Distinct Cytoskeletal Injuries Induced by As,Cd,Co,Cr,and Ni Compounds

The risks of metal compounds to human health are highlighted by the ubiquity of exposure and their persistence in the environment.Although compounds of As,Cd,Co,Cr,and Ni are known or“reasonably anticipated”to be carcinogenic to humans and/or experimental animals, the cellular targets of these health hazards and the underlying mechanisms of their carcinogenic- ity are still unclear.We show in this report that dramatic,time-and dose-dependent cytoskeletal perturbations,especially in the distribution and organization patterns of microtubules and mi- crofilaments,two of the principal components of the cytoskeleton,occurred in 3T3 cells upon exposure to these metal salts.Each metal salt appeared to induce a different,typical pattern of cytoskeletal injury,probably reflecting the specificity of action of each metal ion.These results suggest that the cytoskeleton can indeed act as a target for injury by epigenetic carcinogenic metal compounds in the environment.These findings should help our efforts to understand the mechanisms of action of metal compounds at the subcellular and molecular levels.1989 Academic Press,Inc.

Effects of Heavy Metal Ions (Cu^(2+), Pb^(2+) and Cd^(2+)) on DNA Damage of the Gills, Hemocytes and Hepatopancreas of Marine Crab, Charybdis japonica

There are rising concerns about the hazardous effects of heavy metals on the environment. In this study, comet assay and DNA alkaline unwinding assay were conducted on the tissues (gills, hepatopancreas, and hemocytes) of Charybdis japonica in order to illustrate genotoxicity of three heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+) on the marine crabs C. japonica. The crabs were exposed to Cu2+ (10, 50, and 100 ?g.L?1), Pb2+ (50, 250, and 500 ?g L?1) and Cd2+ (5, 25, and 50 ?g L?1), and the tissues were sampled at days 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 15. DNA alkaline unwinding assay was used for testing the DNA single strand break in gills and hepatopancreas and comet assay was employed for testing the DNA damage in hemocytes. The results showed that the DNA damage (F-value) of gills in the crabs exposed to the three heavy metals was decreased gradually during the exposure periods and there was a dose-time response relationship in certain time, suggesting that the levels of DNA single strand break in all the experimental groups increased significantly compared to the controls. Changes of F-value in hepatopancreas of the crabs exposed to the three heavy metals were similar to those in gills except that the peak values were found in the 500 ?g L?1 Pb2+ treatment group at day 3 and the 50 ?g L?1 Cd2+ treatment group at day 9. The ranks of DNA damage in gills and hepatopancreas induced by the three heavy metal ions (50 ?g L?1, day 15) were Cd2+ >Pb2+ >Cu2+ and Pb2+ >Cu2+ >Cd2+. The levels of DNA damage in gills were higher than those in hepatopancreas in the same experimental group. It can be concluded that indices of DNA damage can be used as the potential biomarkers of heavy metal pollution in marine environment.

叶面阻控剂对大白菜Cu、Pb、Cd、As含量及产量的影响

土壤重金属污染已成为威胁农产品安全和人类健康的重要问题。为了验证喷施叶面阻控剂降低As-Cu复合污染土壤上大白菜重金属铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)的污染效应,在弥勒市选取有代表性的农田,通过田间试验研究了硅肥、铁肥、锌肥、硒肥对As-Cu复合污染土壤上的大白菜Cu,Pb,Cd,As含量及大白菜产量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,喷施叶面阻控剂均有效降低了大白菜可食用部位Cu、Pb、Cd、As含量,降幅分别为13.32%~36.15%、25.31%~52.39%、14.75%~29.27%、33.55%~45.68%。喷施不同叶面阻控剂有效增加了大白菜产量,增幅为0.10%~3.20%,其中以喷施硅肥处理的白菜产量最高。综合不同阻控剂降低大白菜可食用部位Cu、Pb、Cd、As含量及对大白菜的增产效应,在本试验条件下,在以硅肥的喷施效果最佳。

Separation of cadmium and nickel from waste Ni-Cd batteries

To separate the cadmium and nickel resources in waste Ni-Cd batteries, aself-designed vacuum distillation recycling system was studied under laboratory conditions. Theeffects of system temperature, operating pressure, and time on the separation of Ni and Cd werestudied respectively. The mechanism of vacuum thermal recycling was also discussed. Results showthat vacuum distillation is a very effective separation method for waste Ni-Cd batteries. At aconstant pressure, the increase of temperature can improve the separating efficiency of Cd. When thetemperature is 1 173 K, cadmium can evaporate completely from the samples during 3 h at 10 Pa. Thereduction of pressure in a certain range is effective to the separating of Cd from Ni-Cd batteriesby vacuum distillation.

Adsorption of Pb, Cd to Fe, Mn oxides in natural freshwater surface coatings developed in different seasons

Metal oxides(Fe, Mn oxides) in natural surface coatings(biofilms and associated minerals) are believed to play a significant role in the fate and transport of trace metal in aquatic environments. Seasonal variation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in surface coatings, which were developed periodically on glass slides in Nanhu Lake, Jilin Province, China over the time frame of three seasons, was investigated in order to understand the influence of metal oxides on Pb and Cd adsorption to heterogeneous surface coating materials(biofilm). Pb and Cd adsorption was measured under controlled laboratory conditions(mineral salts solution with defined speciation, ionic strength 0 05 mol/L, 25℃ and pH 6 0). The classical Langmuir adsorption isotherm was applied to estimate equilibrium coefficients of Pb and Cd adsorption to the surface coatings. In general, components in the surface coatings varied greatly with seasons altering and obtained higher concentrations in summer while the content of iron oxides always exceeded that of manganese oxides. Correlation analyses between the maximum adsorption of Pb and Cd and components in the surface coatings developed periodically indicated that Pb phase association with Mn oxides and Cd phase association with Fe oxides as well as Mn oxides were statistically significant. Effect of Mn oxides on Cd adsorption was confirmed in view of its higher content in the surface coatings. The importance of ferromanganese oxides for Pb and Cd adsorption to the natural surface coatings developed in different seasons was evidenced.

Effect of Pb and Cd Stress on the Growth of Potato and Its Antioxidase System

With the potato variety Xishu 1 as the test materials, this paper adopted tissue culture to study the effect of Pb and Cd stress with different mass fractions on potato growth and the antioxidase system. The results showed that under the stress of Pb （200 mg/kg） and Cd （20 mg/kg）, growth of potato had no obvious difference with that in control group; under the stress of Pb （ 〉200 mg/kg） and Cd （ 〉20 mg/kg）, potato growth suspended, and its physiological indexes such as dry weight, plant height, root number, root length were inhibited obviously. With the increasing mass fraction of Pb, relative electrical conductivity, MDA and proline of potato leaves showed the tendency of increase, and the results in high mass fraction treatments showed significant difference with those in the control group （P 〈 0.05 ）, CAT, POD and SOD activity of leaves increased greatly with the increasing mass fraction. In the Pb stress treatment （200 mg/kg）, relative electrical conductivity, MDA and proline of potato leaves showed no obvious difference with those in the control group, and the results in high mass fraction treatments were significantly higher than those in the control group （ P 〈 O. 05 ）, CAT and SOD activity increased greatly with the increasing mass fraction （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Under the stress of Pb and Cd, synthesis of soluble protein in potato leaves was strongly inhibited. The results showed that potato was tolerant to Pb and Cd of lower mass fraction, and damage of potato caused by Pb and Cd stress could be relieved by improving activity of antioxidase and reducing peroxidation of membrane lipid, and the tolerance reduced with the increase of stress.

甜玉米自交系重金属Pb、Cd积累差异及分子检测

【目的】筛选获得在重金属Pb、Cd单一污染及复合污染下Pb、Cd低积累的优良甜玉米自交系,以及可用于甜玉米重金属Pb、Cd积累早代鉴定的分子技术。【方法】以10个甜玉米自交系为供试材料,通过盆栽试验研究重金属Pb、Cd单一污染及Pb、Cd复合污染下,玉米根系、茎叶和籽粒中Pb、Cd含量的积累差异;同时对供试材料ZmHMA2 InDel位点进行Pb、Cd积累差异分子检测,综合分子标记检测与重金属Pb、Cd在不同材料间的积累结果,筛选甜玉米重金属低积累自交系。【结果】无论是单一污染还是复合污染,重金属Pb、Cd的积累规律均表现为根系>茎叶>籽粒;在复合污染下,玉米不同组织对重金属Pb、Cd的积累无明显竞争与协同效应,表明玉米Pb、Cd的积累机制存在一定差异。通过鉴定,获得籽粒Pb低积累玉米自交系2份,籽粒Cd低积累玉米自交系3份,仅有一份材料闽甜系X901表现出籽粒Pb、Cd均低积累。利用InDel位点(InDel2307)对供试材料进行分子检测,结果发现供试材料中有4份存在该位点,含有该位点的材料中根系、茎叶和籽粒Cd含量平均值较其他材料平均值分别低1.801、0.64、0.131 mg·kg^(-1)。【结论】InDel2307位点能将不同玉米自交系按Cd累积量进行区分,对甜玉米Cd含量的区分具有特异性标记。综合分子标记检测与Pb、Cd含量积累结果,筛选出自交系闽甜系X901为Pb、Cd低积累材料。

土壤Cd、Pb污染对苣苋草生物量、生理生化特征和Cd、Pb积累特性的影响

【目的】比较两品种苣苋草对Cd、Pb胁迫的生理生化响应的差异性,寻找对Cd、Pb胁迫抗性较强的品种。【方法】采用盆栽试验,研究不同浓度Cd、Pb单一及复合胁迫下‘R104’和‘K472’两品种苣苋草的生物量,Cd、Pb积累特性,渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化。【结果】两品种苣苋草的生物量在单一Cd胁迫时下降,在低浓度Pb(2.5 g·kg^(-1))胁迫时上升,在高浓度Pb(10.0 g·kg^(-1))胁迫时下降,在Cd、Pb复合胁迫时表现为先上升后下降的趋势。Cd、Pb单一胁迫下,苣苋草的Cd、Pb含量随着相应元素胁迫浓度的增大而上升;Cd、Pb复合胁迫下,苣苋草的Cd、Pb含量随着另一元素胁迫浓度的增大呈先上升后下降的趋势。随着Cd、Pb单一及复合胁迫浓度的增大,苣苋草超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,过氧化物酶(POD)活性逐渐上升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈抑制效应。Cd、Pb交互作用在苣苋草生物量和SOD活性上总体表现为复合胁迫>单一胁迫;在植物重金属含量上表现为:低浓度Cd与Pb互为促进作用,高浓度Cd与Pb互为拮抗作用。【结论】苣苋草主要通过提高POD活性和维持CAT活性来抵抗Cd、Pb胁迫;‘R104’的抗性大于‘K472’,表明‘R104’更适合在重金属Pb污染的土壤区域推广种植。

GAS-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM OF Pb-Cd-Zn SYSTEM UNDER VACUUM

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Compound pollution of Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn,and As on lowland rice

Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn,and As are typical pollutantsoriginated from Pb-Zn mine,smelting wastewater discharge/irrigation and gas emission,and they were distributed widely in China.Westudied the compound pollution of Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn,and As on rice. Pot culture and field plots test were bothused in the experiment.The treatments were:1)low dose:Cd 0.5,Pb 100,Cu 33,Zn 66,and As 10mg·kg;2)high dose:Cd 1.5,Pb 300,Cu 100,Zn 200,and As 30mg·kg,and 3)CK:no heavy metal was applied.Soil tested was meadow burozen(pH6.3-6.7)and the dosage of heavy metal added to the soilwas close to the soil environmental standard.Results were as follows:

用淋洗法修复张士灌区Cd Pb污染沉积物的研究

采用淋洗法,以组成为0.5m ol·L-1C aC l2和0.1m ol·L-1H C l的复合药剂作为淋洗剂处理沈阳张士灌区C d、Pb污染沉积物(C d39m g·kg-1,Pb1250m g·kg-1),在pH=1.0、反应时间30m in、淋洗剂液固比3∶1、搅拌速度500r·m in-1、温度25℃的条件下,复合淋洗剂对C d和Pb的去除率分别达到70.8%和29.3%。粒级分析表明,沉积物中C d和Pb主要存在于细粒部分,因此,分级处理能够减少处理量,降低成本。一定酸度下C l-的络合作用可能是复合淋洗剂的主要强化淋洗机制。

Cd Pb污染对烤烟ATP酶活性及烟叶品质的影响

盆栽条件下研究了土壤中镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)污染对烟草ATP酶活性及烟叶品质的影响。结果表明,随着Cd浓度的增加,烟草根、叶中ATP酶活性逐渐降低;随着Pb浓度的增加,烟草根、叶中ATP酶活性均于150mg·kg-1时活性最大,以后均逐渐降低;ATPase活性与烟叶中烟碱和钾含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,与Cd、Pb浓度呈负相关。烟叶化学成分中,氮/碱比升高,化学成分组成趋于不协调,不利于烟叶香吃味的形成。

不同类型钙化合物对污染土壤水稻吸收累积Cd Pb的影响及机理

以潮泥田和红黄泥为供试土壤,利用盆栽试验研究了施用不同类型钙化合物(CaO、CaCO3、CaSO4)对水稻吸收累积Cd、Pb的影响及机理。结果表明,潮泥田施用CaO和CaCO3后,土壤pH值明显升高。当CaO施用量达到0.36gCa·kg-1时土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低,水稻糙米Cd含量也随之显著下降,降幅达26.3%;施用CaCO(30.24gCa·kg-1)和CaSO(40.24gCa·kg-1)后水稻糙米Cd含量降幅分别为23.7%(P<0.05)和18.4%(P<0.05)。红黄泥施用CaO、CaCO3和CaSO4后,土壤pH值变化趋势与潮泥田相同。当CaO施用量达到0.24gCa·kg-1时土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低,但水稻糙米Cd含量反而上升,当CaO施用量达到0.36gCa·kg-1时,与对照相比水稻糙米Cd含量增加34.5%(P<0.05);当CaO施用量增至0.48gCa·kg-1时土壤有效态Pb含量明显增加,水稻糙米Pb含量也随之显著增加,增幅达41.7%。在等钙(0.24gCa·kg-1)条件下,潮泥田及红黄泥施用CaO、CaCO3和CaSO4后因pH变幅较小导致水稻糙米Cd、Pb含量无明显差异。综合分析认为,利用钙化合物控制污染土壤上水稻对Cd、Pb的吸收累积时,需要根据土壤Cd、Pb含量和pH综合考虑合理的钙化合物类型和用量。

Interaction of Pb and Cd in Soil-Water-Plant System and Its Mechanism: Ⅱ.Pb-Cd Interaction in Rhizosphere

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绿化植物废弃物对土壤中Cu Zn Pb和Cd形态的影响

利用自制的Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd污染的灰潮土和黄泥土,通过室内培养实验研究了不同绿化植物废弃物添加量和不同培养时间对这两种污染土壤中这4种重金属形态的影响。结果表明,绿化植物废弃物的加入抑制了Cu的活化,且添加60%绿化植物废弃物时有机结合态Cu的含量最高;绿化植物废弃物与污染土培养2～3个月时,残余态Zn的含量最高,对植物的毒害最小;绿化植物废弃物添加量为60%时灰潮土中有效态Pb含量较低,而添加量为30%时黄泥土中有效态Pb含量最低;绿化植物废弃物添加量的多少对灰潮土Cd形态的影响较小,但黄泥土中的Cd则随绿化植物废弃物量的增加活性逐渐减弱,且两种土壤均在培养2～3个月时可交换态Cd的含量最低。

不同钝化材料对玉米Cd、Pb积累与转运的影响

为探究不同钝化材料组合及用量对玉米吸收Cd、Pb的阻控效果,实现重金属污染耕地的安全利用,以“华兴单88”为供试玉米,采用田间试验方法,研究喷施叶面阻控剂(JGL)、不同用量有机肥(YJF1和YJF2)、腐植酸(FZS)和土壤重金属钝化剂(DHJ)以及YJF、FZS和DHJ与JGL的组合(YJF1^(+)/YJF2^(+)、FZS^(+)和DHJ^(+))对玉米生物性状和各部位Cd、Pb含量以及富集系数(BCF)、转运系数(TF)的影响,并根据玉米籽粒Cd、Pb的BCF推算土壤Cd、Pb风险阈值(T)作为阻控效果的评价指标。结果表明,9种阻控措施处理玉米产量较CK提高14.4%~32.3%,增产能力表现为JGLDHJ>YJF1>DHJ^(+)>YJF1^(+)>YJF2>FZS>YJF2^(+)>FZS^(+);供试玉米各部位Cd、Pb含量及富集能力均表现为根部最强,籽粒最弱,Cd、Pb转运能力均表现为茎部-叶部最强,根部-茎部最弱。通过田间试验证明,10种处理供试玉米产量和Cd、Pb阻控效果均表现为FZS+>YJF2^(+)>FZS>YJF2>YJF1^(+)>DHJ^(+)>YJF1>DHJ>JGL>CK;9种阻控措施处理供试玉米土壤TCd和TPb分别介于11.0~23.1 mg·kg^(-1)和109.9~218.0 mg·kg^(-1)之间。在该试验条件下,FZS作为增产以及Cd、Pb阻控效果最好的钝化材料,建议在Cd轻中度污染土壤的玉米产区推广使用,FZS^(+)作为增产以及Cd、Pb阻控效果最好的组合措施建议在Cd重度污染土壤的玉米产区推广使用。

辣椒对灰潮土重金属Cd Pb污染的反应与矿质元素吸收

通过盆栽试验和化学分析研究了辣椒对灰潮土重金属C d、Pb污染的反应与矿质元素吸收。结果表明:(1)重金属C d、Pb污染降低辣椒果实产量和果实中维生素C及糖含量,供试浓度下复合污染、C d处理和Pb处理的影响依次减弱;(2)重金属污染影响辣椒根茎叶鲜重,复合污染减少根茎叶鲜重的影响大于C d处理的影响,Pb处理的可增加根茎叶鲜重;(3)C d在辣椒体内的迁移性强于Pb的迁移性;复合污染中C d、Pb相互促进,增加植株各部C d、Pb吸收率;单一污染时,Pb对C d的吸收无促进作用,而C d可以增加辣椒各部对Pb的吸收;(4)各处理中辣椒各部Zn、K、C a含量变化趋势与C d含量变化趋势基本一致;(5)辣椒种植后,污染土壤残留的D TPA可提取态重金属量仍显著高于对照。

Cd、Pb、Ni、As单一污染对油麦菜叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统的影响

研究了Cd、Pb、Ni、As单一污染对油麦菜叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统的影响,结果表明油麦菜叶绿素含量低于对照,并且随着Cd、Pb、Ni、As处理浓度的增加呈先升后降的趋势;油麦菜抗氧化酶系统所受影响因重金属污染种类不同而不同,其中SOD的活性随着Cd、Pb单一污染浓度的增加呈下降趋势,而随着As、Ni污染浓度的增加呈先升后降的趋势;CAT和POD的活性随着As污染浓度的增加呈上升趋势,而随着Cd、Pb、Ni污染浓度的增加呈先升后降的趋势。

Cd Pb复合处理下对植物膜的伤害初探

以黄瓜、小麦为试验材料 ,以 Cd,Pb复合浓度进行处理 .研究了在不同处理水平下两种植物叶片的质膜透性、丙二醛、超氧化物岐化酶和过氧化物酶活性的变化 .重点讨论了 Cd,Pb复合处理对植物膜系统的伤害机理 .结果表明 :不同的 Cd,Pb复合浓度处理后植物的膜脂过氧化作用加剧、质膜透性增高 ,复合处理条件下 Cd,Pb表现明显的相互作用 ,不同的植物及不同的浓度组合有着不同的影响 ,对植物膜系统有严重的伤害 。

化学调控作用对Cd Pb Cu复合污染菜地土壤中重金属形态和植物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了有机物料和无机分子筛材料两种调控剂对集约化菜地土壤Cd、Pb和Cu形态变化及在蔬菜中的累积影响。结果表明,两种调控剂对土壤重金属Cd、Pb和Cu污染调控效果不同,有机物料降低了土壤中可交换态Pb的含量,对小白菜茎叶吸收Pb具有较好的抑制作用,但提高了土壤中可交换态Cd、Cu的含量,使小白菜茎叶中Cd、Cu的含量增加。而施加无机分子筛材料可降低土壤中可交换态Cd、Pb、Cu的含量,对小白菜茎叶吸收Cd、Pb和Cu均起到了较好的抑制作用。研究同时发现,施加两种调控剂后,土壤中重金属Cd、Pb和Cu的各种形态所占比例并无根本性变化,这可能与重金属的特性有关。