An unequal fracturing stage spacing optimization model for hydraulic fracturing that considers cementing interface integrity

Determining reasonable fracturing stage spacing is the key to horizontal well fracturing.Different from traditional stage spacing optimization methods based on the principle of maximum stimulated reservoir volume,in this paper,by considering the integrity of the wellbore interface,a fracture propagation model was established based on displacement discontinuity method and the competition mechanism of multifracture joint expansion,leading to the proposal of an unequal stage spacing optimization model.The results show that in the first stage,the interfacial fractures spread symmetrically along the axis of the central point during that stage,while in the second and subsequent stages,the interfacial fractures of each cluster extend asymmetrically along the left and right sides.There are two kinds of interface connectivity behaviour:in one,the existing fractures first extend and connect within the stage,and in the other,the fractures first extend in the direction close to the previous stage,with the specific behaviour depending on the combined effect of stress shadow and flow competition during hydraulic fracture expansion.The stage spacing is positively correlated with the number of fractures and Young’s modulus of the cement and formation and is negatively correlated with the cluster spacing and horizontal principal stress difference.The sensitivity is the strongest when the Young’s modulus of the cement sheath is 10-20 GPa,and the sensitivity of the horizontal principal stress difference is the weakest.

Experimental Investigation of Second Interface Cement Bond Evaluation

Cement bond model wells （1：10 scaled-down） were made with a gradually degrading cement annulus for cement bond evaluation of the first interface （between the casing and the cement annulus） and the second interface （between the cement annulus and the formation）. Experimental simulation on cement bond logging was carried out with these model wells. The correlation of acoustic waveforms, casing wave energy and flee casing area before and after cement bonding of the second interface was established. The experimental results showed that the arrival of the casing waves had no relationship with the cement bonding of the second interface, but the amplitude of the casing head wave decreased obviously after the second interface was bonded. So, cement bonding of the second interface had little effect on the evaluation of the cement bond quality of the first interface by using casing head wave arrivals. Strong cement annulus waves with early arrivals were observed before the second interface was bonded, while obvious ＂formation waves＂ instead of cement annulus waves were observed after the second interface was bonded.

Model of Coherent Interface Formation in Cement-Based Composites Containing Polyblend of Poly vinyl Alcohol and Methylcellulose

The texture of interfacial zone between cement paste and quartz in the cement-based composites containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), methylcellulose (MC) and their potyblend in an amount of 10 wt % with respect to cement, as well as the texture of dehydrated bodies of PVA, MC, and the potyblend solutions, were investigated with SEM. The network texture of the dehydrated polyblend is confirmed by comparing the texture of dehydrated bodies of PVA and MC. The network texture has restrained the movement of polyblend molecules in the cement mortar but is helpful to forming a coherent interface between cement paste and quartz. The key factor of forming the coherent interface is not the neutralization reaction between H + from hydrolysis of quarts: and OH- from hydration of cement, but the electrostatic attraction and the chemical reaction between polar groups on the polyblend molecule and cations and onions from hydrolysis of quartz and hydration of cement, respectively. The model of the coherent interface formation is that excessive [HSiO3]- and [SiO3]2- onions are bonded with the hydrated cations such as Ca2+ and Al3+ , which is confirmed by the gel containing Ca and Si on the quartz surface.

INTERFACE AND PROPERTIES OF ALKALI-TREATED CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT COMPOSITES

The surface of carbon fibre is studied which has been treated with heated sodium hydrate solution (NaOH) . It is found that the surface of carbon fibre is not corroded during the treatment. But at the same time, it is also found that after this treatment, a certain number of carbonyl groups (C O) and (-COOH or ?COONa) are produced on the treated surface of carbon fibre. When carbon fiber is mixed with cement paste, the above reactive groups will link with Ca+2 in the paste, which will result in an early stage hydration of cement in inter facial areas. In addition, the experiments show that the rheological properties of cement paste reinforced with alkali-treated carbon fibre differ greatly from that of untreated carbon fibre reinforced cement paste.

Rough interfaces and ultrasonic imaging logging behind casing

Ultrasonic leaky Lamb waves are sensitive to defects and debonding in multilayer media. In this study, we use the finite-difference method to simulate the response of flexural waves in the presence of defects owing to casing corrosion and rough fluctuations at the cement-formation interface. The ultrasonic obliquely incidence could effectively stimulate the flexural waves. The defects owing to casing corrosion change the amplitude of the early- arrival flexural wave, which gradually decrease with increasing defect thickness on the exterior walls and is the lowest when the defect length and wavelength were comparable. The scattering at the defects decreases the energy of flexural waves in the casing that leaks directly to fluids. For rough cement-formation interface, the early-arrival flexural waves do not change, whereas the late-arrival flexural waves have reduced amplitude owing to the scattering at rough interface.

A nonlinear interface structural damage model between ice crystal and frozen clay soil

The shear properties of ice-frozen soil interface are important when studying the constitutive model of frozen soil and slope stability in cold regions. In this research, a series of cryogenic direct shear tests for ice-frozen clay soil interface were conducted. Based on experimental results, a nonlinear interface structural damage model is proposed to describe the shear properties of ice-frozen clay soil interface. Firstly, the cementation and friction structural properties of frozen soil materials were analyzed, and a structural parameter of the ice-frozen clay soil interface is proposed based on the cryogenic direct shear test results. Secondly, a structural coefficient ratio is proposed to describe the structural development degree of ice-frozen clay soil interface under load, which is able to normalize the shear stress of ice-frozen clay soil interface,and the normalized data can be described by the Duncan-Chang model. Finally, the tangent stiffness of ice-frozen clay soil interface is calculated, which can be applied to the mechanics analysis of frozen soil. Also, the shear stress of ice-frozen clay soil interface calculated by the proposed model is compared with test results.

Test Method to Simulate the Influence of the Interface on the Concrete Carbonation Process

A trial test method is introduced to form and magnify regular interface. Through researching on the carbonation of the magnifying interfacial transition zone （ITZ）, the practical carbonation of the concrete can be simulated. Because the diffusion rate of CO2 in the ITZ is several times greater than that in the bulk paste, the diffusion rate and direction of CO2 will change and form a new carbonation front line. An interfacial effect zone caused by the ITZ will change the distribution of the complete carbonation zone and the partial carbonation zone. One of the important reasons for the formation of the partial carbonation zone was the existence of the interfacial effect zone. Consequently, the method mentioned in this paper provides a new way for researching on the microstructure of the cement based materials during the carbonation process.

亲油水泥浆界面封隔性能评价研究

页岩气井油基钻井液条件下固井时,套管与井壁表面附着油膜或油基钻井液易导致水泥环界面封隔能力下降,形成窜流通道,影响后期增产改造作业。虽然前置液能有效提高界面润湿反转,但受用量、冲洗效率等因素限制,界面仍会出现油膜附着情况。为此,在水泥浆中加入亲油表面活性剂,制备形成亲油水泥浆,赋予水泥环亲油能力。采用接触角、剪切胶结强度、界面水力封隔测试等评价了亲油水泥石的亲油能力及界面封隔效果。研究发现,非极性溶剂在亲油水泥石表面接触角远低于常规水泥石表面,具备良好的亲油性能;亲油水泥石与含白油、油基钻井液的套管、页岩岩芯胶结后,一、二界面抗流体窜流压力分别提升500%和400%,胶结强度分别提高205%和122%;亲油表面活性剂的加入不会对水泥水化程度、水泥浆工程性能及水泥石力学性能产生负面影响。结果表明,亲油表面活性剂掺入后可有效提高水泥环与含油界面的封隔能力,具备提高油基钻井液条件下水泥环套管地层界面胶结与封隔性能的潜力。

循环剪切作用下含可燃冰砂土-开采井界面强度弱化细观机制

含可燃冰砂土呈现埋藏浅、未成岩和强度低的特性。波浪循环荷载作用下含可燃冰砂土-开采井界面弱化特征显著,直接影响井口稳定。采用离散元方法,通过设置波浪循环荷载引起的井筒运动,研究含可燃冰砂土-开采井界面循环剪切力学特性,并从细观角度揭示界面宏观弱化机制。结果表明:可燃冰赋存导致含可燃冰砂土-开采井界面呈显著的强度弱化及剪胀体变特征,且可燃冰饱和度越高,弱化及剪胀越显著;原因在于近井区域含可燃冰砂土在循环剪切作用下形成胶结失效区域,大部分颗粒失去胶结约束,同时少部分胶结未失效的可燃冰颗粒与邻近颗粒形成较大粒径团簇,这些颗粒和团簇翻滚错动且无法充分传递荷载,导致界面产生强度弱化和剪胀体变;法向应力与剪切振幅的增大均会加剧界面试样可燃冰颗粒的胶结失效发展,强度弱化现象更为严重。

原生混凝土强度对再生骨料透水混凝土强度的影响

将废弃混凝土试块按强度等级分类制成再生骨料,在不同水灰比条件下制备再生骨料透水混凝土。通过对所制试件进行抗压强度和弯拉强度测试、宏观和微观组织表征以及显微硬度测试,分析了原生混凝土强度和水灰比对再生骨料透水混凝土强度的影响。结果表明,再生骨料透水混凝土强度与原生混凝土强度存在明确正相关性。原生混凝土强度每提高10 MPa,再生骨料透水混凝土抗压强度可提高10%~20%,弯拉强度可提高10%~30%。不同强度等级原生混凝土制备的再生骨料透水混凝土最优水灰比呈现规律性变化。随着原生混凝土强度的提高,再生骨料表面的孔隙变小、微裂缝变少,附着的水泥浆趋于致密,所制再生骨料透水混凝土界面强度增大。

严寒环境下磷酸镁水泥砂浆与混凝土的粘结强度及影响因素研究

在严寒环境下实施混凝土路面的快速修复,要求修复材料具有早期强度高且与混凝土粘结强度好的特点。磷酸镁水泥(MPC)早期强度高,采用MPC制备快速修复材料时有利于在无养护条件下实现冬季混凝土路面的快速修复。本文研究了在严寒环境下,镁磷质量比(M/P)、硼镁质量比(B/M)和水胶比(W/C)对MPC砂浆与普通混凝土的粘结强度的影响,分析了MPC砂浆与混凝土的界面粘结强度发展规律与粘结机制。结果表明,在严寒环境下,当M/P为4~5、B/M为0.02~0.03、W/C为0.12~0.14时更有利于提高MPC砂浆与普通混凝土的粘结强度,3 h粘结强度可达2.5 MPa,能满足严寒环境下混凝土路面的快速修复要求。

废弃橡胶改性水泥基材料研究进展

橡胶颗粒具有良好的吸能变形能力,将橡胶颗粒掺入水泥基中可以有效提高材料的韧性,同时能够增强水泥基的抗冻性、抗开裂、抗冲击等性能。但由于橡胶颗粒是一种憎水物质,导致橡胶与水泥浆液的界面粘结力较弱,水泥基材料的强度有所下降,因此对橡胶水泥基材料进行化学与物理改性研究。结果表明,改性橡胶通过两种方式来增强水泥基材料的性能:其一,改性剂通过溶解橡胶颗粒表面的杂质和在其表面形成一层薄膜来提高橡胶的亲水性;其二,改性剂与水化产物发生反应,形成有效的化学交联,使橡胶颗粒与水泥浆液形成紧密连接。同时研究发现,橡胶颗粒与纤维聚合物对水泥基材料的增强增韧有协同作用。

水泥基纤维复合材料与混凝土的黏结性能试验研究

为了实现对老旧混凝土结构快速修补的目的,以磷酸镁水泥代替普通硅酸盐水泥,制备了一种高性能水泥基纤维复合修补材料,并以黏结抗拉强度、抗折强度和抗剪强度为评价指标,考察了其与混凝土结构之间的黏结性能。试验结果表明:混凝土的界面粗糙度越大,水泥基纤维复合材料与混凝土之间的黏结抗拉强度、抗折强度和抗剪强度值均先增大后减小,当界面粗糙度为3.5 mm左右时,黏结性能可达到最佳;混凝土基体强度越大,水泥基纤维复合材料与混凝土之间的黏结抗拉强度、抗折强度和抗剪强度值就越大,黏结性能越好。试验制备的水泥基纤维复合材料与混凝土之间的黏结性能较好,能够满足老旧混凝土结构修补施工的需求。

Study of interfacial transition zones between magnesium phosphate cement and Portland cement concrete pavement

The Portland cement concrete pavement(PCCP)often suffers from different environmental distresses and vehicle load failure,resulting in slab corner fractures,potholes,and other diseases.Rapid repair has become one of the effective ways to open traffic rapidly.In this study,a novel type of rapid repair material,basalt fiber reinforced polymer modified magnesium phosphate cement(BFPMPC),is used to rapidly repair PCCP.Notably,the mechanical properties and characteristics of the repair interfaces which are named interfacial transition zones(ITZs)formed by BFPMPC and cement concrete are focused on as a decisive factor for the performance of the rapid repair.The changing trend of the elastic moduli was studied by nanoindentation experiments in the ITZs with the deconvolution analysis that the elastic moduli of certain kinds of substances can be determined.The experimental results show that the elastic modulus of ITZ-1 with a width of about20μm can be regarded as 0.098 times of the aggregate,and 0.51 times of the ordinary Portland cement(OPC)mortar.The BFPMPC-OPC mortar ITZ has roughly the same mechanical properties as the ITZ between aggregate and BFPMPC.A multi-scale representative two-dimensional model was established by random aggregate and a two-dimensional extended finite element method(XFEM)to study the mechanical properties of the repair interface.The simulation results show that the ITZ formed by the interface of BFPMPC and OPC mortar and basalt aggregate is the most vulnerable to failure,which is consistent with the nano-indentation experimental results.

Interface strengthening for thermal sprayed WC-10Co4Cr coating subjected to pulsed magnetic treatment

The reliability of the coated industry components demands ideal fatigue properties of the coating,and it is mainly determined by the performance of the interfaces.In this study,pulsed magnetic treatment(PMT)was applied to the thermal sprayed WC-10Co4Cr coating,and the fatigue lifetime of the coated bolt increased by 219.82%under an imitation of the operating mode condition.Scratch tests further proved that both the adhesion and cohesion strength were improved after PMT,and they benefit from the interface strengthening effects.The formation of coherent WC/Co interfaces was characterized by in-situ transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and the molecular dynamic simulations indicate that the work of separation of these interfaces is much higher than the original disordered ones.Residual stress was relaxed and distributed more homogeneously after PMT,and it mainly contributes to the coating/substrate strengthening.This work provides a new post-treatment method focusing on the interfaces in the WC-based coating and gives insight into its mechanism so that it is hopeful to be applied to other kinds of coatings.

基于超声脉冲波的固井质量检测模拟研究

固井的主要目的是建立水泥层间分割,防止油气层与其他层间出现油气水窜通。套管与水泥环(第一界面)或水泥环与地层(第二界面)中任何一个界面水泥密封不好,都会导致水泥环层间分隔问题。因此,准确评价水泥环的固井质量对油气开发尤为重要。该文利用COMSOL软件模拟中心频率为450 kHz的超声脉冲声源,设计出二维模型,得到不同界面、不同微环厚度下的超声脉冲声波反射图。数值模拟研究结果表明,微环存在时的声波幅度相对于完全胶结时的声波幅度要高,因此,用超声脉冲声波定性描述微环是否存在是可行的;在不同条件下,随着微环厚度的增加,反射波的振幅均有不同程度的增加,声波到时及波形变化时长也会增加。

纤维复合材料剪滞理论的改进与参数分析

对于纤维复合材料,传统剪滞理论没有考虑基体轴向应变的影响,导致无法反映基体在应力传递中的作用。通过对剪滞理论的改进,解决了上述问题,推导了纤维轴向应力、纤维轴向变形、基体轴向应力、基体轴向变形、纤维/基体界面剪应力、纤维/基体相对滑移量的分布公式,分析了界面弹性模量对应力传递机制的影响,结果符合现有研究成果。经与有限元分析结果对比,验证了改进理论的合理性。

基于偏心式振荡器的井下可移动振动固井系统研制

综合分析了国内外振动固井工艺技术,在下完钻井套管的固井候凝过程中,利用振动固井工具或设备产生振动波,并对套管和固井泥浆产生振动压实效应,可以提高固井完井的质量。现有振动固井工具大多数安放在井口位置,或固定安放在井筒某一处位置,或固定安放在套管底部,且不可回收,不能提高全井段振动固井效果。以偏心式振荡器力学理论为基础,研制了一种可重复利用、可回收的新型井下可移动式振荡器,形成一套完整的振动固井系统,使得在整个固井候凝过程中全井段任意位置都能发挥作用,同时对于正常固井及其他设备不造成影响。室内和现场试验表明:可移动井下振动固井系统对于已候凝2 h以内的抗压强度可提升4%,胶结强度提升7%,同时可显著提高第二界面固井质量,使用方便,操作简单,具有较强的经济性和广泛的推广应用前景。

不同界面剂对湿接缝混凝土黏结性能影响

为研究界面剂对湿接缝黏结性能的影响,首先通过力学性能试验,确定硅灰水泥净浆界面剂中硅灰的最佳掺量,再通过劈裂抗拉强度试验、三点弯曲试验和抗剪强度试验,探究普通水泥净浆、硅灰最佳掺量下的水泥净浆、环氧树脂作为界面剂时,对湿接缝黏结性能的影响效果。结果表明:硅灰最佳掺量为8%时水泥净浆力学性能最优,从抗拉角度和抗剪角度进行分析,不同界面剂对湿接缝黏结性能的影响,由大到小排序均为:环氧树脂界面剂>掺8%硅灰水泥净浆界面剂>普通水泥净浆界面剂>无界面剂。可见,普通水泥净浆界面剂对湿接缝黏结性能提升较小,而环氧树脂界面剂和掺8%硅灰水泥净浆界面剂对湿接缝黏结性能提升效果较为明显。

氯氧镁水泥结构胶研制及界面高温性能研究

首先对氯氧镁水泥的配比进行优化设计,通过考察改性氯氧镁水泥的力学性能、耐水性能和耐高温性能,辅助微观测试手段进行分析,从而确定氯氧镁水泥的最优配比,结果显示:当采用MgO/MgCl_(2)/H_(2)O摩尔比为9∶1∶10.9,氯氧镁水泥胶的力学性能最优;当羟基乙酸掺量为2%时,软化系数提高到0.88,明显改善氯氧镁水泥的耐水性能,能够满足加固工程需要;加入2%的硼酸镁晶须能够有效降低体积收缩率,提高抗压强度;然后对25~500℃高温处理后的氯氧镁水泥作为胶黏剂的界面黏结性能进行单面剪切试验,结果表明:25℃下氯氧镁水泥胶的界面黏结强度比环氧树脂为胶黏剂低10%,当温度升高至200℃时,界面黏结强度仍为25℃下的84.06%,300℃黏结强度下降为25℃的68.20%。