Sedimentology and Chronology of Paleogene Coarse Clastic Rocks in East-Central Tibet and Their Relationship to Early Tectonic Uplift

A systematic sedimentological and chronological study of typical Paleogene basins in eastcentral Tibet suggests that the depositional characteristics of extensively developed huge-bedded, purplish-red coarse clastic rocks formed in a tectonic setting of regional thrusting and strike-slipping represent a typical dry and hot subaerial alluvial fan environment formed in a proximal and rapidaccumulating sediment body in debris flows and a fan-surface braided river. Combining results from basin-fill sequences, sequences of coarse clastic rocks, fauna and sporo-pollen associations and thermochronological data, it is conduded that the coarse clastic rocks formed in the period of 54.2- 24.1 Ma, nearly coeval with the formation of Paleogene basins in the northern （Nangqen-Yushu thrust belt）, middle （Batang-Lijiang fault belt）, and disintegration of large basins in the southern （LanpingSimao fold belt） segments of Tibet. The widespread massive-bedded coarse clastic rocks, fold thrusting and strike-slip, thrust shortening, and igneous activities in the Paleogene basins of eastcentral Tibet indicate that an early diachronous tectonic uplift might have occurred in the Tibetan Plateau from Middle Eocene to Oligocene, related to the initial stage of collision of the Indian and Asian plates.

Research of the Conductive Structure of Crust and the Upper Mantle beneath the South-Central Tibetan Plateau

With the super-wide band magnetoteiluric sounding data of the JUong （吉隆）-Cuoqin （措勤） profile （named line 800） which was completed in 2001 and the Dingri （定日）-Cuomai （措迈） profile （named line 900） which was completed in 2004, we obtained the strike direction of each MT station by strike analysis, then traced profiles that were perpendicular to the main strike direction, and finally obtained the resistivity model of each profile by nonlinear conjugate gradients （NLCG） inversion. With these two models, we described the resistivity structure features of the crust and the upper mantle of the center-southern Tibetan plateau and its relationship with Yalung Tsangpo suture： the upper crust of the research area is a resistive layer with resistivity value range of 200-3 000 Ω.m. The depth of its bottom surface is about 15-20 km generally, but the bottom surface of resistive layer is deeper in the middle of these two profiles. At llne 900, it is about 30 km deep, and even at line 800, it is about 38 km deep. There is a gradient belt of resistivity at the depth of 15-45 km, and a conductive layer is beneath it with resistivity even less than 5 Ω.m. This conductive layer is composed of individual conductive bodies, and at the south of the Yalung Tsangpo suture, the conductive bodies are smaller with thickness about 10 km and lean to the north slightly. However, at the north of the Yalung Tsangpo suture, the conductive bodies are larger with thickness about 30 km and also lean to the north slightly. Relatively, the conductive bodies of line 900 are thinner than those of line 800, and the depth of the bottom surface of line 900 is also shallower. At last, after analyzing the effect factors to the resistivity of rocks, it was concluded that the very conductive layer was caused by partial melt or connective water in rocks. It suggests that the middle and lower crust of the center-southern Tibetan plateau is very thick, hot, flabby, and waxy.

The first discovery of Xinlong epithermal gold deposit in southern margin of the Bangonghu-Nujiang metallogenic belt: A new expansion of gold prospecting in Northern Tibet

The Xinlong gold deposit is located in Niyma County,Naqu area of Tibet and was discovered by the Institute of Mineral Resources,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences through the 1∶50000 mineral geological survey.The ore bodies occur in the Zenong Group volcanic rocks in the middle section of the central Lhasa subterrane and are structurally controlled by the NNW-striking faults.Four ore bodies have been found,exhibiting cloddy,dense-sparse,disseminated,and breccia structures.The ore minerals are mainly tetrahedrite group minerals,and other ore minerals include pyrite,chalcopyrite,nevskite,bornite,anglesite,native gold,and silver-gold bearing selenide,etc.The types of alteration are dominated by silicification,as well as middle-and high-graded argillization.The alteration mineral assemblages contain quzrtz,pyrophyllite,and kaolinite.The Zaliela Formation volcanic rocks of Zenong Group are silicified by later hydrothermal fluid with vuggy quartz in some fractured zones.The middle-and high-graded argillization are characterized by pyrophyllitization and kaolinization.The Xinlong gold deposit shows great metallogenetic potentiality and has been revealed by 1∶10000 geological mapping,IP sounding,and trial trenching in the mining area.Combined with the regional metallogenic geological setting,we suppose that a potential epithermal gold belt probably exists in the middle of the Lhasa terrane.The discovery of the Xinlong gold deposit opens a new chapter for the gold prospecting in Northern Tibet.

班公湖-怒江成矿带西段阿翁错地区早白垩世花岗闪长岩的成因及构造背景--来自斜长石和黑云母化学成分的约束

阿翁错地区早白垩世花岗闪长岩位于班公湖-怒江成矿带西段,广泛发育暗色微粒包体,是研究岩浆混合作用的理想对象。本文从地质学、岩相学和矿物化学等方面对花岗闪长岩开展了详细研究。包体形态多样,与寄主岩呈渐变或截然型接触关系,包体与寄主岩之间相互穿插,接触带发育冷凝边,包体从寄主岩中捕获了大量捕虏晶矿物,包体和寄主岩中均见针状磷灰石。电子探针结果显示:具正环带特征的寄主岩斜长石An值变化范围不大,在48.16~59.05之间,具致密韵律环带特征,可能代表镁铁质岩浆注入长英质岩浆房前结晶的斜长石;具反环带特征斜长石的An值变化范围较大,核部An值为29.86,往外An值陡增至51.09,整体呈逐渐增大趋势,暗示存在富钙基性岩浆的加入;具正-反环带特征的寄主岩斜长石核部至中间区域An值变化相对复杂,具稀疏韵律环带结构特征,反映斜长石结晶过程中因岩浆混合作用岩浆房环境发生突变,随着混合作用持续进行,岩浆逐渐冷却,斜长石在静态环境下继续结晶形成干净的正环带边部;包体斜长石虽然存在正环带,但其An值变化范围较大,在28.63~62.40之间,核部An值高,边部An值骤然降低,可能是镁铁质岩浆与长英质岩浆混合的结果;具反环带和正-反环带特征的包体斜长石核部遭受了弱的熔融作用,但An值变化范围相对较小,具致密韵律环带特征,核部熔蚀作用可能是镁铁质岩浆上升过程中压力快速降低引起的,形成于静态岩浆房环境。寄主岩黑云母和包体黑云母为原生岩浆黑云母,二者的Al^(Ⅵ)值分别为0~0.16 apfu和0~0.04 apfu,氧化系数分别为0.11~0.63和0.16~1.66,镁质率分别为0.40~0.47和0.42~0.46,表明寄主岩和包体均为钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩,具壳幔混源成因,其形成与岛弧的俯冲消减作用有关。结合区域构造背景,本文认为阿翁错地区早白垩世花岗闪长岩形成于狮泉河-纳木错特提斯洋盆北向俯冲向碰撞过渡的构造背景。

Petrogenesis and Tectonics of the Naruo Porphyry Cu(Au) Deposit Related Intrusion in the Duolong Area,Central Tibet

The Duolong area is the most important part of the Western Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone porphyry Cu（Au） metallogenic belt, in Tibet, China. Here new detailed data are presented from LAICP-MS zircon U-Pb, whole-rock geochemical, and in-situ zircon Hf isotope analyses for igneous rocks in the large Naruo deposit（2.51 Mt of Cu and 82 t of Au） which is located ~2 km NE of the Duolong（Duobuza and Bolong） super-large gold-rich porphyry copper deposit. We integrated our results with previous research of other porphyry deposits in the Duolong area and have identified the timing, geodynamic setting, and petrogenesis of the mineralization-associated magmatic events. Based on the measurements, the Duolong area porphyry Cu（Au） deposit formations are associated with Early Cretaceous intermediate-felsic magmatism, which is consistent with U-Pb zircon ages of 120 Ma. All the main intrusive rocks in the ore-concentrated area have similar lithogeochemical characteristics; they show a relative enrichment in both light rare earth elements（LREEs） and large-ion lithophile elements（LILEs： Rb, Ba, K, etc.） and relative depletion in both heavy rare earth elements（HREEs） and high field strength elements（HFSEs： Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, etc.）. Moreover, the granite porphyry shows positive εHf（t） values between 1.38–7.37 suggesting that magmas were potentially derived from the partial melting of a depleted mantle wedge that had been metasomatized by subducted slab-derived fluids or melts. This paper points out that the formation of the porphyry-epithermal Cu（Au） deposit in the Duolong area was dominated by northward subduction of the Bangongco Tethys Plate beneath the Qiangtang block in the Early Cretaceous（124–114 Ma）, when the subducted oceanic crust reached 50–70 km underground and generated different degrees of phase transformation, which lead to a melt produced by dehydration of amphibole minerals, a metasomatized mantle wedge, and induced mantle partial melting that produced the magma. Those deposits occurred in a continental arc tectonic setting, which is similar to the continental margin arc environment of the ocean-continent subduction setting of the Andes metallogenic belt in South America.

PALAEOMAGNETIC AND STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS ON BLOCK ROTATIONS AND CRUSTAL SHORTENING IN CENTRAL TIBET

As a part of INDEPTH 3/GEODEPTH geological surface investigations were carried out during two field campaigns in 1998 and 1999. The working area covers a roughly N\|S (30～36°N) tren ding, 200km wide belt through the Lhasa Terrane and Qiangtang Terrane at a longitude of 88～90°E. Field geology was focused on geological mapping, structural measurements, and extensive sampling for the purpose of fission track geochronology. Additionally a total number of 742 orientated palaeomagnetic samples were drilled at 73 sites. Most of the samples were taken in fine\|grained sediments of Cretaceous, Eocene, and Neogene age. Five sites were drilled in acid to intermediate volcanics.A first sequence of measurements has been applied on a set of specimen. Most of the chosen formations (>80%) have acquired stable remanences which are carried by hematite and magnetite. As an example for the characteristic demagnetising behaviour of fine\|grained probable Cretaceous sandstones see Fig.1a. The unblocking temperature of 650℃ allows to identify hematite as remanence carrier.. Although single sites show well\|defined mean directions (e.g. site 76B: α 95 =3 8; k =185 8) the distribution among several site means of one formation could scatter (Fig.1b). It has to be checked carefully if rotations of single crustal elements are responsible for this effect. There is evidence to assume the detected characteristic remanences to be primary—further analysis including fold tests will be performed after the data set has increased.

Climatic Change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Surrounding Areas in 130 Years

[ Objective] The research aimed to study climatic change in Qinghai -Tibet Plateau and the surrounding areas from 1880 to 2011. [ Method] Based on GISS temperature grid data, by using change rules of the annual and monthly anomaly temperatures, sliding t-test and wavelet analysis, periodicity and tendency of the atmospheric temperature change in Qinghai -Tibet Plateau and the surrounding areas were analyzed. [ Re- sult] Both annual and monthly anomaly temperatures in Qinghai -Tibet Plateau in recent 130 years presented rise tendency. Since the 1990s, tem- perature rose evidently, and it presented temperature-rise tendency of winter 〉 autumn 〉 spring 〉 summer. Rise velocity of the temperature had spatial difference. Rise velocity of the temperature in west Inner Mongolia was the highest, followed by west Sichuan and east Tibet. Rise velocity of the temperature in some areas of Xinjiang was the slowest. Abrupt change of the temperature happened in the 1930s, and main period of the wavelet analysis was 10 years. [ Conclusion] The research could lay foundation for discussinq Qlobal climate change.

Evaluation of the Third 90 of the 90-90-90 Cascade for the Period 2019-2020 in the Central African Republic

Introduction In Central-African Republic, according to UNAIDS in 2019, out of approximately 100,000 people living with HIV, 70% (72,000) knew their HIV status and 47,000 (46%) were on ARV therapy;however, there is a paucity of data on viral load suppression in people on ARV therapy. The objective of this study was to assess the third 90 of the UNAIDS strategy for the years 2019 and 2020 in the CAR. Methods We analyzed the available viral load data extracted from the data base of the medical analysis laboratory (SYSLAM) of the Institut Pasteur of Bangui for the years 2019 and 2020. The viral loads were determined based on plasma collected in an EDTA tube with Cepheid’s GeneXpert® 16-module controllers. Viral load data were extracted from SYSLAM, converted to Excel format, and analyzed with STATA version 14 software. The significance threshold for the statistical tests was set at 5%. Results This study included 22,895 patients, of who 72% were female. The average age was 40.82 years, and the majority of the patients (80%) came from the city of Bangui. Regarding the virological parameters associated with this study, 66% of the patients had significant viral load suppression according to the WHO recommendations and 34% were in virological failure. Patients over 50 years of age (71.85%) and age group 40 - 49 years (69.25%) recorded significant levels of viral load suppression. On the other hand, 63.45% of patients under 18 years of age had virological failure. All of these results were statistically significant (p < 0.005). Conclusion There should be a concerted effort, to make viral load accessible and available to all patients receiving ARV treatment in the CAR and the management of HIV/AIDS infection of children and adolescents should be given special attention.

50 YEARS OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Aid to Tibet(Ⅳ)——62 Aid Projects

In July 1994,the CPC Central Committee and the State Council held theThird National Conference on Work in Tibet.During the conference, JiangZemin,General Party Secretary and State President,said that showing carefor,and providing aid to Tibet constituted the consistent policy of the Partyand the State,and the bounden duty of peoples of all ethnic groups in the country.

50 YEARS OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AID TO TIBET (Ⅳ)

On May 23,1991,Li Tieying,Headof the CentralGovernment Del-egation that had been sent tomark the 40th anniversary ofthe peaceful liberation ofTibet, declared publicly:"TheCentral Government willinvest 1 billion Yuan for thecomprehensive developmentof the central part of the three-river valley area in Tibet."

明清之际川藏道的兴起及在中央和西藏地方中的连接作用

明清之际,川藏道逐渐兴起,并成为中央与西藏地方之间的重要连接纽带。除了中央政府的主动开拓,西藏地方也参与到了整个进程之中。自明中后期开始,大量藏族僧俗人员自川藏道前往内地朝贡,并将巨额茶叶、布匹、金银等物资带回西藏,这是“汉藏金桥”兴起的重要背景。当康区的白利土司阻断了川藏道时,以五世达赖喇嘛为首的西藏地方支持蒙古首领固始汗,攻灭了白利。清初,西藏地方与内地在川藏道东端打箭炉广泛开展贸易活动。康熙三十九年(1700)“西炉之役”与五十九年(1720)清军进藏驱逐准噶尔后,川藏道沿线多数地区逐渐纳入四川省管辖,清朝为保障道路畅通,以巨额茶叶与白银对西藏地方进行经济补贴。由川藏道的兴起及中央与西藏地方的互动,可以深刻理解该道成为双方连接纽带的原因,以及西藏地方牢固纳入中原政治体系的内在逻辑。

喜马拉雅地体的泛非-早古生代造山事件年龄记录

喜马拉雅地体是55±10Ma以来印度陆块与欧亚大陆碰撞而形成的增生地体,位于其中的高喜马拉雅与特提斯-喜马拉雅构造单元的变质基底主要由角闪岩相的富铝变质沉积岩和花岗质片麻岩组成。对两类岩石中锆石的SHRIMPU-Pb测年结果表明,除了记录了20Ma以来的构造事件年龄外,主要保存了529-457Ma的变形和变质事件记录,另外还保存了更早期(>835Ma)的年龄信息。根据20Ma以来崛起的喜马拉雅挤出岩片中包含早期强烈褶皱和向南的斜向逆冲构造以及伴随的角闪岩相变质作用记录,结合岩石测年所获得的大量泛非-早古生代年龄和奥陶纪底砾岩的发现,说明曾位于南半球印度陆块北部的变质基底岩石经历过泛非-早古生代造山事件,同位素年代学数据表明:(1)原始喜马拉雅山是泛非-早古生代造山事件的产物;(2)印度陆块早-中元古代变质基底的再活化在原始喜马拉雅山形成中起重要的作用;(3)现在的喜马拉雅山是在泛非-早古生代造山事件基础上再造山的结果。

藏北羌塘地块中部蓝片岩中捕获锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及其意义

羌塘中部2个蓝片岩样品中锆石的SHRIMp U-Pb定年结果表明,锆石属于残留锆石,不是蓝片岩相变质作用形成的新生锆石,这些年龄代表源区原岩的年龄或原岩捕获锆石的年龄,是不同构造-热事件的响应。首次在藏北羌塘地区获得了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄2533Ma,说明这颗锆石来自新太古代,虽然不一定源自本地,但至少暗示羌塘地区新太古代曾经可能发生过构造-热事件。

青藏高原羌塘中部榴辉岩Ar-Ar定年

羌塘榴辉岩产于红脊山-双湖高压变质带中段的片石山地区,是目前青藏高原内部唯一的榴辉岩产地。榴辉岩多硅白云母^(40)Ar-^(39)Ar年龄 t_p=219.3±1.5Ma;榴辉岩围岩的多硅白云母^(40)Ar-^(39)Ar 年龄 t_p=217.2±1.8Ma,定年结果表明,榴辉岩与围岩经历了相同的高压变质作用,与红脊山-双湖地区蓝闪片岩的高压变质时间是一致的。根据已有高压变质年代学资料,从羌塘的红脊山到双湖、那曲地区的巴青以北、昌都的酉西,直到滇西地区,断续分布长达2000余公里的高压变质带为同一期构造事件的产物,是龙木错-双湖板块缝合带向南延伸到滇西的重要依据。榴辉岩的定年数据进一步揭示,冈瓦纳板块与欧亚(扬子)板块的主体碰撞时间在220Ma 左右,同时也是古特提斯洋消亡的时间记录。

青藏高原班公湖-怒江结合带中段那曲县觉翁地区发现完整的蛇绿岩剖面

在位于班公湖-怒江结合带中段的那曲县觉翁地区首次发现较完整的蛇绿岩剖面,由下到上见有变质橄榄岩、辉橄岩、堆晶岩、块状辉长岩、岩墙群、碳酸盐岩、枕状熔岩、放射虫硅质岩等,被晚白垩世竟柱山组角度不整合覆盖,在堆晶岩中获同位素年龄值128Ma,从而证实蛇绿岩的时代为早白垩世。这一发现填补了班公湖-怒江结合带中段无完整蛇绿岩剖面的空白,并证实除侏罗纪蛇绿岩外还存在白垩纪蛇绿岩,为班公湖-怒江结合带中段最终闭合时间的确定提供了依据。

青藏高原中东部古近纪盆地封闭的构造-沉积-岩浆活动和古气候响应

青藏高原中东部分布着一系列中小型古近纪盆地,详细的野外地质调查、盆地构造-沉积学和生物地层学、地球化学和岩浆岩的40Ar/39Ar年代学结果表明,盆内充填了紫红色的陆源碎屑岩夹火山碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩和石膏层,并被晚期岩浆岩所切割,盆缘地层发生大规模掀斜而形成高陡地层和挤压向斜,盆内地层发生褶皱变形。地层内部细碎屑岩孢粉和古植物、火山碎屑岩和侵入岩的40Ar/39Ar年代学揭示盆地充填沉积物形成于38～28Ma(晚始新世—早渐新世)。古近纪紫红色沉积物、碳酸盐岩和石膏层的出现代表干旱-炎热的古气候环境。印度-欧亚板块碰撞过程中因陆壳变形和高原早期构造隆升产生的走滑拉分和逆冲挤压是导致高原中东部古近纪盆地裂解和封闭的主要原因。

藏北羌塘中部果干加年山早古生代堆晶辉长岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄--兼论原-古特提斯洋的演化

位于羌塘中部龙木错-双湖缝合带中的果干加年山早古生代堆晶岩,主要由辉石橄榄岩、堆晶辉石岩、堆晶辉长岩、斜长岩等岩石类型组成。对堆晶辉长岩中锆石的矿物学与年代学研究表明,堆晶辉长岩中发育3种内部结构特征的锆石晶体,锆石Th、U含量和Th/U值揭示了同一岩浆系统中结晶形成的岩浆锆石。获得堆晶辉长岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb谐和年龄461Ma±7Ma(MSWD=1.3)、431.7Ma±6.9Ma(MSWD=0.54),分别代表了青藏高原中部地区原-古特提斯洋扩张过程中早期(中奥陶世Darriwilian阶晚期)、晚期(早志留世Telychian阶中期)的岩浆作用事件。果干加年山早古生代堆晶岩具有MORB的特征,代表了龙木错-双湖缝合带中残存的早古生代蛇绿岩,也是青藏高原中南部地区目前为止认知时代最早的原-古特提斯洋壳的残迹。羌塘中部早古生代蛇绿岩的确定及其年代学的约束,使得龙木错-双湖特提斯洋盆的形成时代至少可以追溯到中奥陶世—早志留世,并推论龙木错-双湖缝合带、南羌塘古生代增生楔及其中生代盆地和班公湖-怒江缝合带共同构成了青藏高原特提斯大洋最终消亡的巨型缝合带,晚古生代原-古特提斯洋向南的俯冲消减导致了冈底斯带石炭纪—二叠纪岛弧型火山岩、二叠纪花岗闪长岩和大洋俯冲型榴辉岩的形成。

冈底斯驱龙斑岩铜-钼矿区外围矽卡岩型铜矿的分布、特征及深部找矿意义

世界范围内,巨型斑岩型矿床外围通常发育有同时代且具有成因联系的矽卡岩-脉状金属矿床;二者往往互为找矿标志,共同组成斑岩成矿系统。形成于印度-欧亚大陆后碰撞背景,与中新世adakitic质侵入岩有关的冈底斯斑岩Cu-Mo矿床成矿带已成我国重要的矿产基地。位于冈底斯中段的驱龙巨型斑岩Cu-Mo矿床(>1000MtCu)是我国目前最大的铜矿床,在其外围南部及东南部,分布着知不拉、朗姆家果两个矽卡岩型Cu矿;矽卡岩及矿体走向近东西,向北陡倾,矿体深部向驱龙斑岩矿床延伸。成矿时代上,知不拉与驱龙完全一致;同时知不拉与朗姆家果具有极其相似的矿床地质特征、矽卡岩矿物组成和矿化类型,硫化物组合均为黄铜矿、黄铁矿、斑铜矿和辉铜矿;矽卡岩中的石榴石主要是具有韵律生长环带的钙铁榴石(Ca3Fe2Si3O12)为主,少量的钙铝榴石(Ca3Al2Si3O12);从矽卡岩的产状推断二者可能相连成一体。最新的钻探揭示在朗姆家果矽卡岩矿床的深部出现驱龙斑岩矿床中的花岗闪长岩和黑云母二长花岗岩,表明它们是同一期岩浆-成矿作用的产物。在冈底斯带上斑岩型矿床外围有利区域寻找矽卡岩型矿床将极大的拓展找矿思路和空间。

青藏高原中北部热-应力演化及隆升作用机制

本文以青藏简原地质、地球物理资料为基础，模拟了印度河－雅鲁藏布江缝合线至昆中断裂间高原自６０Ｍａ以来热异常形成、演化及珠动应力场分布格局。研究表明，青藏高原中北部（安多以北）在中新世以前以浅部地壳逆冲、叠覆、隆升为特征；而在中新世以后，中下地壳及岩石田底部高热异常的形成与演化及差异应力场格局的调整与变异导致高原整体快速隆升，并相应控制浅部构造样式、Ｍｏｈｏ面的错断、叠覆及岩浆岩时空分布；目前该地区基本维持２０Ｍａ时的应力场和热异常格局，但非稳态岩石田上的地壳正潜伏着发生后造山伸展作用的动力学机因，而安多以南现阶段的高热流特征则可能主要受制于断裂摩擦生热。