Effect of insulin and metformin on methylation and glycolipid metabolism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γcoactivator-1A of rat offspring with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective:To discuss the effect of insulin and metformin on amethylation and glycolipid metabolism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1A(PPARGC1A) of rat offspring with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM).Methods:A total of 45 pregnant rats received the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to establish the pregnant rat model of GDM.A total of 21 pregnant rats with GDM were randomly divided into three groups,with 7ruts in each group,namely the insulin group,metformin group and control group.Rats in the insulin group received the abdominal subcutaneous injection of 1 mL/kg recombinant insulin glargine at 18:00 every day.Rats in the metformin group received the intragastric infusion of metformin hydrochloride at 18:00 every day,with the first dose of 300 mg/kg.The doses of two groups were adjusted every 3 d to maintain the blood glucose level at 2.65-7.62 mmol/L.Rats in the control group received the intragastric infusion of 1 mL normal saline at 18:00 every day.After the natural delivery of pregnant rats.10 offspring rats were randomly selected from each group.At birth,4 wk and 8 wk after the birth of offspring rats,the weight of offspring rats was measured.The blood glucose level of offspring rats was measured at 4wk and 8 wk,while the level of serum insulin,triglyceride and leptin was measured at 8 wk.Results:The weight of offspring rats at birth in the insulin group and metformin group was significantly lower than the one in the control group(P<0.05),and there was no significant difference at 4 wk and 8 wk among three groups(P>0.05).The fasting blood glucose and random blood glucose in the insulin group and metformin group at 4 wk and 8 wk were all significantly lower than ones in the control group(P<0.05);there was no significant difference between the insulin group and metformin group(P>0.05).The expression of PPARGC1 A mRNA in the insulin group and metformin group was significantly higher and the methylation level of PPARGC1 A was significantly lower than the one in the control group(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the insulin group and metformin group(P>0.05).Insulin and leptin at 8 wk in the insulin group and metformin group were significantly higher,while triglyceride was significantly lower than the one in the control group(P<0.05);triglyceride level of rats in the insulin group was significantly higher than the one in the metformin group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in insulin and leptin level of offspring rats between the insulin group and metformin group(P>0.05).Conclusions:GDM can induce the methylation of PPARGC1 A of offspring rats to reduce the expression of PPARGC1 A mRNA and then cause the disorder of glycolipid metabolism when the offspring rats grow up;the insulin or metformin in the treatment of pregnant rats with GDM can reduce the methylation level of PPARGC1 A and thus improve the abnormal glycolipid metabolism of offspring rats.

Activation of G-protein-coupled receptor 39 reduces neuropathic pain in a rat model

Activated G-protein-coupled receptor 39(GPR39)has been shown to attenuate inflammation by interacting with sirtuin 1(SIRT1)and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γcoactivator 1α(PGC-1α).However,whether GPR39 attenuates neuropathic pain remains unclear.In this study,we established a Sprague-Dawley rat model of spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain and found that GPR39 expression was significantly decreased in neurons and microglia in the spinal dorsal horn compared with sham-operated rats.Intrathecal injection of TC-G 1008,a specific agonist of GPR39,significantly alleviated mechanical allodynia in the rats with spared nerve injury,improved spinal cord mitochondrial biogenesis,and alleviated neuroinflammation.These changes were abolished by GPR39 small interfering RNA(siRNA),Ex-527(SIRT1 inhibitor),and PGC-1αsiRNA.Taken together,these findings show that GPR39 activation ameliorates mechanical allodynia by activating the SIRT1/PGC-1αpathway in rats with spared nerve injury.

Distinct expression profiles of transcriptional coactivators for thyroid hormone receptors during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis

The biological effects of thyroid hormone (T3) are mediated by the thyroid hormone receptor (TR). Amphibian metamorphosis is one of the most dramatic processes that are dependent on T3. T3 regulates a series of orchestrated developmental changes, which ultimately result in the conversion of an aquatic herbivorous tadpole to a terrestrial carnivorous frog. T3 is presumed to bind to TRs, which in turn recruit coactivators, leading to gene activation. The best-studied coactivators belong to the p160 or SRC family. Members of this family include SRC1/NCoA-1, SRC2/TIF2/GRIP1, and SRC3/pCIP/ACTR/AIB-1/RAC-3/TRAM-1. These SRCs interact directly with liganded TR and function as adapter molecules to recruit other coactivators such as p300/CBP. Here, we studied the expression patterns of these coactivators during various stages of development. Amongst the coactivators cloned in Xenopus laevis, SRC3 was found to be dramatically upregulated during natural and T3-induced metamorphosis, and SRC2 and p300 are expressed throughout postembryonic development with little change in their expression levels. These results support the view that these coactivators participate in gene regulation by TR during metamorphosis.

Inhibitory roles of protein kinase B and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator on hepatic HMG-CoA reductase promoter activity

Since we had previously demonstrated that siRNAs to tristetraprolin (TTP) markedly inhibited insulin stimulation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) transcription, we investigated the effects of transfecting rat liver with TTP constructs. We found that transfecting diabetic rats with TTP did not increase HMGR transcription but rather led to modest inhibition. We then investigated whether co-transfection with protein kinase B, hepatic form (AKT2), might lead to phosphorylation and result in activation of HMGR transcription. We found that this treatment resulted in near complete inhibition of transcription. Transfection with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g coactivator (PGC-1a) also inhibited HMGR transcription. These results show that although TTP is needed for activation of HMGR transcription, it cannot by itself activate this process. AKT2 and PGC-1a, which mediate the activation of gluconeogenic genes by insulin, exert the opposite effect on HMGR.

Role of Neuropeptide Y and Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Coactivator-1α in Stress Cardiomyopathy

Death following situations of intense emotional stress has been linked to the cardiac pathology described as stress cardiomyopathy, whose pathomechanism is still not clear. In this study, we sought to determine, via an animal model, whether the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) and the amino peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY) play a role in the pathogenesis of this cardiac entity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats in the experimental group were subjected to immobilization in a plexy glass box for 1 h, which was followed by low voltage elec-tric foot shock for about 1h at 10s intervals in a cage fitted with metallic rods. After 25 days the rats were sacrificed and sections of their hearts were processed. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of cardiac tissues revealed the characteristic cardiac lesions of stress cardiomyopathy such as contraction band necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. The semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis for PGC-1α mRNA expression showed significant overexpression of PGC1-α in the stress-subjected rats (P<0.05). Fluorescence immunohistochemistry revealed a higher production of NPY in the stress-subjected rats as compared to the control rats (P=0.0027). Thus, we are led to conclude that following periods of intense stress, an increased expression of PGC1-α in the heart and an overflow of NPY may lead to stress car-diomyopathy and even death in susceptible victims. Moreover, these markers can be used to identify stress cardiomyopathy as the cause of sudden death in specific cases.

Mechanism of acupuncture in attenuating cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury based on nuclear receptor coactivator 4 mediated ferritinophagy

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of acupuncture treatment on cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury(CIRI)and reveal the underlying mechanism of the effect based on nuclear receptor coactivator 4(NCOA4)mediated ferritinophagy.METHODS:Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into four groups:the sham group,model group,acupuncture group,and sham acupuncture group.After 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO),reperfusion was performed for 24 h to induce CIRI.The rats were treated with acupuncture at the Neiguan(PC6)and Shuigou(GV26)acupoints.Their neurological function was evaluated by taking their Bederson scores at 2 h after ischaemia and 24 h after reperfusion.Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was applied to assess the cerebral infarct volume at 24 h after reperfusion.The malondialdehyde(MDA)and ferrous iron(Fe^(2+))levels were observed after 24 h of reperfusion using an assay kit.Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of NCOA4 and ferritin heavy chain 1(FTH1)at 24 h after reperfusion.Moreover,the colocalization of ferritin with neurons,NCOA4 with microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3),and NCOA4 with ferritin was visualized using immunofluorescence staining.RESULTS:Acupuncture significantly improved neurological function and decreased cerebral infarct volume in the acupuncture group.Following CIRI,the expression of NCOA4,LC3 and FTH1 was increased,which enhanced ferritinophagy and induced an inappropriate accumulation of Fe^(2+)and MDA in the ischaemic brain.However,acupuncture dramatically downregulated the expression of NCOA4,LC3 and FTH1,inhibited the overactivation of ferritinophagy,and decreased the levels of MDA and Fe^(2+).CONCLUSIONS:Acupuncture can inhibit NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy and protect neurons against CIRI in a rat model.

Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 is a critical regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and gouty arthritis

Transcriptional coactivators regulate the rate of gene expression in the nucleus.Nuclear receptor coactivator 6(NCOA6),a coactivator,has been implicated in embryonic development,metabolism,and cancer pathogenesis,but its role in innate immunity and inflammatory diseases remains unclear.Here,we demonstrated that NCOA6 was expressed in monocytes and macrophages and that its level was increased under proinflammatory conditions.Unexpectedly,nuclear NCOA6 was found to translocate to the cytoplasm in activated monocytes and then become incorporated into the inflammasome with NLRP3 and ASC,forming cytoplasmic specks.Mechanistically,NCOA6 associated with the ATP hydrolysis motifs in the NACHT domain of NLRP3,promoting the oligomerization of NLRP3 and ASC and thereby instigating the production of IL-1βand active caspase-1.Of note,Ncoa6 deficiency markedly inhibited NLRP3 hyperactivation caused by the Nlrp3^(R258W) gain-of-function mutation in macrophages.Genetic ablation of Ncoa6 substantially attenuated the severity of two NLRP3-dependent diseases,folic-induced acute tubular necrosis and crystal-induced arthritis,in mice.Consistent with these findings,NCOA6 was highly expressed in macrophages derived from gout patients,and NCOA6-positive macrophages were significantly enriched in gout macrophages according to the transcriptome profiling results.Conclusively,NCOA6 is a critical regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and is therefore a promising target for NLRP3-dependent diseases,including gout.

Down-regulated expressions of PPAR_γ and its coactivator PGC-1 are related to gastric carcinogenesis and Lauren's classification in gastric carcinoma

Objective： To explore the relationship between peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma （PPARγ） and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 （PGC-1） expression in gastric carcinoma （GC）, and analyze their correlations with clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes of patients. Methods：The two-step immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of PPARγ and PGC-1 in 179 cases of GC, and 108 cases of matched normal gastric mucosa. Besides, 16 cases of fresh GC specimens and corresponding normal gastric mucosa were detected for PGC-1 expression with Western blotting. Results： The positive rates of PPART and PGC-1 expression were significantly lower in GC （54.75%, 49.16%） than in normal gastric mucosa （70.37%, 71.30%）, respectively （P〈0.05）. The decreased expression of PGC-1 in GC was confirmed ha our Western blot analysis （P=0.004）. PPAR7 and PGC-1 expressions were related to Lauren＇s types ofGC （P〈0.05）. Positive correlation was found between PPART and PGC-1 expression in GC （rk=0.422, P〈0.001）. The survival time of PPART negative and positive patients was 36.6±3.0 vs. 38.5_＋2.7 months, and no statistical difference was found between the 5-year survival rates of two groups （34.4% vs. 44.1%, P=0.522, log-rank test）; the survival time of PGC-1 negative and positive patients was 36.2±2.8 vs. 39.9±2.9 months, while no statistical difference was found between the 5-year survival rates of the two groups （32.0% vs. 48.2%, P=0.462, log-rank test） Conclusions＇. Decreased expression of PPARγand PGC-1 in GC was related to the Lauren＇s classification. Their expressions in GC were positively correlated, indicating that their fimctions in gastric carcinogenesis may be closely related.

山甲白花汤联合吉西他滨抗胰腺癌耐药机制研究

目的:探讨山甲白花汤联合吉西他滨抗胰腺癌耐药的作用机制。方法:将30只小鼠按随机数表法分为模型组、吉西他滨组和联合组,构建皮下移植瘤小鼠模型,分别使用山甲白花汤、吉西他滨及联合处理小鼠,观察肿瘤的体积、重量变化和类固醇受体辅激活因子/分化抑制蛋白1(Src/Id1)信号通路蛋白。将人胰腺癌细胞系1(PANC-1)细胞分为对照组、吉西他滨处理组、联合处理组、联合+微小核糖核酸-124-3p抑制剂(miR-124-3p inhibitor)组和联合+过表达信号转导蛋白2样1(oe-SDF2L1)组,比较各组细胞增殖与迁移能力、微核糖核酸-124-3p(miR-124-3p)、信号转导蛋白2样1(SDF2L1)及信使核糖核酸(mRNA)水平。结果:与吉西他滨组比较,联合组中肿瘤体积与重量降低、Id1和磷酸化非受体酪氨酸激酶/非受体酪氨酸激酶(p-Src/Src)、SDF2L1水平降低。与对照组比较,吉西他滨处理组细胞增殖与迁移率明显降低,微小核糖核酸-124-3p(miR-124-3p)水平升高且SDF2L1水平明显降低,与吉西他滨处理组比较,联合处理组细胞增殖与迁移率明显降低,miR-124-3p水平升高且SDF2L1水平明显降低,与联合处理组比较,联合+miR-124-3p inhibitor组和联合+oe-SDF2L1组细胞增殖与迁移率均明显升高,SDF2L1水平均明显升高。结论:山甲白花汤联合吉西他滨通过上调miR-124-3p抑制SDF2L1发挥抗胰腺癌耐药作用。

丹酚酸B通过SIRT1/PGC-1α通路对Aβ_(1-42)干预N2A细胞保护作用研究

目的观察沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1(SIRT1)/过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(PGC-1α)的表达及检测活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量和线粒体膜电势,探讨丹酚酸B(SalB)减轻β淀粉样多肽1-42(Aβ1-42)干预小鼠来源神经瘤母细胞(N2A)后氧化应激损伤的作用及机制。方法使用10μM Aβ1-42寡聚体干预N2A细胞构建阿尔茨海默病(AD)细胞模型,使用40μM SalB干预细胞为对照组,模型组和SalB干预组。使用MTT法检测不同实验组细胞活力;DCFH-DA染色测定实验组细胞内ROS水平;ELISA法检测SOD,MDA水平;Western blot法和RTPCR法分别检测不同实验组SIRT1、PGC-1α蛋白和mRNA水平。结果与Aβ干预N2A细胞构建的模型组相比,SalB组处理后的模型组细胞活力显著升高(P<0.001),SalB组细胞中ROS水平显著下降(P<0.01),SOD水平显著上升(P<0.001),MDA生成显著减少(P<0.05),有效恢复线粒体膜电势(P<0.05)。另外,SalB处理后模型组细胞的SIRT1、PGC-1α蛋白和mRNA水平均升高。结论SalB可以显著降低Aβ干预N2A细胞后诱导的氧化应激反应,减少ROS产生及下调MDA水平,上调SOD水平,该神经保护作用可能与上调SIRT1/PGC-1α通路相关。

白藜芦醇通过SIRT1/PGC-1α影响牛肌管细胞线粒体生物发生和肌纤维类型转化

以牛肌管细胞为研究对象,通过添加白藜芦醇探究其对牛肌管细胞肌纤维类型转化的影响及其作用机制。通过噻唑蓝法和比色法对细胞活力和相关代谢酶活力进行测定,对成肌调节因子、肌球蛋白重链(myosin heavy chains,MyHCs)以及线粒体生物发生相关分子的基因和蛋白表达量进行测定。结果表明,白藜芦醇处理显著提高了Myf5、Myf6、MyoG和MyoD的基因表达水平(P<0.05),促进了牛肌管细胞分化。白藜芦醇处理显著提高了慢肌纤维蛋白(slow MyHC)的表达,降低了快肌纤维蛋白(fast MyHC)表达,同时上调了MyHC I和MyHC IIa基因表达水平,下调了MyHC IIx和MyHC IIb基因表达水平(P<0.05)。白藜芦醇还能显著提高牛肌管细胞中的琥珀酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶活性,降低乳酸脱氢酶活性(P<0.05),此外,白藜芦醇显著提高了沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,SIRT1)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α,PGC-1α)、核呼吸因子(nucleus respiratory factors,NRF)-1、线粒体转录因子A(mitochondrial transcription factor A,TFAM)的基因和蛋白表达水平(P<0.05)。添加SIRT1抑制剂6-氯-2,3,4,9-四氢-1H-咔唑-1-甲酰胺(1H-carbazole-1-carboxam,EX527)后,显著削弱了白藜芦醇诱导的肌纤维类型转化(P<0.05),白藜芦醇对SIRT1、PGC-1α、NRF-1和TFAM的基因和蛋白表达的促进作用被EX527显著削弱(P<0.05)。综上所述,白藜芦醇通过激活SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路促进线粒体生物发生,进而促进牛肌管肌纤维类型的转化。

土贝母苷乙通过诱导铁自噬抑制非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖

目的:探讨土贝母苷乙(tubeimosideⅡ,TBMSⅡ)诱导非小细胞肺癌细胞铁死亡的作用及潜在的分子机制。方法:体外培养非小细胞肺癌细胞H460,MTT法检测不同TBMSⅡ剂量处理的H460细胞的存活率,根据药物对细胞的抑制率的计算结果,选择细胞存活率50%的TBMSⅡ剂量为参照进行后续实验;Transwell实验检测细胞的迁移能力,克隆形成实验检测TBMSⅡ对H460细胞增殖的影响。流式细胞仪及荧光显微镜检测H460细胞中脂质活性氧(lipid reactive oxygen species,lipid ROS)水平的变化;试剂盒检测细胞中谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、总抗氧能力(T-AOC)、丙二醛(MDA)和Fe2+水平;Western blot法检测细胞中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)、溶质载体家族7成员11(solute carrier family 7 membrane 11,SLC7A11)、铁蛋白重链1(ferritin heavy chain 1,FTH1)、核受体辅激活因子4(nuclear receptor coactivator 4,NCOA4)、自噬蛋白P62和微管相关蛋白1轻链3(microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3,LC3)的表达;透射电镜检测细胞中线粒体结构的变化;免疫荧光实验检测细胞中LC3分别与FTH1和NCOA4的共定位,同时检测LC3和NCOA4与溶酶体的共定位。结果:与对照组比较,随着TBMSⅡ药物浓度增大,H460细胞的存活率、迁移能力以及克隆形成数量逐渐降低且细胞内部出现空泡;H460细胞中加入TBMSⅡ作用后,细胞中GSH和T-AOC水平降低而MDA水平升高,并且细胞中抗氧化蛋白SLC7A11和GPX4蛋白表达下降;H460细胞中的lipid ROS水平以及Fe2+随着TBMSⅡ浓度的升高而升高,而TBMSⅡ诱导的细胞死亡能够被铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1所逆转;自噬标志蛋白LC3Ⅱ/LC3 I和P62的水平随着TBMSⅡ浓度的增加而升高,且TBMSⅡ对H460细胞的线粒体形态产生影响,并且随着TBMSⅡ浓度的增加细胞中线粒体荧光强度降低;H460细胞中NCOA4蛋白的表达随着TBMSⅡ浓度增加而增加,但FTH1蛋白表达则随着TBMSⅡ浓度的增加而降低;细胞中LC3Ⅱ/FTH1以及LC3Ⅱ/NCOA4的结合能力随着TBMSⅡ浓度的增加而增强;随着TBMSⅡ浓度的增加细胞中LC3Ⅱ以及FTH1与溶酶体结合能力增强。结论:TBMSⅡ通过诱导铁自噬抑制非小细胞肺癌的增殖。

Irisin/BDNF signaling in the muscle-brain axis and circadian system: A review

In mammals,the timing of physiological,biochemical and behavioral processes over a 24-h period is controlled by circadian rhythms.To entrain the master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus to a precise 24-h rhythm,environmental zeitgebers are used by the circadian system.This is done primarily by signals from the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract,but other cues like exercise,feeding,temperature,anxiety,and social events have also been shown to act as non-photic zeitgebers.The recently identified myokine irisin is proposed to serve as an entraining non-photic signal of exercise.Irisin is a product of cleavage and modification from its precursor membrane fibronectin typeⅢdomain-containing protein 5(FNDC5)in response to exercise.Apart from well-known peripheral effects,such as inducing the"browning"of white adipocytes,irisin can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and display the effects on the brain.Experimental data suggest that FNDC5/irisin mediates the positive effects of physical activity on brain functions.In several brain areas,irisin induces the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF).In the master clock,a significant role in gating photic stimuli in the retinohypothalamic synapse for BDNF is suggested.However,the brain receptor for irisin remains unknown.In the current review,the interactions of physical activity and the irisin/BDNF axis with the circadian system are reconceptualized.

铁蛋白自噬在糖尿病及其相关并发症发病机制中的研究进展

糖尿病(DM)是一种常见的代谢性疾病,其高血糖状态可诱发多种并发症,甚至威胁人类健康和生命安全。铁蛋白自噬作为目前的研究热点,已被证实与糖尿病及其并发症的发生和发展有关。铁蛋白自噬是细胞选择性自噬的一种类型,该过程由核受体共激活因子4(NCOA4)介导,使铁蛋白在自噬体中降解并释放过量的铁离子导致铁过载,引发活性氧积聚,是细胞铁死亡的重要上游机制。现就铁蛋白自噬相关机制以及它在DM及其并发症中的发病机制进行综述,进一步分析通过调控铁蛋白自噬对DM及其并发症的影响,为进一步防治DM及其并发症提供新的思路。

基于网络药理学和SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路探究青光安Ⅱ号方的视神经保护作用

目的基于网络药理学和实验研究探讨青光安Ⅱ号方对青光眼视神经的保护作用机制。方法通过TCMSP数据库筛选青光安Ⅱ号方成分靶点,在GeneCards、Disgenet、CTD数据库挖掘青光眼相关靶点,进而筛选青光安Ⅱ号方作用于青光眼的靶点;制作蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(protein-protein interaction,PPI)网络取其交集,并通过GO分析和KEGG富集分析。建立自发性慢性高眼压DBA/2J青光眼小鼠模型,将C57BL/6J小鼠设置为空白组(等体积蒸馏水),DBA/2J小鼠随机分为模型组(等体积蒸馏水)、益脉康组[0.31 g/(kg·d)]、青光安Ⅱ号方低浓度组[0.85 g/(kg·d)]、青光安Ⅱ号方中浓度组[1.7 g/(kg·d)]、青光安Ⅱ号方高浓度组[3.4 g/(kg·d)],每组8只,每日灌胃1次。干预4周后,触式眼压笔监测小鼠眼压;HE染色观察小鼠视网膜形态结构;Western blot检测沉默信息调节因子-1(silent information regulator type-1,SIRT1)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子-1α(peroxisome proliferationactivated receptor-γ-coactivator 1α,PGC-1α)的蛋白表达水平;qRT-PCR检测SIRT1、PGC-1α的mRNA表达水平。结果从青光安Ⅱ号方共筛选得到101个活性成分和245个相关靶点,2412个青光眼疾病相关基因靶点;药物-活性成分-靶点相互作用最强的5个靶点分别是前列腺素内过氧化物合成酶2、核受体共激活因子2、胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ、前列腺素内过氧化物合成酶1以及过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma,PPARG);PPI网络显示较强的靶点是SIRT1、PPARG;GO分析和KEGG富集分析得到细胞衰老、IL-17等信号通路。与给药前相比,给药后用药组眼压显著降低(P<0.01)。给药后,与空白组相比,模型组眼压显著升高(P<0.01),视网膜中SIRT1、PGC-1αmRNA表达量和蛋白表达量均显著降低(P<0.01);与模型组相比,用药组眼压显著降低(P<0.01),SIRT1、PGC-1αmRNA表达量和蛋白表达量均显著升高(P<0.01)。与益脉康组和青光安Ⅱ号方低浓度组相比,青光安Ⅱ号方中、高浓度组SIRT1、PGC-1αmRNA表达量和SIRT1蛋白表达量显著升高(P<0.01);与青光安Ⅱ号方低浓度组相比,青光安Ⅱ号方高浓度组PGC-1α蛋白表达量均显著上升(P<0.01)。与青光安Ⅱ号方中浓度组相比,青光安Ⅱ号方高浓度组PGC-1αm RNA表达量和蛋白表达量显著升高(P<0.01)。结论青光安Ⅱ号方可有效调控SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路,抑制RGC的丢失,主要在氧化应激、细胞衰老等方面对青光眼视神经发挥保护作用。

石见穿诱导铁死亡抑制小鼠食管癌发生发展的研究

背景食管癌是一种在中国乃至全球范围内常见的消化道恶性肿瘤,具有很高的发病率和致死率。石见穿(SJC)作为传统中药,其清热解毒、活血镇痛之功常用于食管癌的治疗中。药理实验研究证明,SJC具有抗癌性,可有效治疗多种恶性肿瘤。目的基于铁死亡探讨SJC抑制C57小鼠食管原位癌发生发展的作用和机制。方法2022年2月—2023年2月选取SPF级C57BL/6雌鼠90只,随机分为对照组(Control组,n=15)、单纯4NQO诱癌组(4NQO组,n=25)、4-硝基喹啉N-氧化物(4NQO)+SJC低剂量组[4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组,n=25]和4NQO+SJC高剂量组[4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组,n=25]。采用4NQO诱导的方式进行C57小鼠食管癌原位模型的制备。观察小鼠活动情况,记录其精神状况和进食饮水情况,每隔8周分组测量小鼠体质量并进行记录。32周后进行食管组织苏木素-伊红(HE)染色和病理学分析。测定食管组织Fe^(2+)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,采用蛋白质印迹法检测小鼠食管组织中核受体共激活因子4(NCOA4),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)蛋白质的表达水平。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制小鼠的生存曲线,生存曲线的比较采用Breslow检验。结果造模8、16、24、32周4NQO组、4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组小鼠体质量低于Control组,32周4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组小鼠体质量高于4NQO组(P<0.05)。Breslow检验结果显示,4组小鼠生存曲线比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=9.907,P=0.019)。HE染色结果可见,4NQO组小鼠食管上皮组织呈现异常增生,细胞排列紊乱,出现角化珠等异常病理改变;与4NQO组比较,4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组和4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组食管上皮组织病理学改变明显改善。4NQO组、4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组Fe^(2+)、MDA均低于Control组,GSH均高于Control组(P<0.05);4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组Fe^(2+)、MDA均高于4NQO组,GSH均低于4NQO组(P<0.05);4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组Fe^(2+)、MDA均高于4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组,GSH均低于4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组(P<0.05)。4NQO组NCOA4低于Control组、4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组,GPX4高于Control组、4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组(P<0.05);4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组GPX4高于Control组(P<0.05)。结论SJC可干预食管癌的发生发展,其机制可能与NCOA4介导的铁蛋白吞噬作用相关。

铁自噬介导铁死亡在脓毒症中的研究进展

铁自噬介导铁死亡在脓毒症及其相关器官功能障碍中具有调节作用。铁自噬通过特定载体核受体激活因子4(NCOA4)介导,将细胞内的铁蛋白转移到自噬溶酶体中进行降解并释放出游离铁,以满足多种铁依赖的生理过程需要。铁自噬是构成铁死亡机制的重要组成部分。本文综述铁自噬与铁死亡机制在脓毒症治疗中的研究进展,为深入了解其发病机制和脓毒症相关器官功能障碍提供新的治疗方向。

姜黄醇对大鼠抑郁的改善作用及机制实验研究

目的:探讨姜黄醇对大鼠抑郁的改善作用及机制。方法:将18只大鼠作为假手术组,其余大鼠(72只)通过铁死亡诱导剂Erastin诱导抑郁症模型。将造模成功的抑郁大鼠随机分为Erastin组、姜黄醇组(10 mg/kg姜黄醇)、姜黄醇+pcDNA-NC组(10 mg/kg姜黄醇+尾静脉注射pcDNA-NC)、姜黄醇+pcDNA-核受体共激活因子4(NCOA4)组(10 mg/kg姜黄醇+尾静脉注射pcDNA-NCOA4),每组18只。假手术组和Erastin组给予等量0.9%氯化钠溶液。采用糖水偏好实验(SPT)、旷场实验(OFT)、悬尾实验(TST)、强迫游泳实验(FST)进行动物行为学评价。采用透射电子显微镜观察海马组织线粒体形态。采用ELISA试剂盒测定铁含量。采用Western blot检测海马组织自噬及铁死亡相关蛋白表达。结果:假手术组海马组织线粒体结构正常。与假手术组比较,Erastin组神经元中线粒体肿胀,线粒体嵴丢失,蔗糖水偏好、OFT中心区移动距离、OFT交叉次数、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)蛋白表达水平显著降低,FST静止时间、TST静止时间、OFT静止时间、总铁和亚铁含量以及NCOA4、微管相关蛋白轻链3-Ⅱ(LC3-Ⅱ)/LC3-Ⅰ、环氧合酶2(COX2)、长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶4(ACSL4)、环加氧酶2(PTGS2)蛋白表达水平显著升高(均P<0.05)。与Erastin组比较,姜黄醇组线粒体肿胀、线粒体嵴丢失现象改善,蔗糖水偏好、OFT中心区移动距离、OFT交叉次数、GPX4蛋白表达水平显著升高,FST静止时间、TST静止时间、OFT静止时间、总铁和亚铁含量以及NCOA4、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、COX2、ACSL4、PTGS2蛋白表达水平显著降低(均P<0.05)。姜黄醇+pcDNA-NCOA4组与Erastin组海马组织线粒体损伤现象相似。与姜黄醇组、姜黄醇+pcDNA-NC组比较,姜黄醇+pcDNA-NCOA4组蔗糖水偏好、OFT中心区移动距离、OFT交叉次数、GPX4蛋白表达水平显著降低,FST静止时间、TST静止时间、OFT静止时间、总铁和亚铁含量以及NCOA4、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、COX2、ACSL4、PTGS2蛋白表达水平显著升高(均P<0.05)。结论:姜黄醇可能通过下调NCOA4介导的铁自噬调控铁死亡,进而起到抗抑郁作用。

类固醇受体辅活化子-3对严重烧伤小鼠肠黏膜屏障功能损伤的影响

目的探究类固醇受体辅活化子-3(SRC-3)对严重烧伤小鼠肠黏膜屏障功能损伤的影响。方法2022年1―4月将SPF级雌性SRC-3基因敲除(SRC-3-/-)小鼠作为对实验组(n=36),并以野生型(SRC-3+/+)小鼠作为对照组(n=36),两组小鼠均诱导建立背部30%体表总面积(TBSA)Ⅲ度烧伤模型。在烧伤后第1、3、5天时,荧光素异硫氰酸酯-葡聚糖(FITC-dextran)灌胃检测肠道通透性,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测血清白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平和血浆二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性以及内毒素(ET)水平,苏木精-伊红(HE)和阿尔新蓝-过碘酸-希夫(AB-PAS)染色评估肠黏膜损伤和杯状细胞黏液分泌情况,免疫组织化学(IHC)染色检测黏蛋白2(Muc2)的表达,蛋白质印迹法检测肠黏膜中Muc2、IL-6和TNF-α蛋白表达。结果在烧伤后第1、3、5天时,与对照组(SRC-3+/+小鼠)相比,实验组SRC-3-/-小鼠血清FITC-dextran浓度[(1156.21±107.65)μg/L比(685.14±79.36)μg/L、(1425.81±115.36)μg/L比(743.72±82.29)μg/L、(1613.27±120.94)μg/L比(824.35±85.44)μg/L]、血浆DAO活性和ET水平、肠黏膜损伤评分、PAS+杯状细胞数量、血清和肠黏膜中IL-6、TNF-α水平显著升高,AB+杯状细胞数量、肠黏膜中Muc2表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论SRC-3缺失可以在严重烧伤后损害杯状细胞的分化成熟,减少肠黏液的合成与分泌,加重肠黏膜屏障功能障碍。

通关藤对胃癌小鼠Src/FAK信号通路及Th1/Th2相关因子水平的影响

目的探讨通关藤对胃癌小鼠类固醇受体共激活因子(Steroid receptor coactivator,Src)/黏着斑激酶(Focaladhesion kinase,FAK)信号通路及Th1/Th2相关因子水平的影响。方法将SPF级成年雌雄各半C57BL/6小鼠60只,根据随机数字表法分为空白对照组、模型组(注射生理盐水)、环磷酰胺组(注射环磷酰胺)、通关藤低、中、高剂量组(分别注射0.1 ml、0.2 ml、0.4 ml通关藤注射液),每组各10只。干预1次/2 d,于干预第21天时处死所有小鼠,颈部取血。测量小鼠体质量以及胸腺、脾、肿瘤质量。HE染色观察小鼠瘤体病理形态变化。流式细胞术检测小鼠CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)以及CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平,ELISA法检测白细胞介素-2(Interleukin-2,IL-2)、白细胞介素-4(Interleukin-4,IL-4)、白细胞介素-10(Interleukin-10,IL-10)、干扰素-γ(Interferon-γ,INF-γ)水平,Western blot法检测Src、磷酸化Src(p-Src)、FAK、磷酸化FAK(p-FAK)蛋白表达水平。结果与模型组比较,通关藤各干预组脾指数、胸腺指数水平升高,且随通关藤剂量增加,脾指数、胸腺指数水平、抑瘤率均升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。环磷酰胺组脾指数和胸腺指数明显低于各通关藤剂量组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);环磷酰胺组和通关藤高剂量组抑瘤率明显高于通关藤低、中剂量组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HE染色结果显示,模型组肿瘤细胞排列整齐且密集,而环磷酰胺组和通关藤各剂量组肿瘤细胞密度有所减少,且分布不均,并呈不同程度的肿瘤细胞坏死灶。与模型组比较,通关藤各干预组IL-2、INF-γ水平升高,IL-4、IL-10水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);相较于环磷酰胺组,通关藤低、中、高剂量组IL-2、INF-γ水平升高,IL-4、IL-10水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且通关藤干预剂量越高,IL-2、INF-γ水平升高越明显,IL-4、IL-10水平降低越明显(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,环磷酰胺组和通关藤各干预组CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平升高,CD8^(+)水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与环磷酰胺组比较,通关藤低、中、高剂量组CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平升高,CD8^(+)水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且通关藤干预剂量越高,CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平升高越明显,CD8^(+)水平降低越明显(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,环磷酰胺组和通关藤各干预组p-Src/Src、p-FAK/FAK蛋白水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与环磷酰胺组比较,通关藤低、中、高剂量组p-Src/Src、p-FAK/FAK蛋白水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且通关藤干预剂量越高,p-Src/Src、p-FAK/FAK蛋白水平降低越明显。结论通关藤可调节胃癌小鼠Src/FAK信号通路及Th1/Th2相关因子水平,从而发挥抑癌作用,且剂量越高,效果越显著。