Research on casing deformation prevention technology based on cementing slurry system optimization

The casing deformation prevention technology based on the optimization of cement slurry is proposed to reduce the casing deformation of shale oil and gas wells during hydraulic fracturing. In this paper, the fracture mechanism of hollow particles in cement sheath was firstly analyzed by discrete element method, and the effect of hollow particles in cement on casing deformation was investigated by laboratory experiment method. Finally, field test was carried out to verify the improvement effect of the casing deformation based on cement slurry modification. The results show that the formation displacement can be absorbed effectively by hollow particles inside the cement transferring the excessive deformation away from casing. The particles in the uncemented state provide deformation space during formation slipping. The casing with diameter of 139.7 mm could be passed through by bridge plug with the diameter of 99 mm when the mass ratio of particle/cement reaches 1:4. According to the field test feedback, the method based on optimization of cement slurry can effectively reduce the risk of casing deformation, and the recommended range of hollow microbeads content in the cement slurry is between 15% and 25%.

A Multiscale Reliability-Based Design Optimization Method for Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite Drive Shafts

Carbon fiber composites,characterized by their high specific strength and low weight,are becoming increasingly crucial in automotive lightweighting.However,current research primarily emphasizes layer count and orientation,often neglecting the potential of microstructural design,constraints in the layup process,and performance reliability.This study,therefore,introduces a multiscale reliability-based design optimization method for carbon fiber-reinforced plastic(CFRP)drive shafts.Initially,parametric modeling of the microscale cell was performed,and its elastic performance parameters were predicted using two homogenization methods,examining the impact of fluctuations in microscale cell parameters on composite material performance.A finite element model of the CFRP drive shaft was then constructed,achieving parameter transfer between microscale and macroscale through Python programming.This enabled an investigation into the influence of both micro and macro design parameters on the CFRP drive shaft’s performance.The Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization(MOPSO)algorithm was enhanced for particle generation and updating strategies,facilitating the resolution of multi-objective reliability optimization problems,including composite material layup process constraints.Case studies demonstrated that this approach leads to over 30%weight reduction in CFRP drive shafts compared to metallic counterparts while satisfying reliability requirements and offering insights for the lightweight design of other vehicle components.

A Cementing Technology for Shale Oil Horizontal Wells

Organic rich dark shale of Q Formation can be found in many areas(e.g.,in the North of S Basin).The shale target stratum is easy to hydrate and often undergoes spallation.Therefore,centering the casing in the horizontal section of the irregular borehole is relatively difficult.Similarly,achieving a good cementflushing efficiency under complex borehole conditions is a complex task.Through technologies such as centralizer,efficient preflushing,multi-stageflushing and ductile cement slurry,better performances can be achieved.In this study,it is shown that the cementing rate in the DY2H horizontal section is 97.8%,which is more than 34%higher than that of adjacent wells.This cementing matching technology for sidetracking horizontal wells can be used to improve the cementing quality of continental shale and provides a reference for future applications in thisfield.

An unequal fracturing stage spacing optimization model for hydraulic fracturing that considers cementing interface integrity

Determining reasonable fracturing stage spacing is the key to horizontal well fracturing.Different from traditional stage spacing optimization methods based on the principle of maximum stimulated reservoir volume,in this paper,by considering the integrity of the wellbore interface,a fracture propagation model was established based on displacement discontinuity method and the competition mechanism of multifracture joint expansion,leading to the proposal of an unequal stage spacing optimization model.The results show that in the first stage,the interfacial fractures spread symmetrically along the axis of the central point during that stage,while in the second and subsequent stages,the interfacial fractures of each cluster extend asymmetrically along the left and right sides.There are two kinds of interface connectivity behaviour:in one,the existing fractures first extend and connect within the stage,and in the other,the fractures first extend in the direction close to the previous stage,with the specific behaviour depending on the combined effect of stress shadow and flow competition during hydraulic fracture expansion.The stage spacing is positively correlated with the number of fractures and Young’s modulus of the cement and formation and is negatively correlated with the cluster spacing and horizontal principal stress difference.The sensitivity is the strongest when the Young’s modulus of the cement sheath is 10-20 GPa,and the sensitivity of the horizontal principal stress difference is the weakest.

Eigen value analysis of composite hollow shafts using modified EMBT formulation considering the shear deformation along the thickness direction

Composite hollow shafts are used in power transmission applications due to their high specific stiffness and high specific strength.The dynamic characteristics of these shafts are important for transmission applications.Dynamic modelling of these shafts is generally carried out using Equivalent Modulus Beam Theory(EMBT)and Layerwise Beam Theory(LBT)formulations.The EMBT formulation is modified by considering stacking sequence,shear normal coupling,bending twisting coupling and bending stretching coupling.It is observed that modified EMBT formulation is underestimating the shafts stiffness at lower length/mean diameter(l/dm)ratios.In the present work,a new formulation is developed by adding shear deformation along the thickness direction to the existing modified EMBT formulation.The variation of shear deformation along the thickness direction is found using different shear deformation theories,i.e.,first-order shear deformation theory(FSDBT),parabolic shear deformation theory(PSDBT),trigonometric shear deformation theory(TSDBT),and hyperbolic shear deformation theory(HSDBT).The analysis is performed at l/d_(m) ratios of 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,and 40 for carbon/epoxy composites,E-glass/epoxy composites,and boron/epoxy composite shafts.The results show that new formulation has improved the bending natural frequency of the composite shafts for l/d_(m)<15 in comparison with modified EMBT.The effect of new formulation is more significant for the second and third bending modes of natural frequencies.

Parameter Study on a Composite Sound-Absorbing Structure Liner in Elevator Shafts

With the growing global environmental awareness,the development of renewable and green materials has gained increased worldwide interest to substitute conventional materials and are favorable for sustainable economic development.This paper proposed a novel eco-friendly sound absorbing structure(NSAS)liner for noise reduction in elevator shafts.The base layer integrated with the shaft walls is a damping gypsum mortarboard,and a rock wool board and a perforated cement mortarboard are used to compose the NSAS.Based on the acoustic impedance theory of porous materials and perforated panels,the sound absorption theory of the NSAS was proposed;the parameter effects of the rock wool board(flow resistivity,porosity,structure factor)and perforated panel(perforated rates,thickness,density,perforated diameter)on NSAS absorption were discussed theoretically for absorption improvement,and experiments were also conducted.Numerical results showed that the perforation rate,the thickness of the perforated plate,and the porosity,flow resistance,and volume density of the rock wool board played a key issue in the absorption performances of the NSAS.Experiments verified the accuracy of the proposed theoretical model.Wideband sound absorption performance of the NSAS at frequencies between 500–1600 Hz was achieved in both numerical analysis and experiments,and the sound absorption coefficient was improved to 0.72 around 1000 Hz after parameter adjustments.The NSAS proposed in this paper can also be made of other renewable materials with preferable structure strength and still has the potential to broaden the absorption bandwidth.It can provide a reference for controlling the elevator shaft noise.

顺行和逆行髓内钉治疗不同部位股骨干骨折的有限元分析

背景:髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折取得了较好的临床疗效,但仍有部分患者并发无菌性骨不连,其原因为机械性不稳定。股骨作为人体最长最大的骨骼,不同部位骨折是否具有不同的生物力学特征,及不同进钉方式对于不同部位骨折端稳定性存在何种影响均研究甚少。目的:分析顺行和逆行髓内钉治疗不同部位股骨干骨折的生物力学特点,评估最佳进钉方式,减少骨不连发生率。方法:选取一名志愿者CT资料导入Mimics 19.0和Geomagic studio 2017软件中进行提取、优化得到右侧股骨三维模型;运用Solidworks 2017软件画出顺行和逆行髓内钉模型并与不同骨折部位股骨干骨折模型按照标准手术技术装配,以STEP格式导入Abaqus 2017软件中设置材料属性参数、边界条件、施加载荷、提交运算,于可视化模块中查看结果。其中上段股骨干骨折顺行和逆行髓内钉分别为A1、A2模型,中段为B1、B2模型,下段为C1、C2模型。结果与结论:(1)A1、B1、C2模型股骨整体应力分布更为均匀,位移、骨折端间隙与成角、股骨近折端骨块内翻均更小;(2)对于上段和中段股骨干骨折,顺行髓内钉具有更好的生物力学效果;对于下段股骨干骨折,逆行髓内钉效果更优。

混合现实技术在椎体成形治疗中的应用

背景:如何提高椎体成形术中穿刺的精准性、减少手术损伤、提高手术效率是目前椎体成形治疗技术探索和改进的焦点之一。目的:探讨混合现实临床设计方案在脊柱骨折经皮椎体成形过程中应用的临床意义。方法:选择2023年6月大连市第二人民医院收治的2例脊柱骨质疏松性腰椎椎体压缩骨折患者,患者术前行腰椎128排CT扫描并获得医学数字成像和通信原始数据,Visual Volume软件构建脊柱压缩性骨折三维网络模型。运用全息影像眼镜将三维网络模型影像精确映射于真实世界,协助术者完成术前模拟、术前病情及治疗方案阐述,以及术中引导穿刺及骨水泥注射。结果与结论:①在混合现实临床设计方案辅助下可实现经皮椎体成形治疗的精准穿刺,术后影像学检查示骨水泥充填良好、无明显渗漏,术后患者症状缓解良好,术后当天即可下地活动;②提示混合现实临床设计方案有助于术者术前进行完善的手术设计、提高与患者及家属的沟通效率;术中协助精准穿刺、缩短手术时间、减少副损伤,是一种新的有效的临床诊疗模式,在脊柱外科微创化、精准化、个性化的治疗中具有发展潜力。

经皮克氏针横行固定与微型钢板置入治疗第五掌骨干骨折的比较

背景:第五掌骨干骨折在临床上常见,手术治疗多采用切开复位钢板固定,但术后大多数患者要求取出内固定物,需二次住院治疗。经皮克氏针横行固定具有创伤小、切口小、不需再次住院手术取出等优点,但对第五掌骨干骨折的应用效果不明确。目的:对比分析经皮克氏针横行固定与微型钢板置入治疗第五掌骨干骨折的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析滨州医学院附属医院在2018年5月至2020年5月收治的第五掌骨干骨折并行手术治疗患者60例,根据治疗方式分为2组,钢板组30例采用切开复位微型钢板内固定置入治疗,克氏针组30例采用闭合复位经皮克氏针横行固定(其中5例小切口切开辅助)治疗。比较两组患者的住院时间、手术时间、切口愈合等级、手术切口长度、术中出血量、术中透视次数及术后并发症的发生情况,记录两组患者骨折愈合时间、握力、第五掌指关节活动度等,采用中华医学会手外科学会手指关节总活动度法评估患者的手指功能。结果与结论:①两组患者均获得随访,随访时间13-18个月;两组患者住院时间、手术时间、切口愈合等级相比差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);②克氏针组术中出血量、手术切口长度均小于钢板组(P<0.05),钢板组术中透视次数少于克氏针组(P<0.05),两组骨折愈合时间比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);③末次随访时,依据手指关节总活动度法评估疗效,克氏针组优良率为87%,钢板组优良率为90%,两组比较差异无显著性意义;两组末次随访的第五掌指关节活动度、握力比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);④克氏针组术后有1例发生钉道感染,周围略有红肿,给予碘伏加强换药后感染得到控制;1例出现针尾刺激皮肤症状,拔除克氏针后症状消失;钢板组有12例因个人原因于术后12个月以后住院行钢板取出术,克氏针组全都在门诊取出;钢板组出现3例第五掌骨远端背侧及小指指背侧皮肤感觉麻木,术后口服甲钴胺,症状逐渐消失;两组均未出现骨不愈合及内固定取出再骨折等情况;⑤结果表明,这两种术式治疗第五掌骨干骨折均获得良好疗效,手指功能恢复佳,但经皮克氏针横行固定具有创伤小、切口小、费用低、内固定取出方便等优点。

稠油多轮次注采固井水泥浆体系评价与优选

在稠油多轮次注采开发过程中,井筒水泥环需承受350℃高温及多轮次温度交变,需要水泥浆体系具有良好的耐高温和抗疲劳能力。开发了4种耐高温水泥浆体系,在350℃高温循环加热的条件下,对4种水泥浆体系进行10轮次的加热,分别测定其抗压强度和弹性模量,并取样进行X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜形貌分析、纳米CT扫描测试。评价了4种水泥浆体系的抗高温循环能力,探讨了其性能变化的机理。试验结果表明,复合加砂水泥和耐高温韧性水泥可满足稠油多轮次注采开发需求,硅酸盐水泥中添加细硅粉和弹塑剂可有效改善其抗高温能力和耐疲劳能力。

钻井法凿井气-液-固耦合排渣流场及刀盘吸渣口优化

针对西部地区侏罗系地层煤矿立井钻井法施工中出现的气举反循环洗井排渣与钻进效率低下问题,以陕西可可盖煤矿中央回风立井ϕ4.2 m超前钻井为工程背景,基于CFD-DEM(计算流体力学和离散单元法耦合)研究方法,建立了气-液-固多相耦合排渣数值模型,揭示了排渣管内、井底流场的速度及压力分布规律,并基于自研的气举反循环排渣试验装置,采用PIV(粒子图像测速法)测试技术对流场分布的正确性进行验证;提出了优化刀盘吸渣口评判指标和方法,对吸渣口的数量、长径比、面积比、总面积占比进行优化,得到了超前钻头刀盘吸渣口布置的最佳方式和相关参数;讨论了钻头转速、注气量、风管没入比和泥浆黏度等主要因素对排渣流场的影响。研究结果表明:(1)排渣管内流体的运移以轴向流动为主,且途经注气端时,流速发生跳跃式剧增;井底流体的运移主要以水平流动为主,流体的垂直上返仅存在于吸渣口附近;井底流体的水平流动以切向流动为主,径向流动仅在吸渣口两侧较为明显,且远离吸渣口处,径流速度较小易产生岩屑沉积;(2)当刀盘吸渣口数量为2,长径比为0.4,面积比为1,总面积占比为1.94%时,吸渣口的布置方式最佳,且清渣率较现行吸渣口布置方式提高66%;(3)增大钻头转速可显著增强吸渣口的吸附作用,注气量、风管没入比与井底和排渣管内流体的轴向速度均呈正相关关系,低黏、低密度的泥浆易获取高流速,但携岩能力较差。研究结果可为破解侏罗系地层深大立井钻井法洗井排渣与钻进效率低下技术难题,提供有益的理论参考。

基于CESE方法的煤矿风井泄爆全过程模拟与消波增效研究

为揭示煤矿风井泄爆过程、探寻增强泄爆效果方法,针对现行泄爆方法和多种改进泄爆方法,建立了系列全尺寸三维仿真模型,利用LS−DYNA软件的CESE求解器,进行了全过程流固耦合模拟分析。结果表明:现行防爆门在泄爆过程中会引发较强烈的反射冲击波且不能快速有效地予以消弱,致使风硐中先后出现可对风机造成二次冲击的2道冲击波;去除防爆门立壁结构对提升泄爆效果作用不明显,但可使防爆门受到的冲击明显减弱;在一定范围内,减轻防爆门质量对提高泄爆效果的作用较为有限,且会使防爆门吸收的爆炸能量明显增加;在增量不大的情况下,增大防爆门到风井和风硐交岔点的距离即能有效改善泄爆效果;侧向和正向先行泄爆方法均能明显增强泄爆效果,并对防爆门有显著的减冲和保护作用,在算例条件下,最优可使反射波超压峰值下降49.4%和28.3%;防爆门开启时间、泄爆面积和防爆门到风井/风硐交岔点的距离是影响泄爆效果的重要因素;风井达到良好泄爆效果所需要的开启时间比现行防爆门要短得多;仅在井口设置防爆门存在不能消减风硐中第1道冲击波超压峰值的局限性。基于对风井泄爆过程、机理和方法的新认识,提出了以“两区域多通道”泄爆为特征的主辅防爆门协同泄爆方法,以系统提升风井泄爆效果和防爆水平。

椎间隙注入不同弹性模量骨水泥对邻近上下椎体应力的影响

背景:近年来,针对腰椎间盘退变和椎间隙变窄所引起的腰部反复疼痛病症从国外引入了椎间隙注入骨水泥的治疗方法,但部分患者在治疗后出现椎体骨折的情况,原因可能是骨水泥弹性模量不佳。目的:通过腰椎三维有限元模型分析椎间隙中注入不同弹性模量骨水泥对上下椎体表面最大应力的影响。方法:招募1名脊柱正常志愿者获取CT数据,利用Mimics、Geomagic、SolidWorks、Ansys建立腰椎L_(2)-L_(5)有限元模型,随后建立L_(3)-L_(4)椎间隙注射不同剂量(1 mL与4 mL)骨水泥模型,每种剂量下赋予骨水泥4种弹性模量(1000,2000,4000,8000 MPa),在L_(2)椎体表面施加压力与弯矩,分析L_(3)椎体下表面与L_(4)椎体上表面的应力。结果与结论:①在骨水泥注入量相同的情况下,随着骨水泥弹性模量的增大,L_(3)椎体下表面与L_(4)椎体上表面的应力增加,其中弹性模量1000 MPa骨水泥对L_(3)椎体下表面与L_(4)椎体上表面的应力影响最小,弹性模量8000 MPa骨水泥对L_(3)椎体下表面与L_(4)椎体上表面的应力影响最大,不同弹性模量骨水泥对整个腰椎活动度的影响较小;②结果说明,在满足治疗要求的情况下注入较低弹性模量的骨水泥可以降低术后骨折风险。

城市浅埋隧道自然排烟竖井临界间距研究

竖井间距会改变竖井内外压差,当竖井内外压差为0时,隧道火灾烟气将无法排出,此时竖井对应位置为竖井临界间距。由竖井内外口压差理论分析,给出竖井临界间距理论模型,再采用FDS模拟进行仿真验证。结果表明:设置竖井可明显降低隧道温度,竖井间距为临界间距时,温度下降幅度接近150℃,人员疏散路径温度低于60℃,竖井排烟效率在55%~80%,可有效进行竖井排烟;当竖井间距大于竖井临界间距时,隧道内烟气压强小于竖井出口处风压,竖井排烟效率低于50%。

含双温敏单体的耐220℃高温降失水剂

针对目前油井水泥降失水剂高温条件下耐温性差的问题,通过分子结构设计,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)、双温敏单体N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAA)与N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺(DEAA)为原料,通过水溶液自由基聚合法制备了一种耐高温降失水剂(LHF-1L)。以失水量为评价指标,对合成条件进行了优选,同时对LHF-1L进行了结构表征和性能评价。结果表明,在AM、SSS、DMAA、DEAA物质的量比为4∶6∶2∶0.5,引发剂为单体总质量0.75%的过硫酸钾(KPS)溶液,反应物溶液pH值为7,反应温度为65℃,反应时间为4 h的条件下制得的LHF-1L的降滤失性能最佳。在220℃、7%加量下的失水量为42 mL。FT-IR、TG和GPC测试结果表明,4个单体均成功参与聚合并生成目标产物。当温度达到273℃后,LHF-1L才出现明显的热损失,其多分散系数为1.396,数均分子量为171 351 g/mol。此外,LHF-1L对水泥浆流动度和水泥石抗压强度发展的影响较小。在220℃下,在水泥浆中加入7%LHF-1L后的失水量仍能控制在50 mL以内。在150℃、94.4 MPa下,LHF-1L不会使水泥浆急剧增稠和超缓凝,稠化曲线正常,未发生异常胶凝现象。采用双温敏单体制备LHF-1L,增强了其在高温下的温敏疏水缔合作用,从而提高了高温降滤失性能,可以满足高温条件下的固井技术需求。

红层砂岩纳米级致色剂赋存状态及地质意义——以鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群红层砂岩为例

红层是地球上广泛分布且具有特定指示环境意义的沉积物,一般认为在水体氧化环境下形成的赤铁矿胶结物是其主要致色矿物。目前,针对红层致色矿物的研究多停留在矿物识别层面,缺乏对其微观赋存状态及成因机制的深入研究。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群陆相红层为例,采用岩芯-薄片-阴极发光-氩离子抛光扫描电镜的多尺度表征技术,首次揭示了红层砂岩纳米级致色剂——赤铁矿胶结物的微观赋存状态,并在此基础重新探讨了其成因机制。研究发现,红层砂岩致色剂赤铁矿胶结物主要为针状或片状,具有两种微观赋存状态:①呈包裹型发育在净砂岩的颗粒周缘,单个矿物颗粒长度在500~1000nm之间,宽度在50nm以下;②呈充填型发育在黏土矿物及云母等矿物颗粒的解理缝中,常常顺解理定向排列,受解理缝空间限制,单个矿物颗粒更小,长度一般小于500nm,宽度在30nm以下。红层砂岩中赤铁矿的产状和赋存状态表明其为褐铁矿早期脱水形成,在此之后又发育两期方解石胶结物,因此赤铁矿胶结物应主要形成于沉积和浅埋藏期,而非沉积后的抬升期。砂岩中赤铁矿胶结物的形成过程指示了一个干旱内陆沉积背景下大气水氧含量高的环境特征,这同样也是地质历史时期内的冰室状态,说明鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群的红层砂岩对研究该时期全球冰室状态也具有重要启示意义。

内燃机试验对曲轴轴心轨迹影响的研究

内燃机台架试验时需要与测试设备连接,其中连接时的对中精度和连接方式直接影响试验质量。本文研究了不同对中精度对内燃机轴心轨迹的影响,确定了对中精度控制范围,通过试验过程振动与转速的对应关系测量,确认保养和连接方式影响,为内燃机开发试验过程的对中精度、保养和连接方案制定提供了参考依据。研究表明:对中精度超过0.5mm时可能会引起轴心轨迹偏离;试验过程定期保养可减少对中劣化的影响;高速内燃机应监测主轴承的振动情况,根据测量结果制定连接方案。

普通硅酸盐水泥对负温碱激发矿渣砂浆力学性能的影响

碱激发矿渣(AAS)在0℃下能持续水化,具有应用于冬季施工的潜力。为了进一步提升AAS砂浆作为寒冷修补材料的力学性能,掺入了5%、10%、15%和20%的普通硅酸盐水泥(OPC)作为AAS中粒化高炉矿渣(GGBS)的部分替代物。结果表明:在-10℃条件下,OPC含量为15%时,1 d龄期的抗压强度和抗折强度分别提高了31.3%和25.18%,28 d龄期的抗压强度和抗折强度分别提高了4.5%和7.2%。此外,对样品的水化热、生成产物和微观结构进行了对比分析。结果显示,在AAS中加入OPC可以提高水化热,增加C(-A)-S-H的生成率,优化微观结构。

基于黏弹性材料的高阻尼复合材料传动轴减振性能研究

碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)具有优异的综合性能,近年来已被广泛应用于各种主承力件和次承力件的制作。本文引入黏弹性高阻尼橡胶与CFRP结合设计了高阻尼复合材料传动轴,基于模态应变能法,利用数值分析研究了所设计的高阻尼复合材料传动轴、CFRP轴与金属轴的阻尼损耗因子,并通过自由振动试验验证了数值分析的结果。在船用传动轴系中易出现各类振动,本文搭建了船用传动轴系横向振动测试试验平台,比较了各组传动轴在不同工况下对横向振动的减振效果,并通过静态纵向振动试验研究了各组传动轴对纵向激励的响应差异。本研究对高阻尼复合材料传动轴的设计研发提供了参考。

Mo_(2)C添加量对YG6细晶硬质合金组织结构及性能的影响

采用传统粉末冶金方法制备了不同Mo_(2)C添加量的YG6细晶硬质合金。通过对合金显微结构的观察及物理力学性能的检测,研究了Mo_(2)C添加量对YG6细晶硬质合金组织结构及性能的影响。结果表明:随着Mo_(2)C添加量的增加,合金中WC晶粒度逐渐细化并趋于稳定。当合金中Mo_(2)C添加量超过3.5%时,Mo_(2)C对WC晶粒形貌具有球化作用。另外,添加Mo_(2)C会降低合金致密度,合金矫顽磁力随Mo_(2)C含量的增加而逐渐增加。Mo_(2)C添加量为5.0%时,合金综合力学性能最好,其硬度达92.7 HRA,抗弯强度为3 600 MPa,磨粒磨损值为0.81 cm^(3)/(10^(5)r)。