Improving corrosion resistance of additively manufactured WE43 magnesium alloy by high temperature oxidation for biodegradable applications

Laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)has been employed to additively manufacture WE43 magnesium(Mg)alloy biodegradable implants,but WE43 L-PBF samples exhibit excessively rapid corrosion.In this work,dense WE43 L-PBF samples were built with the relativity density reaching 99.9%.High temperature oxidation was performed on the L-PBF samples in circulating air via various heating temperatures and holding durations.The oxidation and diffusion at the elevated temperature generated a gradient structure composed of an oxide layer at the surface,a transition layer in the middle and the matrix.The oxide layer consisted of rare earth(RE)oxides,and became dense and thick with increasing the holding duration.The matrix was composed ofα-Mg,RE oxides and Mg_(24)RE_(5) precipitates.The precipitates almost disappeared in the transition layer.Enhanced passivation effect was observed in the samples treated by a suitable high temperature oxidation.The original L-PBF samples lost 40%weight after 3-day immersion in Hank’s solution,and broke into fragments after 7-day immersion.The casted and solution treated samples lost roughly half of the weight after 28-day immersion.The high temperature oxidation samples,which were heated at 525℃ for 8 h,kept the structural integrity,and lost only 6.88%weight after 28-day immersion.The substantially improved corrosion resistance was contributed to the gradient structure at the surface.On one hand,the outmost dense layer of RE oxides isolated the corrosive medium;on the other hand,the transition layer considerably inhibited the corrosion owing to the lack of precipitates.Overall,high temperature oxidation provides an efficient,economic and safe approach to inhibit the corrosion of WE43 L-PBF samples,and has promising prospects for future clinical applications.

Influence of CeO_2 on Corrosion Resistance of Laser Alloyed M_（80）S_（20） Alloy Layer

On the basis of previous work,the influence of CeO_2 on the corrosion resistance of laser-alloyed M_(80)S_(20),where M signified a metallic content,predominantly iron,and S represents a metalloid content specifically boron,silicon,and carbon,was further studied by comparative electrochemical test using optical microscope,scanning electron microscope,potentiostat and a X-Y recorder in this paper.The results shown that the addition of CeO_2 can improve the corrosion resistance of laser-alloyed M80S20 alloy layer significantly.

Dual alloying improves the corrosion resistance of biodegradable Mg alloys prepared by selective laser melting

Mg alloys have been regarded as revolutionary metallic biomaterials for biodegradable bone implants,but their applications are mainly blocked by the too rapid degradation in physiological environment.This study explores the dual alloying effects of Mn and/or Sn on the performance of Mg alloys prepared by selective laser melting.The observed microstructure indicated remarkable refinement of both the grains and intermetallic phases in the Mn-and/or Sn-containing alloys during the rapid solidification process.Moreover,approximately a half decrease in corrosion rate was observed for AZ61-0.4Mn-0.8Sn alloy with respect to AZ61 alloy.The improved corrosion behavior was primarily due to the enhanced protective effects of surface layers,in which Mn-and/or Sn-rich phases acted as a helpful barrier against medium penetration and thereby alleviated the current exchange with the matrix.In addition,the solute Mn and/or Sn positively shifted the corrosion potential,which also brought about a better corrosion resistance.Furthermore,the strength and hardness of the alloys were also effectively improved and comparable to those of cortical bone.This could be ascribed to the dissolved Mn and/or Sn atoms and the finely dispersed intermetallic phases,which might cause lattice distortion and precipitation hardening.Besides,the Mn-and/or Sn-containing alloys showed good cytocompatibility as indicated by the normal morphology and increased viability of MG-63 cells.These findings suggest that the developed AZ61-Mn-Sn alloy is a promising candidate for biodegradable bone implants.

Superior corrosion resistance-dependent laser energy density in(CoCrFeNi)95Nb5 high entropy alloy coating fabricated by laser cladding

(CoCrFeNi)95Nb5 high entropy alloy(HEA)coatings were successfully fabricated on a substrate of Q235 steel by laser cladding technology.These(CoCrFeNi)95Nb5 HEA coatings possess excellent properties,particularly corrosion resistance,which is clearly superior to that of some typical bulk HEA and common engineering alloys.In order to obtain appropriate laser cladding preparation process parameters,the effects of laser energy density on the microstructure,microhardness,and corrosion resistance of(CoCrFeNi)95Nb5 HEA coating were closely studied.Results showed that as the laser energy density increases,precipitation of the Laves phase in(CoCrFeNi)95Nb5 HEA coating gradually decreases,and diffusion of the Fe element in the substrate intensifies,affecting the integrity of the(CoCrFeNi)95Nb5 HEA.This decreases the microhardness of(CoCrFeNi)95Nb5 HEA coatings.Moreover,the relative content of Cr2O3,Cr(OH)3,and Nb2O5 in the surface passive film of the coating decreases with increasing energy density,causing corrosion resistance to decrease.This study demonstrates the controllability of a high-performance HEA coating using laser cladding technology,which has significance for the laser cladding preparation of other CoCrFeNi-system HEA coatings.

Comparative study on microstructure and electrochemical corrosion resistance of Al7075 alloy prepared by laser additive manufacturing and forging technology

Al7075 alloy is a typical aviation aluminum with good mechanical properties and anodic oxidation effect.Laser engineered net shaping technology has unique advantages in the integrated forming of high-performance large aircraft structural parts.The manufacturing of 7075 aluminum alloy structural parts by laser engineered net shaping technology has become an important development direction in the future aerospace field.Electrochemical corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys is of vital importance to improve reliability and life-span of lightweight components.A comparative study on microstructure and anti-corrosion performance of Al7075 alloy prepared by laser additive manufacturing and forging technology was conducted.There are hole defects in LENS-fabricated Al7075 alloy with uniformly distributedηphase.No defects are observed in Al7075 forgings.The large S phase particles and small ellipsoidalηphase particles are found in Al matrix.The corrosion mechanisms were revealed according to the analysis of polarization curves and corrosion morphology.It was found that compared with that prepared by forgings,the additive manufactured samples have lower corrosion tendency and higher corrosion rate.Corrosion occurred preferentially at the hole defects.The incomplete passivation film at the defects leads to the formation of a local cell composed of the internal Al,corrosion solution and the surrounding passive film,which further aggravates the corrosion.

Incorporation of Mg-phenolic networks as a protective coating for magnesium alloy to enhance corrosion resistance and osteogenesis in vivo

Magnesium(Mg) and its alloys have been intensively studied to develop the next generation of bone implants recently, but their clinical application is restricted by rapid degradation and unsatisfied osteogenic effect in vivo. A bioactive chemical conversion Mg-phenolic networks complex coating(e EGCG) was stepwise incorporated by epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG) and exogenous Mg^(2+)on Mg-2Zn magnesium alloy. Simplex EGCG induced chemical conversion coating(c EGCG) was set as compare group. The in vitro corrosion behavior of Mg-2Zn alloy, c EGCG and e EGCG was evaluated in SBF using electrochemical(PDP, EIS) and immersion test. The cytocompatibility was investigated with rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(r BMSCs). Furthermore, the in vivo tests using a rabbit model involved micro computed tomography(Micro-CT) analysis, histological observation, and interface analysis. The results showed that the e EGCG is Mgphenolic multilayer coating incorporated Mg-phenolic networks, which is rougher, more compact and much thicker than c EGCG. The e EGCG highly improved the corrosion resistance of Mg-2Zn alloy, combined with its lower average hemolytic ratios, continuous high scavenging effect ability and relatively moderate contact angle features, resulting in a stable and suitable biological environment, obviously promoted r BMSCs adhesion and proliferation. More importantly, Micro-CT, histological and interface elements distribution evaluations all revealed that the e EGCG effectively inhibited degradation and enhanced bone tissue formation of Mg alloy implants. This study puts forward a promising bioactive chemical conversion coating with Mg-phenolic networks for the application of biodegradable orthopedic implants.

Effect of platform temperature on microstructure and corrosion resistance of selective laser melted Al-Mg-Sc alloy plate

The Al-3.40Mg-1.08Sc alloy plates were manufactured by selective laser melting(SLM) at platform temperatures of 35 ℃ and 200 ℃, respectively, and the corrosion performance of them was studied along height direction. The results show that the corrosion resistance of the alloy plate built at platform temperature of 35 ℃ along height direction is basically the same due to a uniform microstructure;While the corrosion resistance of the alloy plate built at platform temperature of 200 ℃ along height direction is different. The evolution of microstructure and the distribution of secondary phases are investigated, and the results show that the Cu-rich phases in alloy play a key role on corrosion performance. At higher platform temperature, the cooling rate is relative slow and a certain degree of in situ ageing leads to the significantly different distribution of Cu-rich phases along grain boundary. Specimens built at the platform temperature of 200 ℃ are inclined to locate at the crossed grain boundary, rather than continuous segregation of Cu-rich phases along grain boundary that is built at platform temperature of 35 ℃. Therefore, the corrosion resistance of Al-3.40Mg-1.08Sc alloy plate manufactured at platform temperature of 200 ℃ is higher, and presents a gradually decreasing trend along height direction.

Effect of high-speed laser cladding on microstructure and corrosion resistance of CoCrFeNiMo_(0.2) high-entropy alloy

In order to study the corrosion resistance of high-speed laser cladding(HLC) coating while improving production efficiency,a CoCrFeNiMo_(0.2)high-entropy alloy(HEA) coating was prepared by HLC.The optimized parameters of HLC are laser power of 880 W,scanning speed of 18 m/min,overlapping ratio of 60%,and powder feed speed of 3 r/min.Then,the surface roughness,microstructure,phase composition,element distribution,and electrochemical properties in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution of the coatings were analyzed,respectively.The local surface roughness of the CoCrFeNiMo_(0.2)HEA coating was found to be 15.53 μm.A distinct metallurgical bond could be observed between the coating and the substrate.Compared to the conventional laser cladding(CLC),the results of electrochemical tests showed that CoCrFeNiMo_(0.2)HEA coating exhibited a significant passivation.The corrosion current density of 5.4411 × 10^(-6)A·cm^(-2) and the corrosion potential of-0.7445 V for the HLC coating were calculated by the Tafel extrapolation method.The CLC coating’s corrosion current density and corrosion potential are 2.7083×10^(-5)A·cm^(-2) and-0.9685 V,respectively.The HLC coating shows a superior corrosion resistance,crucially due to the uniform and fine grains.Under various complex and harsh working conditions,this method can be widely used in the field of repairing and remanufacturing of corro sion-proof workpiece s.

Corrosion resistance of pulsed laser modified AZ31 Mg alloy surfaces

The effect of laser surface melting on the corrosion resistance of AZ31 Mg alloy in 0.1 M NaCl solution was investigated using different laser processing conditions(energy densities of 14 and 17 J cm^(-2)).Laser treatment induced rough surfaces primarily composed of oxidized species of Mg.XPS analysis revealed that the surface concentration of Al increased significantly as a consequence of LSM.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the laser treatment remarkably increased the polarization resistance of the AZ31 Mg alloy and induced a passive-like region of about 100 mV,as determined by potentiodynamic polarization.Analysis of the results obtained provide solid evidence that within the immersion times used in this study,LSM treatment increased the corrosion resistance of AZ31 Mg alloy under open circuit conditions and anodic polarization.

Effects of CeO_2 on microstructure and corrosion resistance of TiC-VC reinforced Fe-based laser cladding layers

The effects of CeO2 on microstructure and corrosion resistance of TiC-VC reinforced Fe-based laser cladding layers were investigated. The results showed that carbides presented in cladding layers were TiVC2 and VC. A small quantity of CeC appeared with 2.0 wt.% CeO2 addition. The amount of lamellar pearlite increased while the amount of residual austenite decreased with increasing CeO2 addition. The corrosion resistance of cladding layers increased firstly and then decreased with the addition of CeO2 increasing. The EIS spectrum of the cladding layer without CeO2 was composed of an inductive arc at low frequency and a capacitive arc at high frequency. The cladding layer with 0.5 wt.% CeO2 addition showed the best corrosion resistance, and then the inductive arc at low frequency transformed into a capacitive arc.

Corrosion Resistance of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy after Laser Remelting Treatment

The main objective of the study was the modification of the surface layer of magnesium alloy by the COlaser. The studied material was the commercial AZ91 magnesium alloy. The effectiveness of the alternations caused by the remelting process was verified on the basis of microscopic observation and corrosion investigations, i e, recording of potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical noise measurements and hydrogen evolution rate measurements. For the adopted range of the treatment parameters, favourable changes were observed in the surface layer such as the refinement of structure and more uniform arrangement of individual phases. As a consequence of those favourable structural changes the improvement of the corrosion resistance of the alloy was achieved in comparison to its non-remelted equivalent. For the treated material corrosion rates expressed as corrosion current densities were at least three times lower than the appropriate values for the untreated alloy comparing them for the same period of samples immersion in the test solution. The obtained results have confirmed the effectiveness of the applied surface treatment resulting in favourable changes in the structure and corrosion properties of the AZ91 magnesium alloy.

Sealing Effect of KAl(SO_(4))_(2)Solution on the Corrosion Resistance of Anodized Aluminum Alloy

The 2024 anodized aluminum alloy film was sealed by KAl(SO_(4))_(2)solution and the effect of sealing on corrosion resistance was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization curves,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The experimental results show that the optimal parameters for KAl(SO_(4))_(2)sealing are 35℃,with the pH value of 8,the concentration of 8 g/L,and the sealing time of 3 min.The corrosion resistance of the KAl(SO_(4))_(2)sealed sample can be significantly improved than that of unsealed one,and is obviously superior to that of the conventional hydrothermal sealed sample.Furthermore,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates that more Al(OH)_(3)will be formed in the process of KAl(SO_(4))_(2)sealing,which will shrink the diameter of the microporous and therefore results in the excellent corrosion resistance.

CeO_2对镍基金属陶瓷复合层组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响

利用 5kWCO2 激光器在 5Cr2 1Mn9Ni4N不锈钢基体表面成功熔覆了含不同CeO2 量的镍基金属陶瓷复合层。研究了稀土氧化物CeO2 对激光熔覆金属陶瓷复合层显微组织形态和耐腐蚀性能的影响 ,发现稀土氧化物CeO2 能加速碳化钨颗粒的溶解 ,促使钨与铬形成金属间化合物 ;激光熔覆镍基金属陶瓷复合层的耐硫酸腐蚀能力显著优于 1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢 ;且含 0 5 %CeO2 (质量分数 )的激光熔覆层的耐腐蚀能力比含 1 5 %CeO2 (质量分数 )和不含CeO2

铝合金表面2%CeO_2/Ni60A激光熔覆层的组织及耐腐蚀性能

利用激光熔覆技术在6063铝合金表面制备了2%(质量分数)CeO2/Ni60A熔覆层,对它的显微组织、显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能等进行了研究,并与Ni60A合金熔覆层和6063铝合金的进行了对比。结果表明:与Ni60A熔覆层相比,2%CeO2/Ni60A熔覆层的组织更均匀,晶粒更细小,气孔等缺陷更少,且生成了微量Cr3C2、Fe2C、SiC、Fe23(C,B)6等硬质相;在相同的深度处,2%CeO2/Ni60A熔覆层的显微硬度明显高于Ni60A熔覆层的,且最高可达1 180HV;在1mol·L-1H2SO4、3.5%NaCl和1mol·L-1 NaOH腐蚀溶液中,2%CeO2/Ni60A熔覆层的耐腐蚀性能明显优于Ni60A熔覆层和6063铝合金的。

6061铝合金表面激光熔覆稀土CeO_2+Ni60组织及耐蚀性

为了提高6061铝合金材料的表面性能,利用激光熔覆技术在6061铝合金表面制备了添加有稀土CeO2的Ni60合金熔覆层。分析了激光熔覆稀土CeO2+Ni60熔覆层的显微组织及硬度,研究了其耐腐蚀性能,并与Ni60合金熔覆层和6061铝合金基体进行了对比研究。结果表明,加入2%的稀土氧化物CeO2可有效地减少熔覆层中的裂纹、孔洞和夹杂物,促进晶粒细化,提高熔覆层的组织均匀性、表面硬度及耐腐蚀性能;电化学腐蚀测试表明,在1 mol/L H2SO4中,Ni60熔覆层、铝合金基体的自腐蚀电流密度分别是CeO2+Ni60熔覆层的1.67倍和76.6倍;在3.5%NaCl溶液中,Ni60熔覆层、铝合金基体的自腐蚀电流密度分别是CeO2+Ni60熔覆层的1.6倍和44.5倍;在1 mol/L NaOH溶液中,Ni60熔覆层、铝合金基体的自腐蚀电流密度分别是CeO2+Ni60熔覆层的1.3倍和81倍。

Characterization and Corrosion Resistance of Laser Clad-ding Al_2O_3-13%TiO_2 Coating on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy

An Al2O3-13%TiO2 (AT-13) ceramic coating was prepared on an AZ91D Mg alloy substrate by the laser plasma hybrid spraying technique.X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to identify the phases and to study the morphology,respectively.The adhesion strength and the metallographic structure of the coating were measured by using a tensile testing machine and an optical microscope (OM),respectively.The microhardness was measured using a micro Vickers hardness tester.The results show that after laser remelting,metallurgic bonding occurred at the interface between the Al transition layer and the substrate.The adhesion strength of the coating increased from 17.01 to 28.47 MPa.The coating became denser.The metastable γ-Al2O3 phase in the coating without laser remelting transformed completely into the stable α-Al2O3 phase.The microhardness was improved from HV0.05210 to HV0.05425 and the time of salt spraying increased from 288 to 336h.

Influence of tool rotational speed on mechanical and corrosion behaviour of friction stir processed AZ31/Al_(2)O_(3)nanocomposite

Nano-sized reinforcements improved the mechanical characteristics efficiently by promoting more implicit particle hardening mechanisms compared to micron-sized reinforcements.Nano-sized particles lessen the critical particle solidification velocity for swamp and thus offers better dispersal.In the present investigation,the friction stir processing(FSP)is utilized to produce AZ31/Al_(2)O_(3)nanocomposites at various tool rotation speeds(i.e.,900,1200,and 1500 rpm)with an optimized 1.5%volume alumina(Al_(2)O_(3))reinforcement ratio.The mechanical and corrosion behavior of AZ31/Al_(2)O_(3)-developed nanocomposites was investigated and compared with that of the AZ31 base alloy.The AZ31 alloy experienced a comprehensive dynamic recrystallization during FSP,causing substantial grain refinement.Grain-size strengthening is the primary factor contributed to the enhancement in the strength of the fabricated nanocomposite.Tensile strength and yield strength values were lower than those for the base metal matrix,although an upward trend in both values has been observed with an increase in tool rotation speed.An 19.72%increase in hardness along with superior corrosion resistance was achieved compared to the base alloy at a tool rotational speed of 1500 rpm.The corrosion currents(Jcorr)of all samples dropped with increase in the rotational speed,in contrast to the corrosion potentials(Ecorr),which increased.The values of Jcorr of AZ31/Al_(2)O_(3)were 42.3%,56.8%,and 65.5%lower than those of AZ31 alloy at the chosen rotating speeds of 900,1200,and 1500 rpm,respectively.The corrosion behavior of friction stir processed nanocomposites have been addressed in this manuscript which has not been given sufficient attention in the existing literature.Further,this work offers an effective choice for the quality assurance of the FSP process of AZ31/Al_(2)O_(3)nanocomposites.The obtained results are relevant to the development of lightweight automobile and aerospace structures and components.

INFLUENCE OF DISPERSIVE Y_2O_3 PARTICLES ALLOYING BY LASER IRRADIATION ON OXIDATION BEHAVIOUR OF AN SUPERALLOY

The homogeneous dispersive Y2O3 particles were melt-doped on the surface of a superalloy by laser alloying and the effect of Y2O3 on the oxidation resistance of the alloy were investigated. The results showed that compact α-Al2O3 oxide scales formed continuously on the alloy surface and the internal oxidation was eliminated and oxidation rate decreased. Therefore, the oxidation resistanee of the alloy was improved.

Laser surface melting AZ31B magnesium alloy with liquid nitrogen-assisted cooling

Laser surface melting（LSM） is a high-energy surface treatment that allows modification of the microstructure and surface properties of Mg alloys. In the present work, an attempt of LSM on magnesium alloy with liquid nitrogen-assisted cooling（LNSC） was carried out to get the higher cooling rate and improve the surface properties. The experimental results were compared with those of Ar gas protection at room temperature. The samples after LSM with LNSC resulted in a thinner melted layer, a highly homogeneous, refined melted microstructure and formed a lot of worm-like nanocrystals and local amorphous structures. Microhardness of the melted layer with LNAC was improved to HV 90-148 as compared to HV 65-105 of the samples with Ar gas protection. The corrosion resistance of the melted layer in a 3.5% Na Cl solution（mass fraction） was improved because of the grain refinement and redistribution of β-Mg17Al12 phases following rapid quenching associated with the process.

添加CeO_(2)对激光熔覆Ni基/WC复合涂层的影响

为了提高Q235钢材在海水中的耐腐蚀性能,扩大其应用场合,使其能够服役于富含Cl离子的海洋环境,采用激光熔覆技术,在Q235钢表面制备出添加不同质量分数CeO_(2)改性的Ni基/WC复合熔覆层,并利用扫描电镜、能谱仪和电化学工作站等仪器对熔覆层的组织与性能进行了测试。结果表明,适量CeO_(2)的加入可以促进晶粒细化与组织的均匀分布,提高熔覆层在NaCl溶液(质量分数为3.5%)中的耐腐蚀性能;当添加的CeO_(2)质量分数达到1%时,熔覆层具有最高的平均硬度与最好的耐海水腐蚀性能;过高的CeO_(2)含量则会加剧电偶腐蚀效应,降低其耐腐蚀性能。该研究为后续在Q235钢材表面制备耐腐蚀的激光熔覆合金涂层、改善合金材料表面性能提供了理论参考依据。