics of the photonic crystal tunneling injection quantum dot vertical cavity surface emitting lasers(Ph C-TIQD-VCSEL) are studied through analyzing a modified modulation transfer function. The function is based on the rate equations describing the carrier dynamics at different energy levels of dot and injector well. Although the frequency modulation response component associated with carrier dynamics in wetting layer(WL) and at excited state(ES) levels of dots limits the total bandwidth in conventional QD-VCSEL, our study shows that it can be compensated for by electron tunneling from the injector well into the dot in TIQD structure. Carrier back tunneling time is one of the most important parameters, and by increment of that, the bias current dependence of the total bandwidth will be insignificant. It is proved that at high bias current, the limitation of the WL-ES level plays an important role in reducing the total bandwidth and results in rollovers on 3-d B bandwidth-I curves. In such a way, for smaller air hole diameter of photonic crystal, the effect of this reduction is stronger.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60477010 and 60476026
文摘In order to improve the optical properties of the Ⅲ-Ⅴ laser diodes (LDs) by means of H2S plasma passivation technology, H2S plasma passivation treatment is performed on the GaAs(110) surface. The optimum passivation conditions obtained are 60-W radio frequency (RF) power and 20-min duration. So the laser cavity surfaces are treated under the optimum passivation conditions. Consequently, compared with unpassivated lasers with only AR/HR-eoatings, the catastrophic optical damage (COD) threshold value of the passivated lasers by H2S plasma treatment is increased by 33%, which is almost the same as that of (NH4)2Sx treatment. And the life-test experiment has demonstrated that this passivation method is more stable than (NH4)2Sx solution wet-passivated treatment.
文摘This is an expand of the complex function method in solving the problem of interaction of plane.SH-waves and non-circular cavity surfaced with linig in anisotropic media.the use the method similar to that incorporated in [2] added with Savin's method for solving stress concentration of non-circular cavity surfaced with lining in elasticity.Anisotropic media can be used ic simulate the conditions of thegeology.The solving proceeding for this problem can be processed conveniently in the manner similar to that introduced in [2].In this paper.as illustrated in example numerical studies have been done for a square cavity surfaced with lining in anisotropic media.
文摘In this paper, a new semi-analytical and semi-engineering method of the closed form solution of stress intensity factors (SIFs) of cracks emanating from a surface semi-spherical cavity in a finite body is derived using the energy release rate theory. A mode of crack opening displacements of a normal slice is established, and the normal slice relevant functions are introduced. The proposed method is both effective and accurate for the problem of three-dimensional cracks emanating from a surface cavity. A series of useful results of SIFs are obtained.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province under Grant Nos A2013402069 and A2013402081
文摘A surface plasmon interference lithography assisted by a Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity composed of subwavelength metal gratings and a thin metal fihn is proposed to fabricate high-quality nanopatterns. The calculated results indicate that uniform straight interference fringes with high contrast and high electric-field intensity are formed in the resist under the F-P cavity. The analyses of spatial frequency spectra illuminate the physical mechanism of the formation for the interference fringes. The influence of the F-P cavity spacing is discussed in detail. Moreover, the error analyses reveal that all parameters except the metal grating period in this scheme can bear large tolerances for the device fabrication.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11902043 and 11772065)the Science Challenge Project(Grant No.TZ2016001).
文摘Multiple steady solutions and hysteresis phenomenon in the square cavity flows driven by the surface with antisymmetric velocity profile are investigated by numerical simulation and bifurcation analysis.A high order spectral element method with the matrix-free pseudo-arclength technique is used for the steady-state solution and numerical continuation.The complex flow patterns beyond the symmetry-breaking at Re≈320 are presented by a bifurcation diagram for Re<2500.The results of stable symmetric and asymmetric solutions are consistent with those reported in literature,and a new unstable asymmetric branch is obtained besides the stable branches.A novel hysteresis phenomenon is observed in the range of 2208<Re<2262,where two pairs of stable and two pairs of unstable asymmetric steady solutions beyond the stable symmetric state coexist.The vortices near the sidewall appear when the Reynolds number increases,which correspond to the bifurcation of topology structure,but not the bifurcation of Navier-Stokes equations.The hysteresis is proposed to be the result of the combined mechanisms of the competition and coalescence of secondary vortices.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61178044)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.BK20160969)the University Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.KYLX 0723)
文摘In this paper,optical properties of two-dimensional periodic annular slot cavity arrays in hexagonal close-packing on a silica substrate are theoretically characterized by finite difference time domain(FDTD) simulation method.By simulating reflectance spectra,electric field distribution,and charge distribution,we confirm that multiple cylindrical surface plasmon resonances can be excited in annular inclined slot cavities by linearly polarized light,in which the four reflectance dips are attributed to Fabry–Perot cavity resonances in the coaxial cavity.A coaxial waveguide mode TE11 will exist in these annular cavities,and the wavelengths of these reflectance dips are effectively tailored by changing the geometrical pattern of slot cavity and the dielectric materials filled in the cavities.These resonant wavelengths are localized in annular cavities with large electric field enhancement and dissipate gradually due to metal loss.The formation of an absorption peak can be explained from the aspect of phase matching conditions.We observed that the proposed structure can be tuned over the broad spectral range of 600–4000 nm by changing the outer and inner radii of the annular gaps,gap surface topography.Meanwhile,different lengths of the cavity may cause the shift of resonance dips.Also,we study the field enhancement at different vertical locations of the slit.In addition,dielectric materials filling in the annular gaps will result in a shift of the resonance wavelengths,which make the annular cavities good candidates for refractive index sensors.The refractive index sensitivity of annular cavities can also be tuned by the geometry size and the media around the cavity.Annular cavities with novel applications can be implied as surface enhanced Raman spectra substrates,refractive index sensors,nano-lasers,and optical trappers.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant Nos.2010CB934104,2009CB320300,and 2011CBA00608)the National Natural Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61604007,61378058,61376049,61575008,and 61574011)
文摘The characteristics of the photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting lasers(PhC-VCSELs) were investigated by using the full vector finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) method through the transverse mode loss analysis. PhC-VCSELs with different photonic crystal structures were analyzed theoretically and experimentally. Through combining the dual mode confinement of oxide aperture and seven-point-defect photonic crystal structure, the PhC-VCSELs with low threshold current of 0.9 mA and maximum output power of 3.1 mW operating in single fundamental mode were demonstrated. Mode loss analysis method was proven as a reliable and useful way to analyze and optimize the PhC-VCSELs.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61434005,61474118,11674314,51672264,and 11404326)the Science and Technology Program of Jilin Province,China(Grant No.20150203011GX)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program of Changchun City,China(Grant No.15SS02)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of China(Grant No.2017260)
文摘In this paper, stable single-mode operation at high temperatures is produced by the surface-relief-integrated vertical cavity surface emitting laser(VCSEL). The gain-cavity mode detuning technique is employed to realize high operating temperatures for the VCSEL. The surface relief is etched in the centre of the top side as a mode discriminator for the fundamental mode output, and the threshold current minimum is 1.94 mA at high temperatures by the gain-cavity mode detuning technique. Maximum single-fundamental-mode output power of 0.45 mW at 80℃ is obtained, and the side mode suppression ratios(SMSRs) are more than 30 dB with increasing temperature and current, respectively.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(11274230,11574206)Basic Research Program of the Committee of Science and Technology of Shanghai(14JC1491700)
文摘Cavity optomechanics is applied to study the coupling behavior of interacting molecules in surface plasmon systems driven by two-color laser beams. Different from the traditional force–distance measurement, due to a resonant frequency shift or a peak splitting on the probe spectrum, we have proposed a convenient method to measure the van der Waals force strength and interaction energy via nonlinear spectroscopy. The minimum force value can reach approximately 10^(-15) N, which is 3 to 4 orders of magnitude smaller than the widely applied atomic force microscope(AFM). It is also shown that two adjacent molecules with similar chemical structures and nearly equal vibrational frequencies can be easily distinguished by the splitting of the transparency peak. Based on this coupled optomechanical system, we also conceptually design a tunable optical switch by van der Waals interaction. Our results will provide new approaches for understanding the complex and dynamic interactions inmolecule–plasmon systems.