Calcium-Magnesium Ca/Mg Ratios and Their Agronomic Implications for the Optimization of Phosphate Fertilization in Rainfed Rice Farming on Acidic Ferralsol in the Forest Zone of Ivory Coast

This study is a contribution to improving rice productivity on acidic plateau soils of the tropical rainforest zone. It is based on taking into account the cationic balances of the soil in order to optimize the phosphorus (P) nutrition of rice on these acidic soils, where this nutrient constitutes a limiting factor for agricultural production. Three (3) pot trials were conducted in Adiopodoumé in the forested south of Côte d’Ivoire. The interactive effects of calcium carbonate (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg Ca ha−1) and magnesium sulfate (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg Mg ha−1) were evaluated on the response of NERICA 5 rice at doses 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg P ha−1 of natural phosphate from Togo, applied only once at the start of the experiment. Additional fertilizers of nitrogen (N) (100 kg N ha−1) and potassium (K) (50 kg KCl ha−1) were added to each of the tests in a split-plot device. The test results revealed a paddy production potential of approximately 3 to 5 t⋅ha−1 for NERICA 5 on an acidic soil, under the effect of the interaction of P, Ca and Mg. The quadratic response of rice yield to the doses of these fertilizers would be more dependent on their balance, itself influenced by Ca nutrition. For the sustainability and maintenance of rice production in agro-ecology studied, it was recommended doses of 38 kg Ca ha−1, 34 kg Mg ha−1 in a Ca/Mg ratio (1/1) with intakes of 41 kg P ha−1, overall in a ratio 1/1/1 (P/Ca/Mg) more favorable to the availability of free iron considered a guiding element of mineral nutrition. Thus, these promising results should be confirmed in a real environment for better management of the fertilization of rice cultivated on acidic plateau soils in Côte d’Ivoire.

熔盐电解制备Mg-Ce中间合金电化学过程研究

通过循环伏安法(CV)、方波伏安法(SWV)和开路计时电位法(OCP)研究了温度为973 K时KCl-NaCl-CeCl_(3)-MgCl_(2)四元熔盐体系中Mg(Ⅱ)和Ce(Ⅲ)在钨电极上的电化学行为以及合金化过程。根据电化学分析的结果,以钨丝为工作电极,石墨棒为辅助电极,于-2.1 V(vs.Ag AgCl)恒电位电解12 h制取Mg-Ce合金。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对电解所得合金的组成以及元素分布进行表征,结果表明合金的基底相为Mg_(17)Ce_(2),第二相为Mg_(3) Ce。

Ce对Zn-Al-Mg合金镀层组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响

为了考察Ce含量对热浸镀Zn-Al-Mg合金镀层的组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响,采用SEM、EDS、XRD等方法对镀层的形貌、组织成分及物相进行了观察分析,结合盐雾试验对腐蚀产物形貌、组成及含量以及去除腐蚀产物后的镀层形貌进行了分析,并进一步通过电化学测试考察了不同镀层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学行为。结果表明,Zn-5Al-1.5Mg-xCe (x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.25,质量分数,%)合金镀层的组织由富Zn相、富Al相和Zn/Al/MgZn_(2)(或Mg_(2)Zn_(11))三元共晶组织组成,少量Ce的加入增加了镀层中三元共晶组织的比例。Ce可以减薄镀层,细化富Al相,提高镀层的均匀性。当Ce添加量为0.10%时,细化效果最好。另外,Zn-5Al-1.5Mg-0.10Ce合金镀层的耐腐蚀性能最好,是Zn-5Al-1.5Mg合金镀层的2.6倍左右。Ce提高了镀层的均匀性,减少了局部腐蚀,提高了Zn_5(OH)_8Cl_(2)·H_(2)O腐蚀产物保护层的均匀性和致密性,从而提高了镀层的耐腐蚀性能。

Effect of melt-to-solid volume ratio and preheating temperature on Mg/Al bimetals interface by centrifugal casting

Compound casting is an efficient method for bonding dissimilar metals,in which a dramatic reaction can occur between the melt and solid.The centrifugal casting process,a type of compound casting,was applied to cast Al/Mg dissimilar bimetals.Magnesium melt was poured at 700 °C,with melt-to-solid volume ratios(Vm/Vs) of 1.5 and 3,into a preheated hollow aluminum cylinder.The preheating temperatures of the solid part were 320,400,and 450 °C,and the constant rotational speed was 1,600 rpm.The cast parts were kept inside the casting machine until reaching the cooling temperature of 150 °C.The result showed that an increase in preheating temperature from 320 to 450 °C led to an enhanced reaction layer thickness.In addition,an increase in the Vm/Vs from 1.5 to 3 resulted in raising the interface thickness from 1.2 to 1.8 mm.Moreover,the interface was not continuously formed when a Vm/Vs of 3 was selected.In this case,the force of contraction overcame the resultant acting force on the interface.An interface formed at the volume ratio of 1.5 was examined using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),and the results demonstrated the formation of Al_(3)Mg_(2),Al_(12)Mg_(17) and(δ+Al_(12)Mg_(17)) eutectic structures in the interface.

Ce-La添加量对汽车用Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni合金组织与力学性能的影响

对Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni合金中添加了不同量的Ce-La复合稀土,通过显微组织观察、力学性能测试研究了不同Ce-La复合稀土添加量对铸态Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni合金组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:未添加稀土的Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni合金中有大量块状的初生Si相和针状共晶Si相存在。随着Ce-La复合稀土添加量的增加,合金中的初生Si相直径和共晶Si相尺寸先减小后增加。Ce-La稀土添加量为0.4wt%时,合金中的初生Si相直径和共晶Si相尺寸最小。随着Ce-La复合稀土添加量的增加,Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni合金的抗拉强度和伸长率先升高后降低,Ce-La复合稀土添加量为0.4wt%时,合金的抗拉强度和伸长率均达到最大值,分别为296.5 MPa和2.9%。

Morphotype dependence of Globigerinoides ruber(white)and Trilobatus sacculifer Mg/Ca ratios in the western tropical Pacific:implications for reconstructing the mixed-layer depth

Planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber(white)and Trilobatus sacculifer are the most frequently used mixedlayer dwelling species for reconstructing past oceanic environments.Specifically,the Mg/Ca ratios of these two foraminiferal species have been used for reconstructing tropical/subtropical changes in sea surface temperature(SST).However,these two species have different morphotypes,of which the spatial and temporal differences in Mg/Ca ratios and their influencing factors are still unclear.Our objective is to investigate the potential differences between the Mg/Ca ratios of these different morphotypes of G.ruber(white)and T.sacculifer in the western Philippine Sea(WPS)and determine their implications for the reconstruction of SST and upper-ocean structure.Mg/Ca measurements are made on two basic morphotypes of G.ruber(white)[sensu stricto(s.s.)and sensu lato(s.l.)]and T.sacculifer[with(w)and without(w/o)a sac-like final chamber]on samples of Site MD06-3047B from the WPS.Our results reveal that Mg/Ca ratios of different G.ruber morphotypes show consistent differences;and those of T.sacculifer morphotypes show staged variations since MIS 3.It is suggested to select a single morphotype for reconstructing SST changes using the Mg/Ca ratios of G.ruber and T.sacculifer in the WPS.Furthermore,the Mg/Ca ratios between G.ruber s.s.and G.ruber s.l.[Δ(Mg/Ca)_(G.ruber s.s.-s.l.)]downcore MD06-3047B covaries with indexes of summer monsoon.Combining with the core-top results,showing regional variation of differences in theΔ(Mg/Ca)_(G.ruber s.s.-s.l.)over the western tropical Pacific,we propose thatΔ(Mg/Ca)_(G.ruber s.s.-s.l.)may tend to reflect summer mixed layer depth.

Cu含量以及Cu/Mg比对Al-Si-Cu-Mg合金组织和力学性能的影响

研究了Cu含量和Cu/Mg比对Al-Si-Cu-Mg合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明Al-Si-Cu-Mg合金凝固组织是否形成Mg_(2)Si、Q-Al_(5)Cu_(2)Mg_(8)Si_(6)以及θ-Al_(2)Cu取决于Cu含量以及Cu/Mg比。当Cu/Mg比相对低时形成Mg_(2)Si中间相,而Cu/Mg比高时则倾向于生成Q-Al_(5)Cu_(2)Mg_(8)Si_(6)和θ-Al_(2)Cu相。当Cu/Mg比相同时,高Cu含量和高Mg含量都会促进Q相θ相的形成。通过观察T6热处理后的组织发现Cu含量以及Cu/Mg比控制了初生相的溶解以及析出相的形成,从而影响合金的强度与韧性。通过控制Cu含量及Cu/Mg比使Al-9Si-2Cu-0.5Mg合金中析出较少数量的初生相,再通过热处理析出大量的Q′强化相,使合金具有较高的强度和相对适中的伸长率。

稀土元素Ce、Y在Mg-Mn-RE镁合金腐蚀中的作用及其差异

目的探究Ce、Y稀土元素在Mg-Mn-RE镁合金腐蚀中的作用及其差异。方法制备不同稀土含量的Mg-Mn-Ce和Mg-Mn-Y合金,采用在NaCl溶液中浸泡的方法,考察合金的腐蚀性能及腐蚀类型。测试合金的电化学性质,分析合金的腐蚀与缓蚀机制。基于合金显微组织的变化,讨论Ce、Y元素在合金腐蚀中的作用及其差异。结果Mg-Mn-Ce和Mg-Mn-Y合金的腐蚀率随浸泡时间的增加而减小。当Ce、Y的质量分数分别为1.0%和0.5%时,合金的腐蚀质量损失最小。Mg-Mn-Ce合金中的Ce几乎全部形成了Mg_(12)Ce化合物,并以共晶体的形式分布于晶界,合金优先在晶界发生微电偶腐蚀,表现出典型的晶间腐蚀形貌。随着Ce含量的提高,Mg-Mn-Ce合金的微电偶腐蚀加剧。Mg-Mn-Y合金以基体的阳极溶解为主,基体从固溶应力较大的腐蚀活性点优先开始腐蚀,合金表现出带有微坑的均匀腐蚀形貌。随着Y含量的提高,Mg-Mn-Y合金的阳极溶解腐蚀加快。Ce、Y元素能提高合金的膜电阻和电荷转移电阻,但Ce和Y分别在提高膜电阻和电荷转移电阻方面具有更明显的作用,且分别通过提高腐蚀产物膜的致密性和固溶体的电位对合金的腐蚀产生减缓作用。结论Mg-Mn-Ce和Mg-Mn-Y合金的显微组织以及Ce、Y在合金腐蚀中的作用不同,导致合金的腐蚀和缓蚀机制存在明显的差别。

热挤压和锻造制备高延性和高吸能超细晶粒Mg-Mn-Ce合金

采用挤压和锻造低温变形方法制备高压缩延性和高吸能性超细晶粒Mg-0.9Mn-0.5Ce(质量分数,%)合金。首先将合金在温度为150℃、挤压比为12:1的条件下进行挤压;随后,在200℃下沿挤压方向进行真应变为1.2的锻造处理。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射和透射电镜对合金的显微组织和塑性机理进行表征。结果表明,经低温挤压后合金组织由超细的动态再结晶晶粒和破碎的未再结晶晶粒组成,其平均晶粒尺寸为1.9μm。在随后的锻造过程中,逐渐产生新的超细晶粒,获得均匀的超细晶粒组织,其平均晶粒尺寸为2.7μm,织构强度也在锻造处理后减弱。均匀的超细晶粒组织和基面滑移使合金表现出较优的综合性能:压缩延性为45.0%,吸能为122.72 MJ/m^(3)。

锌镁比对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Er-Sc-Zr合金显微组织与耐腐蚀性能影响的研究

通过调整Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Er-Sc-Zr合金中的Mg元素含量,研究了Zn/Mg比的变化对合金相演变以及腐蚀性能的影响规律。结果表明:Al_(8)Cu_(4)Er相、Al_(3)(Er,Sc)相与含Fe相存在明显的伴生关系,二者依附于含Fe相生长。Zn/Mg比的变化可显著改变三者间的交互形式,高的Zn/Mg比例有利于稀土相独立生长,且在比值为4.18的条件下,Al_(8)Cu_(4)Er相与含Fe相均得到了显著细化。细化的晶界第二相使腐蚀坑深度仅为82μm,而连续的伴生混合相、粗大稀土相等均会不同程度降低合金的耐蚀性能。

Effect of compression ratio on microstructure evolution of Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy prepared by SIMA process

A new Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy with non-dendritic microstructure was prepared by strain induced melt activation(SIMA)process.The effect of compression ratio on the evolution of semisolid microstructure of the experimental alloy was investigated.The results indicate that the average size ofα-Mg grains decreases and spheroidizing tendency becomes more obvious with the compression ratios increasing from 0 to 40%.In addition,the eutectic Mg2Si phase in the Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy transforms completely from the initial fishbone shape to globular shape by SIMA process.With the increasing of compression ratio,the morphology and average size of Mg2Si phases do not change obviously.The morphology modification mechanism of Mg2Si phase in Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy by SIMA process was also studied.

Mn/Fe比对Al-Mg-Si合金组织和性能的影响

以Al-Mg-Si合金为研究对象,采用金属型铸造研究Mn/Fe比对其组织和性能的影响。结果表明:Al-Mg-Si铸态合金组织中枝晶间存在α-Al基体和大量析出相,主要以Mg_(2)Si相为主,还存在少量的共晶Si相、AlFeSi相和Al(FeMn)Si相。随Mn/Fe比的增大,合金中的晶粒逐渐变得细小圆整,且由树枝晶向等轴晶发生转变。Mn可以促进铝合金中针状的β-AlFeSi相向骨骼状、颗粒状或块状的α-Al(FeMn)Si相的转变。当Mn/Fe比为0.5时,合金的热导率达到最大值181.08 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)。当Mn/Fe比为1.0时,合金的晶粒尺寸最小且具有最佳的力学性能,抗拉强度、伸长率和硬度相较于Mn/Fe为0.2时分别提升17.45%、49.57%和27.48%,达到167.35 MPa、17.23%、HV 62.86。

稀土铈变质处理Mg-5Al-4Ca-0.8Mn合金的组织与力学性能

采用稀土Ce对Mg-5Al-4Ca-0.8Mn合金进行了变质处理,采用OM、SEM、硬度测试、拉伸试验研究了Ce添加量对Mg-5Al-4Ca-0.8Mn合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:稀土Ce对Mg-5Al-4Ca-0.8Mn合金有较好的变质效果。Ce添加量为0.8%时,合金晶界清晰,组织均匀性最佳,细化效果最好。Ce添加量增加到1.2%时,合金组织细化效果减弱。随着Ce添加量的增加,合金的硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率均先升高后降低,Ce添加量0.8%的合金的硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率均达到最大值,综合力学性能最好。

Effect of Mg/Al Ratios on Hydration Mechanism of Tabular Alumina Carbon Composites Reinforced by Al4C3 in situ Reaction

Hydration mechanism of tabular alumina carbon composites reinforced by Al4C3 in situ reaction with Mg and Al was researched in water steam using super automatic thermostatic water bath from 25 ℃ to 85 ℃. It is shown that hydration mechanism of the composites is chemical reaction control at 44.3 ℃-84 ℃ in H2O（g）. The hydration was controlled by diffusion from 24.7 ℃ to 33 ℃. The ratio of added Mg/Al influences the HMOR of the composites.The mechanism of HMOR of the composites with different ratios of Mg/Al can be discovered by means of SEM analysis. The active Mg/Al powder and flake graphite inside give the composites outstanding hot strength resulting from the interlocking structure of Al4C3 crystals at high temperature. Besides, the matrix changes into the Al4C3 with high refractoriness. The method of preventing the hydration of tabular alumina carbon composites reinforced by Al4C3 in situ reaction was immersed in the wax at suitable temperature or storing them below 33 ℃ in a dry place or storing them with paraffin-coating.

Mg/Ca,Ba/Ca,and S/Ca ratios as environmental and growth proxies for bivalve shells from the Haima cold seep,South China Sea

Bivalve shell fossils,cemented by authigenic carbonates,are widely spread in the Haima cold seep,Qiongdongnan Basin of the South China Sea(SCS).In this study,we examined an element profile of Gigantidas platifrons in the Haima cold seeps at a water depth of 1381 m.Based on the scanning electron microscope(SEM)analyses,the prismatic layer and nacreous layer were identified,which are characterized by prismatic structure and stratified structure,respectively.In addition,the profile can be subdivided into two parts:altered and unaltered zones.Laser inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)mapping shows that the element concentrations of the altered zones were influenced by the authigenic carbonate rocks,whereas the element concentrations of unaltered zones remain stable.In-situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)analyses show that the mineral constituent of the prismatic layer is mainly composed of aragonite.Along with the growth profile,Mg/Ca ratios of unaltered zones have minor variations,ranging 0.72-0.97 mmol/mol(mean=0.87 mmol/mol),with estimated temperatures of 3.8-4.1℃,indicating that the temperature of the surrounding seawater remains constant and agree with the measured data of 3.9℃which was conducted by a conductivity-temperature-depth system(CTD).The minor variations of Ba/Ca ratios(0.01-0.06 mmol/mol;mean=0.04 mmol/mol)indicate a relatively stabilized salinity of the surrounding seawater.S/Ca ratios show large variations of 0.04-4.15 mmol/mol(mean=1.37 mmol/mol).S/Ca ratios have regular variations which generally correspond to the variations of the Mg/Ca ratios,highlighting that the S/Ca ratios of bivalve shells show the potential to reflect the growth rate of the Gigantides.However,further studies should be carried out on the understanding of the links between the S/Ca ratios and seepage intensity of cold-seep fluids.

Influences of stoichiometric ratio B/A on structures and electrochemical behaviors of La_(0.75)Mg_(0.25)Ni_(3.5)M_x (M=Ni,Co;x=0-0.6) hydrogen storage alloys

In order to investigate the influences of the stoichiometric ratio of B/A (A: gross A-site elements, B: gross B-site elements) and the substitution of Co for Ni on the structures and electrochemical performances of the AB3.5-4.1-type electrode alloys, the La-Mg-Ni-Co system La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5Mx (M=Ni, Co; x= 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) alloys were prepared by induction melting in a helium atmosphere. The structures and electrochemical performances of the alloys were systemically measured. The results show that the structures and electrochemical performances of the alloys are closely relevant to the B/A ratio. All the alloys exhibit a multiphase structure, including two major phases, (La, Mg)2Ni7 and LaNi5, and a residual phase LaNi2, and with rising ratio B/A, the (La,Mg)2Ni7 phase decreases and the LaNi5 phase increases significantly. When ratio B/A=3.7, the alloys obtain the maximum discharge capacities. The high rate discharge(HRD) capability of the alloy (M=Ni) monotonously rises with growing B/A ratio, but that of the alloy (M=Co) first mounts up then declines. The cycle stability of the alloy (M=Co) monotonously increases with rising B/A ratio, but it first decreases slightly then increases for the alloy (M=Ni). The discharge potential of the alloy (M=Ni) declines with increasing B/A ratio (x>0.2), but for the alloy (M=Co), the result is contrary. The substitution of Co for Ni significantly ameliorates the electrochemical performances. For a fixed ratio B/A=3.7, the Co substitution enhances the discharge capacity from 365.7 to 401.8 mA·h/g, the capacity retention ratio (S100) after 100 charging-discharging cycles from 50.32% to 53.26% and the HRD from 88.65% to 90.69%.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31 Mg alloy processed by high ratio extrusion

The microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31 Mg alloy processed by high ratio extrusion (HRE) were investigated. General extrusion with extrusion ratio of 7 and high ratio extrusion with extrusion ratio 100 were contrastively conducted at 250,300 and 350℃. The results show that HRE process may be applied successfully to AZ31 Mg alloy at temperatures of 250, 300 and 350℃and this leads to obvious grain refinement during HRE process. The strength of HRE process is improved obviously compared with that of general extrusion. The grain refining mechanism of HRE process was also discussed. The current results imply that the simple high ratio extrusion method might be a feasible and effective processing means for refining the microstructure and improving the mechanical properties of AZ31 Mg alloy.

硅和镁质量分数对Al-Si-Mg合金机械力学性能参数影响的计算分析

基于第一性原理,利用CASTEP模块,通过虚拟晶体近似的方法建模,采用GGA+PBE泛函关联函数,研究了Al-Si7-Mg X(X=0.1~0.5)、Al-Si X-Mg0.3(X=6~9)合金中的Si、Mg质量分数的变化对机械力学性能参数的影响。研究表明,随着研究组元质量分数的增加,晶格常数有所减小,最大值与最小值相差约0.265%;弹性常数C_(11)、C_(12)、C_(44)满足结构稳定性条件;体积模量B、剪切模量G、杨氏模量E、泊松比u随着A356中Si、Mg质量分数变化而变化;Mg质量分数的变化对剪切模量G、杨氏模量E的影响比Si质量分数的变化更敏感。计算结果与现有实验数据对比表明,计算结果接近实验数据,第一性原理计算Al-Si-Mg合金材料参数可行。

Preparation and Characterization of a New Layered Double Hydroxide,Mg–Fe–Ce

1 Introduction In the present paper,MgCl2·6H2O,FeCl3·6H2O,and CeCl3·6H2O were used as raw materials in the precipitationhydrothermal method to synthesize MgF eC e hydrotalcite.The effects of the Fe:Ce molar ratio on the composition,crystal structure,and thermal stability of hydrotalcite are examined.Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),X-

挤压比对双相Mg-8Li-6Zn-2Gd合金显微组织、织构和力学性能的影响

通过显微组织观察、织构分析和拉伸测试等手段研究挤压比对双相Mg-8Li-6Zn-2Gd合金显微组织、织构和力学性能的影响。结果表明:均匀化态Mg-8Li-6Zn-2Gd合金中含有α-Mg、β-Li、Mg Li Zn、I相和W相。经热挤压后,共晶I相被碾碎成细小颗粒状,而W相保持原有块状形状。合金中α-Mg基体和β-Li基体在热挤压过程中均发生了动态再结晶(DRX),且晶粒随着挤压比的增加逐渐细化。经热挤压后,α-Mg基体的基面织构弱化和柱面织构增强是由于非基面滑移的激活;β-Li基体中形成明显的α和γ纤维织构主要与动态回复与动态再结晶相关。热挤压同时提升Mg-8Li-6Zn-2Gd合金的抗拉强度和伸长率,并在挤压比为16:1时获得最佳的综合力学性能。