Comprehensive Review on Air Pollution Control Measures for Non-Attainment Cities of Uttar Pradesh, India

Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollution in the form of action plans, introduced especially in its 17 non-attainment cities (NAC). To assess the progress and development of these action plans in UP, the present study has done an in-depth analysis and review of the state’s action plans and city micro action plans. Materials and Methods: In this research study, the analysis of the latest action plan reports, micro action plan reports as well as the recommendations for combating air pollution-related issues in the 17 NAC of the UP state has been well documented. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) has prepared these reports to highlight the progress of the plans in response to the growing air pollution in these cities. The information present in the reports has been used to further study sector-specific, category-specific action plans, institutional responsibility, and the present status of the action plans. Results: On average, the highest weightage in action plans was given to sector-specific categories such as Road dust and construction activities (24%). It was also observed that Urban local bodies (~50%) were majorly responsible to implement the action points and 56% of the action points were jointly implemented by multiple agencies.

Exploration and Practice of Precision Emission Reduction Monitoring System in Air Pollution Prevention and Control in a District of Tianjin

At present,China’s atmospheric environmental protection work has achieved initial results,but environmental protection is facing increasing pressure,and the environmental situation is still not optimistic.In response to the call of the state,efforts have been intensified in environmental protection and ecological civilization construction,and supply-side structural reform has been actively promoted,and the Implementation Plan for Tianjin’s Comprehensive Discharge of Industrial Pollution Sources to Meet Standards has been promoted.When the total amount of pollutants discharged in key areas far exceeds the environmental capacity,regional heavy pollution weather will still occur once adverse meteorological conditions are encountered.In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution,when the deterioration of air quality to a certain extent,to protect public health,key gas related industries should carry out emergency emission reduction in accordance with the local emergency plan while the local government starts the emergency response of heavy pollution weather.Direct economic loss of emergency response to heavy pollution weather is enormous.On the basis of meeting the total amount of emissions required by the state,the project aims to achieve the effect of"emission reduction and production increase"by precise emission reduction according to local characteristics.

Study on the Elman Neural Network Operation Control Strategy of the Central Air Conditioning Chilled Water System

The stable operation of the central air conditioning water system always is a major difficulty for the control profession. Paper focus on the water system with multi variable, strong coupling, nonlinear, large time delay characteristics, presented use feed forward coupling compensation method, to eliminate the coupling effect between temperature and pressure. In this paper, the Elman neural network controller is designed for the first time, and the simulation results show that the response time of Elman neural network controller is shorter, the system is more stable and the overshoot is small.

Design of Fuzzy Controller for Central Air Conditioner

A structure of central air conditioning system in building and its running pattern are proposed in order to perform optimum energy saving strategy. The design of room temperature controller is taken as an example to discuss the design of fuzzy controller using common microprogrammed control unit (MCU) in detail. Based on fuzzy theory the query control tables fixed in read only memory (ROM) of MCU are established to realize the energy saving in the room temperature controller and the reasoning procedure is analyzed. The diagram of hardware design and the flow chart of software of room temperature controller are presented. The results show that the proposed method is practical and effective to achieve the energy saving goal.

An Energy-Saving Control Strategy on Central Air-Conditioning System

An energy-saving control strategy based on predictive control for central air-conditioning systems is proposed in this paper. The cold load model is developed to describe the dynamic characteristics of temperature control systems, and then parameters in the cold load model and in the central air-conditioning system model are estimated. Generalized predictive control (GPC) is used to establish an optimization model to minimize the consumption of energy and the control error of temperature. The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm, combined with quadratic programming, is adopted to solve the optimal problem. Contrasted with the simulation of traditional PID control, the results prove the effectiveness of this proposed strategy.

Air pollution and its control in China

The rapid growth of China’s economy has led to severe air pollution characterized by acid rain,severe pollu-tion in cities,and regional air pollution.High concentrations are found for various pollutants such as sulfur dioxides(SO2),nitrogen oxides(NOx),and fine particulates.Great efforts have thus been undertaken for the control of air pollution in the country.This paper discusses the development and application of appropriate technologies for reducing the major pollutants produced by coal and vehicles,and investi-gates air quality modeling as an important support for policy-making.

California’s Agriculture-Related Local Air Pollution Policy

Air pollution is a critical environmental issue for California, which has some of the nation’s most polluted air basins and also the nation’s most stringent set of state and local air quality standards. This paper reviews my previous work in Lin (2011), in which I examine the effects of agriculture-related local regulations in California on air quality, as measured by the number of exceedances of the CO and NO2 standards, by exploiting the natural variation in policy among the different air districts in California. Agricultural burning policies and penalty fees reduce the pollution from CO. Other policies such as the prohibition on visible emission, fugitive dust, particulate matter, nitrogen and the reduction of animal matter are correlated with higher levels of CO. Regulations on orchard and citrus heaters have no significant effect on the number of exceedances of the CO and NO2 standards.

Design and demonstration of a next-generation air quality attainment assessment system for PM_(2.5)and O_3

Due to the increasingly stringent standards, it is important to assess whether the proposed emission reduction will result in ambient concentrations that meet the standards. The Software for Model Attainment Test-Community Edition （SMAT-CE） is developed for demonstrating attainment of air quality standards of O3 and PM2.5. SMAT-CE improves computational efficiency and provides a number of advanced visualization and analytical functionalities on an integrated GIS platform. SMAT-CE incorporates historical measurements of air quality parameters and simulated air pollutant concentrations under a number of emission inventory scenarios to project the level of compliance to air quality standards in a targeted future year. An application case study of the software based on the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards （NAAQS） shows that SMAT-CE is capable of demonstrating the air quality attainment of annual PM2.5 and 8-hour O3 for a proposed emission control policy.

A Study of Smog Issues and PM_2.5Pollutant Control Strategies in China

The increased occurrence of smoggy days in major Chinese cities is of major concern to the general public. This paper explores the major sources of PM2.5 pollutants, a key contributor to the smog in Beijing, one of China’s largest cities. Evidence indicates that the secondary PM2.5 particles formed through NOx, SOx, NH3, VOCs, etc. have a strong impact on human health. As a result, PM2.5 pollution control should not simply focus on controlling particulate emission, but should involve adopting an integrated multi-pollutant control strategy. In addition to identifying the major sources of PM2.5, this paper explores its impact on environmental and human health. Although the intention of this research is not to provide solutions for reducing PM2.5 pollution, the paper analyzes the United States’ experience with establishing PM2.5 standards and mandates. Specifically, this paper focuses on the air quality control strategies adopted in California since the 1940s and draws parallels with present-day China. The research suggests that adequate government regulation, public awareness, regional collaboration and industrial compliance are keys to successfully controlling PM2.5 pollution.

Research on Characteristics of Atmospheric Pollution and Meteorological Condition in South of Northern China

Taking Handan City (the south of Northern China) as an example, and making use of the environmentally friendly materials of Handan Environmental Monitor Station in 2013-2014, the surface observational data of Handan Meteorological Station and the sounding data of Xingtai station, combined with the integrated analysis of numerical prediction and simulation, this paper shows that, in 2014, the air quality improved;the emission-reduction effect was significant;the days of heavy pollution decreased;and the days up to the standard increased;the annual average concentration of pollutants PM2.5 and PM10 in the whole city showed a decreasing tendency compared to the same period of last year. In 2014, there were a total of 9 weather processes of heavy pollution lasting more than 3 days and the duration was significantly shorter than that in 2013, which indicated that effective emission-reduction measures significantly shortened the duration of weather processes of heavy pollution. The comprehensive analysis of meteorological conditions, such as the days of light wind, wind speed, wind frequency, PM2.5 concentration at different wind directions, the thickness and intensity of the inversion layer, and the height of the mixed layer, showed that, compared with the same period in 2013, the general meteorological conditions of air pollutant dispersion were basically flat and slightly disadvantageous in 2014. Handan municipal government increased the intensity of the prevention and control of air pollution in 2014, promulgated and adopted a series of air pollution control policies and emission-reduction control measures, and achieved some results, especially the emission-reduction measures during the APEC meeting which were obviously effective.

Spatial flow influence factor: A novel concept for indoor air pollutant control

This paper puts forward a novel concept, the spatial flow influence factor (SFIF), which provides a new insight into the airflow structure. This concept is very helpful in the control of indoor air pollutants since: (1) for a given indoor airflow; given sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the optimal arrangement of the VOC sources can easily be obtained; (2) for given positions of VOC sources; occupied regions (or target regions), the optimal indoor airflow pattern or organization can be determined; (3) the SFIF for an indoor space can also be regarded as the indoor air safety index of that space. To illustrate this concept, we present several examples of applying a SFIF to indoor air VOC control.

Airborne Microorganisms Present in the Atmosphere in Valladolid, Spain

Over the past few years, research on the quality of air and microorganisms present in the atmosphere and spore composition of the environment has increased significantly, due to concerns over health risks for humans, plants, and animals. This study shows the abundance and diversity of microorganisms and the atmosphere of an urban nucleus, that is, the city of Valladolid (Spain). We considered the conditions of precipitation, humidity and wind, and the presence of some atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen monoxide (NO2/NO), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). After their deposition present at five geographic points with different environmental conditions, differences were observed in the proportion of bacteria growth which was characterized by growth in several specific culture media. Most identified the Gram-negative bacteria identified in the air samples collected belong to the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Gram-positive bacteria were present at a low rate.

Rapid improvement of PM2.5 pollution and associated health benefits in China during 2013–2017

Exposure to fine particulate matter(PM2.5)is known to harm public health.In China,after implementation of aggressive emissions control measures under the Action Plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control(2013-2017),air quality has significantly improved.In this work,we investigated changes in PM2.5 exposure and the associated health impacts in China for the period 2013-2017.We used an optimal estimator of PM2.5 combining in-situ observations,satellite measurements,and simulations from a chemical transport model to derive the spatial and temporal variations in PM2.5 exposure,and then used welldeveloped exposure-response functions to estimate the premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 exposure.We found that national population-weighed annual mean PM2.5 concentrations decreased from 67.4μgm-3 in 2013 to 45.5μgm-3 in 2017(32%reduction).This rapid decrease in PM2.5 pollution led to a 14%reduction in premature deaths due to long-term exposure.We estimated that,during 2013-2017,the premature deaths attributable to long-term PM2.5 exposure decreased from 1.2 million(95%CI:1.0,1.3;fraction of total mortality:13%)in 2013 to 1.0 million(95%CI:0.9,1.2;10%)in 2017.Despite the rapid decrease in annual mean PM2.5 concentrations,health benefits associated with reduced long-term exposure were limited,because for many cities,the PM2.5 levels remain at the portion where the exposure-response function is less steeper than that at the lowconcentration end.We also found that the deaths associated with acute exposure decreased by 61%during 2013-2017 due to rapid reduction in the number of heavily polluted days.Our results confirm that clean air policies in China have mitigated the air pollution crisis;however,continuous emissions reduction efforts are required to protect citizens from air pollution.

日本HEAS-02-2022《医院设施设计指南(空调设备篇)》介绍

日本HEAS-02《医院设施设计指南(空调设备篇)》已经持续应用了30多年,对我国医院建设影响较大。历经4次修订,最新颁布的2022版是由医学主席在疫情中主持修订的,鉴于气溶胶新的传播特性提出了相应的合适措施。在医疗环境控制方面提出了许多新的思路与措施,局部修订了空气洁净度级别和各医疗科室的通风要求。依据感染管理风险评估及推荐强度与证据质量实施合理的医疗环境控制,并对一些关注点进行了澄清。

Atmospheric Environmental Capacity of S_2 in Winter over Lanzhou in China:A Case Study

The total emission control method based on atmospheric environmental capacity is the most effective in air pollution mitigation. The atmospheric environmental capacities of SO2 on representative days over Lanzhou are estimated using the numerical models RAMS, HYPACT and a linear programming model, according to the national ambient air quality standard of China （NAAQSCHN）. The results show that the fields of meteorological elements and SO2 simulated by the models agree reasonably well with observations. The atmospheric environmental capacity of SO2 over Lanzhou is around 111.7 × 10^3 kg d^-1, and in order to meet the air quality level Ⅱ of the NAAQSCHN, SO2 emissions need to be reduced by 20%.

人为管控下典型城市空气质量及经济指标特征

为探讨中国典型城市在极端人为源管控条件下空气质量和产业特征,文章分析了2018-2020年1-5月武汉、北京、上海、广州、西安、成都和拉萨等7个城市空气质量及产业发展指标;同比了极端人为管控期大气污染物浓度及经济产业指标变化特征。结果表明:受极端人为管控影响,管控期各污染物浓度同比、环比均出现显著降低,其中NO_(2)浓度环比下降幅度最大,约为50%,其次是PM_(2.5)和PM_(10),百分比为30%~40%。但O_(3)浓度总体呈现上升趋势,未来需进一步采取措施,加强PM_(2.5)和O_(3)协同控制,推动城市空气质量持续改善。各城市不同管控力度对大气污染浓度变化有显著影响。此外,对比了2020年第一和第二季度3类产业发展状况,北京、广州、西安和成都均为第一产业产值恢复速度较快,第三产业增长率最慢为10%;同比3类产业表明管控措施对第二产业影响较大。

室内粉尘污染对人体健康的影响及防治策略研究

本研究旨在深入探讨室内粉尘污染对人体健康的影响,并提出了一系列有效的防治策略。通过文献综述和数据分析,发现室内粉尘污染与多种健康问题密切相关,强调了改善室内空气质量的紧迫性。为了降低室内粉尘污染的危害,建议采取综合性的控制措施,包括通风改善、定期清洁、过滤器使用等,以保护人体健康。此外,还将通过案例研究深入探讨不同环境下的室内粉尘污染问题和解决方法。

协同考虑空气质量与热舒适度的暖通空调系统双层优化控制策略

暖通空调(HVAC)系统作为智能楼宇的耗能主体,实现其能耗成本与用户舒适度的灵活权衡具有重要意义。然而,并行考虑以上两种因素时,系统优化模型的耦合项增加,求解难度增大。基于学习的控制策略在模型构建上具有便捷性,但节能效果一般。面对以上挑战,提出协同考虑空气质量与热舒适度的HVAC系统双层优化控制策略。首先,基于RC等效电路的热动态模型和楼宇内部物理结构,精确刻画各区域温度和空气质量的耦合关系;然后,以能耗成本最低及用户舒适度最优为目标,对HVAC系统的运行策略进行优化,为解决模型的耦合问题,对HVAC系统进行双层优化控制,上层优化送风质量流量,下层优化通风率,并采用滚动优化方法修正误差;最后,在夏季制冷场景下,对不同舒适度系数下的双层优化控制结果进行分析,并与其他控制策略进行比较。结果表明,所提方法能兼顾经济性和用户舒适度。

攀枝花市炳草岗大气污染物浓度特征分析

根据国控空气监测网在攀枝花市炳草岗站点的历史数据,分析3月和4月(2021—2023年)期间的SO_(2)、NO_(2)、CO、O_(3)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10),得到这些污染物浓度时间分布和变化规律,探讨污染物浓度之间的相关性,结合颗粒物化学组分对污染物产生原因进行剖析。Pearson相关性分析表明,主要污染物浓度变化幅度呈显著相关,同时与温度高低、日光辐射强度成正比关系。污染物每日最大小时浓度集中在10点至18点,控制机动车、餐饮等污染源排放尤为重要。

基于安全与高效的空调水循环泵选型方法与控制策略浅析

基于安全运行、服务保障和低碳节能的诉求,对空调冷水系统中冷水循环泵的不同设计理念和控制策略进行了比较分析,并对制冷站内并联运行的冷水泵设计选型和控制策略提出了商榷和探讨。分别从暖通空调和自动控制的不同专业角度,给出了多台相同性能水泵并联运行的安全保障技术措施。在对比分析冷源侧供回水总管压差和用冷侧最不利末端压差2种控制方案之后,介绍了1种多末端分布式压差控制解决方法,可供设计师参考。