Case of pancreatic metastasis from colon cancer in which cell block using the Trefle^■ endoscopic scraper enables differential diagnosis from pancreatic cancer

Endoscopic transpapillary brush cytology and forceps biopsy during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatology are generally used to obtain pathological evidence of biliary strictures. Recently, the new endoscopic scraper Trefle~? has been reported and demonstrated high cancer detectability in malignant biliary strictures. This device is used to scrape the stricture over the guidewire, and, in the original method, the tissue and/or cell samples obtained are subjected to histological and/or cytological analysis separately. However, discrimination of chunks of tissue is hampered by the opacity of the surrounding fluid. We have developed a cell block technique for the Trefle~? device without dividing obtained specimens into tissue and cellular components, which is the simplest method and enables immunohistochemical analysis. We present a case of obstructive jaundice diagnosed immunohistochemically as pancreatic metastasis from colon cancer using cell block sections obtained with the Trefle~? device, which procedure is as easy as conventional brush cytology.

Delay of ZGA initiation occurred in 2-cell blocked mouse embryos

One-cell mouse embryos from KM strain and B6C3F1 strain were cultured in M16 medium, in which2-cell block generally occurs. Embryos of KM strain exhibited 2-cell block, whereas B6C3F1 embryos,which are regarded as a nonblocking strain, proceeded to the 4-cell stage in our culture condition. It is oftenassumed that the block of early development is due to the failure of zygotic gene activation (ZGA) in culturedembryos. In this study we examined protein synthesis patterns by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of[35S] methionine radiolabeled 2-cell embryos. Embryos from the blocking strain and the nonblocking strainwere compared in their development both in vitro and in vivo. The detection of TRC expression, a markerof ZGA, at 42 h post hCG in KM embryos developed in vitro suggested that ZGA was also initiated even inthe 2-cell arrested embryos. Nevertheless, a significant delay of ZGA was observed in KM strain as comparedwith normally developed B6C3F1 embryos. At the very beginning of major ZGA as early as 36 h post hCG,TRC has already been expressed in B6C3F1 embryos developed in vitro and KM embryos developed in vivo.But for 2-cell blocked KM embryos, TRC was still not detectable even at 38 h post hCG. These evidencessuggest that 2-cell-blocked embryos do initiate ZGA, and that 2-cell block phenomenon is due not to thedisability in initiating ZGA, but to a delay of ZGA.

Application of malignant pleural effusion cell blocks in the diagnosis and personalized treatment of advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of immunocytochemistry and related gene detection using cell block for the diagnosis and individualized treatment of advanced lung cancer.Methods Sixty-five malignant pleural effusion specimens were collected to make cell blocks, which were used for hematoxylin and eosin(H&E) staining, immunocytochemical studies, and gene sequencing of the tumors to guide the individualized diagnoses and treatment of the given tumors. Results The tumor cells in the cell block sections were abundant in number with high quality cellular structures, and the histological morphological characteristics were partially maintained. Immunocytochemical staining was helpful in identifying the cell origin and tumor classification, and amplification refractory mutation system(ARMS) was used to determine the mutation status of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR). Of the 65 samples, 50 had a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, 7 were pulmonary squamous cells, 6 were small cell carcinoma of the lung, and 2 were mesothelioma. The morphological features of the tumors were as follows: acinar formation, papillary and single cells for adenocarcinoma;intercellular bridges for squamous cell carcinoma;and morphology of the small cells is similar to that of the smear. Correlating with the results of immunocytochemical staining and clinical data analysis, 40 cases were confirmed as pulmonary adenocarcinoma, with an additional 4 cases of breast cancer, 3 cases of ovarian adenocarcinoma, and 3 cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Of the 47 non-small cell lung carcinoma(NSCLC) patients, EGFR mutations were detected in 26 cases(55.3%) by ARMS, with four mutation types: exon 19 deletion(13 cases, 50.0%), exon 2l point mutations L858R(11 cases, 42.3%) and L861Q(1 case, 3.8%), and exon 18 point mutation G719X(1 case, 3.8%). Conclusion Malignant pleural effusion cell blocks combined with immunocytochemical markers and molecular pathology are helpful for the diagnosis of advanced tumors, the identification of tumor properties and histological tumor origin, and the selection of individualized treatment for advanced lung cancer.

Use of Liquid-Based Cytology (LBC) and Cell Blocks from Cell Remnants for Cytologic, Immunohistochemical, and Immunocytochemical Diagnosis of Malignancy

Great advances in screening have lowered the death rate from cervical cancer in the advanced countries. The major advances in cervical cancer screening include the Papanicolaou (Pap) test and liquid-based cytology (LBC). In this study, we aimed to use cell remnants from LBC specimens from uterine cervix and endometrium, aspirates from breast and thyroid tumors, and liquid samples (ascites, pleural effusion, and urine). Cell blocks made from cell remnants of LBC specimens were immunohistochemically or immunocytochemically stained for several biomarkers including certain tumor markers such together with hematoxylin and eosin staining for accurate diagnosis of malignancies in different samples. The findings from the cell blocks stained with these biomarkers combined with those from Pap stain led to easily diagnosis of the presence or absence of malignancies. Our findings suggest the utility of LBC and cell blocks from cell remnants in cytologic diagnosis in certain specimens.

TBNA联合Cell-block技术在纵隔淋巴结/肿块诊断中的运用

目的探讨支气管镜引导针吸活检术(TBNA)联合cell block(细胞块)技术在纵隔淋巴结/肿块诊断中的运用价值。方法通过选择2016年1月-2016年10月在我院住院治疗疑似肺癌患者80例作为研究对象,采用TBNA采集标本,分别进行取样细胞涂片检测与cell block制片及免疫组化检测,所有患者均通过肺穿刺/TBNA取得组织学病理结果作为金标准,比较两种细胞学检测方法诊断优劣。结果在80例疑似肺癌患者中,组织病理学确诊72例(腺癌35例,鳞癌24例,小细胞癌12例,其它1例)。我们通过常规TBNA细胞学检出41例,TBNA联合Cell block技术组检出56例。常规TBNA细胞学检测敏感性、阴性预测值、准确性分别为56.9%、20.5%、61.3%;Cell block免疫组化检测敏感性、阴性预测值、准确性分别为77.8%、33.3%、80.0%。TBNA联合Cell block技术组免疫组化检测敏感性、阴性预测值、准确性明显高于常规TBNA细胞学检测方法,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 TBNA联合Cell-block技术可以提高TBNA对肺癌诊断的灵敏度以及准确度,值得临床推广运用。

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology in pancreaticobiliary carcinomas:diagnostic efficacy of cell-block immunocyto-chemistry

BACKGROUND:Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology was demonstrated to be a useful tool for the diagnosis and staging of pancreaticobiliary neoplastic lesions.Nonetheless,the diagnostic value of this procedure may be limited by low cellularity of the specimen,contamination of intestinal cells and unfeasibility of ancillary immunocytochemical procedures.The present study was to evaluate its usefulness in the diagnosis of neoplastic lesions.METHODS:A series of 46 pancreaticobiliary carcinomas with available cell block preparations was submitted to immunocytochemistry against cytokeratins,carcinoembryonic antigen,E-cadherin,CD10 and p53.The sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive values of the cytological smear in the discrimination of malignant lesions were calculated and compared with those of cell block preparation with the immunocytochemical stains against p53 and CD10.RESULTS:According to our findings,the use of cell block preparations together with immunostains against p53 and CD10allowed to discriminate malignant versus benign specimens with higher sensitivity than the only cytological examination.In detail,CD10 immunostaining was of significant help for the discrimination between cytological contaminants,such as benign gastrointestinal cells,and the neoplastic elements of pancreaticobiliary well differentiated adenocarcinomas.Also,intense nuclear immunoreactivity for p53 was encountered in about 2/3 of the cases and identified pancreatic malignancy with high sensitivity.CONCLUSIONS:We suggest that immunocytochemistry against both CD10 and p53 could be applied case by case,mainly to differentiate gastrointestinal and pancreatic benign cellular contaminants showing hyperplasia or reactive changes from differentiated pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinomas.

Cartilage and bone tissue engineering using adipose stromal/stem cells spheroids as building blocks

Scaffold-free techniques in the developmental tissue engineering area are designed to mimic in vivo embryonic processes with the aim of biofabricating,in vitro,tissues with more authentic properties.Cell clusters called spheroids are the basis for scaffold-free tissue engineering.In this review,we explore the use of spheroids from adult mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a model in the developmental engineering area in order to mimic the developmental stages of cartilage and bone tissues.Spheroids from adult mesenchymal stromal/stem cells lineages recapitulate crucial events in bone and cartilage formation during embryogenesis,and are capable of spontaneously fusing to other spheroids,making them ideal building blocks for bone and cartilage tissue engineering.Here,we discuss data from ours and other labs on the use of adipose stromal/stem cell spheroids in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in vitro.Overall,recent studies support the notion that spheroids are ideal"building blocks"for tissue engineering by“bottom-up”approaches,which are based on tissue assembly by advanced techniques such as three-dimensional bioprinting.Further studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that orchestrate spheroid fusion are now crucial to support continued development of bottom-up tissue engineering approaches such as three-dimensional bioprinting.

Is it possible to block the cancer cells in circulating blood by extracorporeal circulation? Implications of the immune system and other factors (review)

The presence of cancer cells in circulating blood and the possibility of colonization in the tissues of the body worsen in a determinant way the prognosis of the disease. Nevertheless, there are factors in the body that can lead to a prognostic improvement, even in such conditions. In addition to the immune system, other favorable factors can act at the level of the microenvironment of the tumor so much that cases of spontaneous total regression, not only of primary tumors but also metastases, have been reported in the literature. Since it was recently reported that patients with renal tumors and in permanent hemodialysis present at post mortem examination, a metastatic spread much less extensive than observed in patients deceased for renal tumors but not on hemodialysis. The authors maintain it likely that the dialytic membrane concurs to block at least in part the cancer cells circulating in the blood. The possibility to block cancer cells can be extended in addition to the dialytic membrane also to other types of filters inserted in the extracorporeal circulation. The block of the cancer cells thus is obtained and that occurs in regional lymph nodes and in the microenvironment of the tumor causing a relative increase in the elements of the immune system compared to the number of cancer cells, which could determine clearly positive therapeutic results also in cases with advanced metastatic spread.

肺癌病理应用支气管冲洗细胞块免疫组化链霉菌亲生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶连接法染色的诊断效果及检出率评价

目的探讨肺癌病理应用支气管冲洗细胞块免疫组化链霉菌亲生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶连接法(SP)染色的诊断效果及检出率。方法选取2017年2月至2021年12月广东省开平市中心医院收治的70例经支气管冲洗液检查阳性患者作为研究对象。采用液基薄层细胞学(TCT)技术制备细胞块,分别采用免疫组化SP法、苏木精伊红染色(HE)进行常规细胞学检查,比较两种检测方法诊断效能及不同肺癌类型免疫组化SP法检查后不同抗体阳性表达率比较。结果免疫组化SP法对恶性肿瘤诊断的灵敏度为96.15%、准确度为95.71%,均高于HE染色的69.23%、70.00%(P<0.05),特异度为94.44%,高于HE染色的72.22%,但差异无统计学意义。免疫组化SP法对肺癌病理类型总检出率高于HE染色,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。免疫组化SP法对肌上皮(p63)、细胞角蛋白5/6抗体(CK5/6)、细胞角蛋白7(CK7);甲状腺转录因子-1(TTF-1)、突触素(Syn)、人表皮生长因子受体-5(CD56),增殖细胞的核抗原(Ki67),天冬氨酸蛋白酶(Napsin-A)表达阳性率均高于HE染色,差异统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同类型肺癌患者p63、CK5/6、CK7、TTF-1、Syn、CD56、Ki67、Napsin-A阳性表达率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论支气管冲洗液细胞块免疫组化SP法染色对肺癌有较高的诊断价值,对不同类型肺癌有较高的检出率及鉴别率,具有重要的临床意义。

基于IBM Cell多核平台的OpenMP数组私有化技术研究

数组私有化是并行化编译中的重要技术之一,IBMCell是异构多核处理器,SPMD代表实现OpenMP数组私有化的重要手段,但是SPMD形式的OpenMP程序却不能直接通过IBMXLC(适用于IBMCell多核平台的编译器)的编译.为了解决该问题,并充分利用IBMCell本地存储器中的静态缓冲区以减少DMA通信,提出一种IBMCell多核平台的OpenMP数组私有化技术.旨在充分利用本地存储器、减少DMA通信,集中处理可重用数据的私有化.主要包括:数组私有化分析、数组私有化转换、同步消除与非阻塞DMA操作,从而扩大数据的可重用作用域.转换后的Jacobi迭代代码进行实际测试表明,这种基于IBMCell多核平台的数组私有化技术能够平均提高3%左右的执行性能,尤其对于小规模计算来说性能提高还会更多.

细胞蜡块和分子检测在恶性胸腔积液病理诊断中的应用

目的探讨恶性胸腔积液制备细胞蜡块技术在病理诊断中的优势,并阐述其与免疫组化及分子检测相结合在实现个体精准化治疗中的运用价值。方法回顾性分析我院248例胸腔积液细胞学涂片及细胞蜡块的HE形态,评价细胞蜡块免疫组化的特点,并对80例标本行荧光定量微滴式数字PCR及二代测序NGS。结果与传统细胞学涂片及液基细胞学相比,胸水细胞蜡块细胞数量增多且具有一定的空间结构,免疫组化以CK7,NapsinA,TTF-1阳性最多见,提示肿瘤原发灶多为肺来源。常规细胞学组和细胞蜡块组诊断恶性胸腔积液的灵敏度、特异度及准确性分别为87%、75%、87%和99%、87%、99%。常规细胞学组与细胞蜡块组两种诊断方法一致性较差(Kappa值为0.269)。常规细胞学和细胞蜡块诊断之间具有显著差异(P<0.05)。46%(37/80)患者胸水细胞蜡块行ddPCR及NGS分子检测出现基因突变,主要为EGFR、PD-L1、KRAS和TP53等,其中EGFR突变率分别约为34%。27%(7/26)患者PD-L1免疫组化结果示阳性。结论细胞蜡块技术在胸腔积液良恶性诊断及鉴别来源中具有重要的作用,不仅为基因检测提供了有价值的标本,并且提高了晚期癌症患者临床靶向治疗的可能性。

模型化研究药物小分子阻滞细胞周期

基于扩散动力学与细胞信号传导动力学,研究药物小分子对细胞周期的阻滞特性.理论模型考虑药物小分子穿越细胞膜输运的动力学特性,以及进入细胞内的药物分子对细胞周期的阻滞效应.研究发现,穿越细胞膜内层进入细胞内的药物分子,将会在很大程度上决定药物分子对相关的靶向基因、蛋白的阻滞功效.细胞膜对药物分子的输运特性,是影响药物分子阻滞细胞周期的关键因素.另外,药物分子的降解程度,将会改变药物分子与靶向基因、蛋白作用时间,进而改变对相关细胞生长增殖的抑制效应.通过对模型中各参数的敏感度分析,我们确认了药物分子穿越细胞膜、进入细胞内过程的多种因素对细胞周期的抑制效应.本文理论结果符合模拟、实验观测,进一步深刻揭示了药物小分子阻滞细胞周期的物理机制,可为设计确切的疗法药物提供必要的参考和新方案.

花鲈肠上皮细胞原代培养及鉴定方法的探讨研究

为探究建立稳定可靠的花鲈肠上皮细胞原代培养方法,通过组织块法和酶消化法培养花鲈肠上皮细胞,确定酶消化法的最佳消化液及消化时间,所得细胞悬液于L-15培养液中进行培养。利用形态学观察、透射电镜观察和碱性磷酸酶染色方法对细胞进行鉴定。结果显示:组织块法细胞迁出情况不稳定,且迁出时间较长;酶消化法的最佳消化液为胶原酶Ⅰ、Ⅳ联合消化液,最佳消化时间为45 min;胶原酶Ⅰ、Ⅳ联合消化法获得的细胞连接紧密、排列整齐、呈上皮细胞典型的“铺路石”状,细胞相对独立、界限清晰。透射电镜观察和碱性磷酸酶染色进一步证实所培养的细胞为肠上皮细胞。总之,经胶原酶Ⅰ、Ⅳ联合消化液消化45 min、培养48 h可得到初始条件一致、生长旺盛的花鲈原代肠上皮细胞。

Liposomal Bupivacaine in Erector Spinae Plane Block and Interscalene Block for Scapular and Proximal Humerus Resections

Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is a novel fascial plane block that was first described in 2016. It is considered an alternative for brachial plexus blocks in shoulder surgeries as the erector spinae muscle extends to the cervical level. Herein, we present a successful multilevel ESPB plus an interscalene block using liposomal bupivacaine in a 45-year-old female patient with metastatic sarcoma who presented for scapula and proximal humerus resection. The post-operative course was smooth, and the patient was discharged home on post-operative day 2 with minimal narcotic requirements.

宫颈液基细胞块联合免疫组化在宫颈癌筛查中的应用价值

目的:探讨宫颈液基细胞块联合免疫组化(IHC)在宫颈癌筛查中的应用价值。方法:对239例HPV及宫颈液基细胞学双阳性的残留标本进行细胞块制作、石蜡切片、免疫组化染色。观察其病理及免疫表型特征,并分析其应用价值。结果:液基细胞学被诊断为非典型鳞状细胞,意义不明(atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance,ASC-US)的90例标本中,经细胞块再确诊分流为低级别鳞状细胞上皮内病变(low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions,LSIL)39例、高级别鳞状细胞上皮内病变(high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions,HSIL)17例、宫颈腺癌1例及炎性/未见上皮内病变33例。细胞学诊断为LSIL的87例标本中,经细胞块确诊分流:LSIL 79例、炎性/未见上皮内病变8例。细胞学诊断为非典型鳞状细胞,不排除肿瘤病变(atypical squamous cells not excluding neoplastic lesions,ASC-H)的20例中,经细胞块确诊分流:LSIL 2例、HSIL 15例、鳞癌(squamous cell carcinoma,SCC)1例及炎性/未见上皮内病变2例。液基细胞学诊断为HSIL的32例中,细胞块确诊分流:HSIL 24例、SCC 6例及炎性/未见上皮内病变2例。液基细胞学诊断为腺细胞非典型增生(atypical glandular cells,AGC)的10例中,细胞块确诊分流:宫颈腺浸润性腺癌2例,子宫内膜腺癌1例。结论:宫颈液基细胞块联合IHC在宫颈病变及宫颈癌筛查中具有很好的应用价值,能有效分流细胞学中一些诊断不明确的病例,从而提高宫颈病变诊断准确性。是对宫颈液基细胞学及HPV检测的有效补充。

胸水细胞蜡块与免疫组化对肺癌的诊断敏感性分析

目的 研究胸水细胞蜡块与免疫组化对肺癌的诊断敏感性。方法 纳入我院2020年1至2023年1月收治的126例疑似肺癌患者,病理检查显示肺癌105例,肺良性病变21例。所有患者均行薄层液基细胞学检查与胸水细胞蜡块与免疫组化检查,观察比较不同检查方式对肺癌的诊断效能。结果 薄层液基细胞学检查结果显示,恶性93例(73.81%),良性33例(26.19%);以病理检查结果为金标准,薄层液基细胞学检查的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为80.95%、61.90%、77.78%、91.40%、39.39%。胸水细胞蜡块与免疫组化检查结果显示,恶性103例(81.75%),良性23例(18.25%);以病理检查结果为金标准,胸水细胞蜡块与免疫组化检查的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为96.19%、90.48%、95.24%、98.06%、82.61%。胸水细胞蜡块与免疫组化检查灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阴性预测值均高于薄层液基细胞学检查(P <0.05);胸水细胞蜡块与免疫组化检查诊断肺癌不同分型的整体检出率为91.43%。结论 胸水细胞蜡块与免疫组化诊断肺癌具有较高的敏感性与特异性,且能够有效检出不同类型肺癌。

基于K-means聚类的超启发式跨单元调度方法

结合我国制造业实际生产状况,针对柔性作业车间跨单元调度问题,提出一种基于K-means聚类的超启发式算法。应用K-means聚类算法将相近属性的实体划入相应“工件簇”决策块中,采用蚁群算法为每个决策块选择启发式规则;对每个决策块内的实体运用相应的启发式规则产生调度解。仿真结果表明:该算法以决策块的形式适度增大了计算粒度,有效降低了算法时间复杂度,以聚类的方式将具有相近属性的被加工实体进行聚集,有利于为不同属性的实体选择合适的规则。该算法提高了计算效率,具有较好的优化性能,是解决柔性跨单元调度的一种有效算法。

PEMFC船形堵块阴极流场的性能

建立流体体积(VOF)两相流模型,研究船形堵块流道的排水性能。建立不同开孔率的船形堵块流道三维模型,研究船形堵块及开孔率对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)性能的影响。船形堵块流道峰值净功率密度相较于传统直流道可提升9.4%,相较于同堵塞率下的梯形堵块流道可提高2.9%,具有较好的强化传质作用。通过提高船形堵块流道的开孔率,PEMFC可以获得更好的性能。在相同开孔率下,船形堵块流道的氧气摩尔浓度较直流道和梯形堵块流道分别提高28.6%和14.0%。结果表明,相较于传统直流道,船形堵块流道可降低排水周期和流道内平均水含量,具有更好的排水性能。

240 kA铝电解槽阴极全石墨化改造实践

通过对240 kA铝电解槽全石墨阴极改造实践进行全程跟踪分析,多角度对铝电解槽阴极全石墨的组装、大修、焙烧、启动和后期管理生产过程优化,获得全石墨化阴极在240 kA系列改造后取得了良好的效果,实践证实了全石墨阴极在铝电解生产中能起到积极的作用,给电解槽的平稳运行创造了条件,实现铝电解槽低电压的平稳运行技术,提高铝电解槽电流效率和原铝纯度,为电解铝低能耗生产提供了一个重要技术支持。

An Analytical Model for a Sectored Cellular Network with Embedded Small Cells

In order to handle the huge amounts of data transmitted through hot spots and to increase cell coverage in buildings, this paper proposes a sectored cellular network with small cells (SCNSC) embedded in each sector. Two region types, sectors and variable-radius small cells are classified in an SCNSC macro cell. Because the system capacity is enhanced by using fractional frequency reuse (FFR), the overall channel bandwidth is divided into two or three frequency bands depending on whether the number of sectors in a macro cell is even or odd. For the purpose of topological evaluation on the proposed SCNSC, we build an analytical model using Markov chain theory. The performance measures include new-call blocking and handoff-call dropping probabilities, average waiting times, and normalized throughputs in each sector and its embedded small cell by varying mobile stations’ moving speeds, the number of sectors, and the radius size of an embedded small cell. From the evaluation results, it is demonstrated that adjusting either the number of sectors or the coverage of an embedded cell can satisfy different service demands.