Optimization of Extraction Process of Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer var. simplex Mlodenke Total Flavonoids(CPTF) by Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology

[Objectives] The research aimed to optimize extraction process of Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer var. simplex Mlodenke total flavonoids( CPTF),and provide reference for its development and utilization. [Methods] Based on single-factor test,ethanol concentration,extraction temperature and extraction time were taken as independent variables,and total flavonoids yield was taken as dependent variable. The test was conducted according to central composite design principle. Multivariate linear regression and binomial equation fitting of the result were conducted,and extraction process of CPTF was optimized by using response surface methodology. [Results]The optimal extraction process of CPTF was as below: ethanol concentration 54. 76%,extraction temperature 83. 92℃,extraction time 102. 64 min,solid-liquid ratio 1:20,extraction for twice. [Conclusions] The extraction process of CPTF by central composite design-response surface methodology was simple and feasible,with reliable prediction result,which was suitable for industrial production.

Optimization of Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. by Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology

[Objectives]To optimize extraction process of total flavonoids from Akebia trifoliata( Thunb.) Koidz.,so as to provide references for development and use of Akebia trifoliata( Thunb.) Koidz. [Methods]The extraction rate of total flavonoids of Akebia trifoliata( Thunb.)Koidz. was taken as observation indicator. On the basis of single factor experiment,central composite design( CCD) was used to evaluate the effects of the extraction temperature,extraction time,and ethanol concentration on the extraction process. Multiple linear regression and binomial fitting were used,and response surface methodology( RSM) was used to select the optimum extraction process. [Results] The optimum extraction process conditions for total flavonoids of Akebia trifoliata( Thunb.) Koidz. was extraction temperature: 83. 92 ℃; extraction time:96. 47 min; ethanol concentration: 63. 92%; extraction times: two times; solid to liquid ratio: 1 ∶ 20; extraction rate of total flavonoids:4. 55%. [Conclusions] The central composite design-response surface methodology( CCD-RSM) is simple,convenient,and feasible for extraction of total flavonoids from Akebia trifoliata( Thunb.) Koidz.,and the prediction results are reliable.

Optimization and Characterization of Cellulose Extraction from Grevillea robusta (Silky Oak) Leaves by Soda-Anthraquinone Pulping Using Response Surface Methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) using the central composite design (CCD) was applied to examine the impact of soda-anthraquinone pulping conditions on Grevillea robusta fall leaves. The pulping factors studied were: NaOH charge 5% to 20% w/v, pulping time 30 to 180 minutes, and the anthraquinone charge 0.1 to 0.5% w/w based on the oven-dried leaves. The responses evaluated were the pulp yield, cellulose content, and the degree of delignification. Various regression models were used to evaluate the effects of varying the pulping conditions. The optimum conditions attained were;NaOH charge of 14.63%, 0.1% anthraquinone, and a pulping period of 154 minutes, corresponding to 20.68% pulp yield, 80.56% cellulose content, and 70.34% lignin removal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), was used to determine the most important variables that improve the extraction process of cellulose. The experiment outcomes matched those predicted by the model (Predicted R2 = 0.9980, Adjusted R2 = 0.9994), demonstrating the adequacy of the model used. FTIR analysis confirmed the elimination of the non-cellulosic fiber constituents. The lignin and hemicellulose-related bands (around 1514 cm−1, 1604 cm−1, 1239 cm−1, and 1734 cm−1) decreased with chemical treatment, indicating effective cellulose extraction by the soda-anthraquinone method. Similar results were obtained by XRD, SEM and thermogravimetric analysis of the extracted cellulose. Therefore, Grevillea robusta fall leaves are suitable renewable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly non-wood biomass for cellulose extraction.

Application of response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design for modeling the influence of some operating variables of the lab scale thickener performance

This study discussed the application of response surface methodology(RSM)and central composite rotatable design(CCRD)for modeling and optimization of the influence of some operating variables on the performance of a lab scale thickener for dewatering of tailing in the flotation circuit.Four thickener operating variables,namely feed flowrate,solid percent,flocculant dosage and feedwell height were changed during the tests based on CCRD.The ranges of values of the thickener variables used in the design were a feed flowrate of 9–21 L/min,solid percent of 8%–20%,flocculant dosage of 1.25–4.25 g/t and feedwell height of 16–26 cm.A total of 30 thickening tests were conducted using lab scale thickener on flotation tailing obtained from the Sarcheshmeh copper mine,Iran.The underflow solid percent and bed height were expressed as functions of four operating parameters of thickener.Predicted values were found to be in good agreement with experimental values(R2values of 0.992 and 0.997 for underflow solid percent and bed height,respectively).This study has shown that the RSM and CCRD could effciently be applied for the modeling of thickener for dewatering of flotation tailing.

Extraction Process Optimization of Total Flavonoids from Mallotus apelta Stems by Central Composite Design/Response Surface Method

[Objectives] To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids in stems of Mallotus apelta. [Methods]On the basis of singlefactor test,with volume fraction of ethanol,extraction time and ratio of solvent as independent variables,the content of total flavonoids as dependent variables,the completely secondary response surface regression fitting was conducted on the independent and dependent variables,and the Response Surface Method was used to optimize the optimum extraction process of total flavonoids in Mallotus apelta stems and predict the optimum process. [Results] The optimum extraction process of total flavonoids in Mallotus apelta was determined as follows: ethanol concentration of 71. 5%; extraction time of 154. 6 min; solid-liquid ratio of 1∶19. 2; total flavonoids content of 7. 060 mg/g; fitted binomial squared correlation coefficient R^2= 0. 8751.[Conclusions]Composite Design/Response Surface Method could be used in the extraction process optimization of total flavonoids in Mallotus apelta stems,the mathematical model established had high prediction accuracy,the method was simple and operability was good.

Improvement of xylanase production by Aspergillus niger XY-1 using response surface methodology for optimizing the medium composition

Objective: To study the optimal medium composition for xylanase production by Aspergillus niger XY-1 in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Methods: Statistical methodology including the Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and the central composite design (CCD) was employed to investigate the individual crucial component of the medium that significantly affected the enzyme yield. Results: Firstly, NaNO3, yeast extract, urea, Na2CO3, MgSO4, peptone and (NH4)2SO4 were screened as the significant factors positively affecting the xylanase production by PBD. Secondly, by valuating the nitrogen sources effect, urea was proved to be the most effective and economic nitrogen source for xylanase production and used for further optimization. Finally, the CCD and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied to determine the optimal concentration of each sig-nificant variable, which included urea, Na2CO3 and MgSO4. Subsequently a second-order polynomial was determined by multiple regression analysis. The optimum values of the critical components for maximum xylanase production were obtained as follows: x1 (urea)=0.163 (41.63 g/L), x2 (Na2CO3)=?1.68 (2.64 g/L), x3 (MgSO4)=1.338 (10.68 g/L) and the predicted xylanase value was 14374.6 U/g dry substrate. Using the optimized condition, xylanase production by Aspergillus niger XY-1 after 48 h fermentation reached 14637 U/g dry substrate with wheat bran in the shake flask. Conclusion: By using PBD and CCD, we obtained the optimal composition for xylanase production by Aspergillus niger XY-1 in SSF, and the results of no additional expensive medium and shortened fermentation time for higher xylanase production show the potential for industrial utilization.

Central Composite Design响应面法优化厚裂凤仙花总黄酮提取工艺研究

为厚裂凤仙花中总黄酮资源的开发利用,本文采用单因素与星点-效应面法相结合的方式,考察提取溶剂浓度、料液比、提取时间、提取次数对厚裂凤仙花中总黄酮提取率的影响。优选出厚裂凤仙花总黄酮最佳提取方法为:甲醇体积分数80%,料液比为1︰64,提取时间为50 min;提次数为3次;验证实验结果表明,总黄酮平均提取率为5.51 mg/g,与实验模型RSD值为0.79%。建立的模型与实际方案有较高拟合度,可作为苗药厚裂凤仙花总黄酮提取工艺参数。

基于星点设计-效应面法联用正交设计优选抗骨质疏松颗粒的制剂工艺

目的用星点设计-效应面法(CCD-RSM)联用正交实验设计优选抗骨质疏松颗粒的制剂工艺。方法以溶媒用量、煎煮时间为考察因素,以有效成分补骨脂素、异补骨脂素总量和干膏收率的总评“归一值”(optical density,OD)为评价指标,用CCDRSM确定最佳提取工艺;以颗粒溶化性、吸湿率、水分、成型率、休止角为评价指标,用正交实验优选最佳成型工艺。结果最佳提取工艺为加水量12倍,提取2次,每次130 min;成型工艺为浸膏与辅料的比例为1∶2,可溶性淀粉与糊精的比例为1∶3,用体积分数为90%的乙醇制粒,75℃干燥,过16目筛整粒,即得。结论优选的制剂工艺条件稳定、可行,可为抗骨质疏松颗粒的实际生产提供依据。

星点设计-效应面法优化白及多糖pH-离子敏感原位凝胶的处方

目的优化白及多糖pH-离子敏感原位凝胶的处方。方法以去乙酰结冷胶用量、海藻酸钠用量、氯化钙用量、枸橼酸钠与氯化钙的质量比为考察变量,采用单因素实验初步确定各变量的范围。以25℃凝胶前体溶液黏度和37℃胶凝黏度为考察指标,采用星点设计-效应面法优选白及多糖pH-离子敏感原位凝胶的处方工艺,并进行预测分析。结果白及多糖pH敏感原位凝胶的最优处方为:去乙酰结冷胶用量为0.50%,海藻酸钠用量为1.10%,氯化钙用量为0.07%,枸橼酸钠与氯化钙的质量比为4∶1。该处方条件下,25℃前体溶液黏度为(704.00±3.00)mPa·s,37℃胶凝黏度为(12544.70±47.33)mPa·s。结论白及多糖pH-离子敏感原位凝胶稳定性好,前体溶液在25℃流动性良好,凝胶强度良好,可为基于白及多糖原位凝胶的后续研究提供实验基础。

层次分析-熵权法联合星点设计-响应面法优选胆汁制陈皮炮制工艺及饮片色度与成分相关性分析

目的研究胆汁制陈皮炮制的最佳工艺参数,明确饮片色度与主要成分之间的关系。方法采用星点设计-响应面法,以辅料用量、蒸制时间、干燥时间、干燥温度为考察因素,以橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素、牛磺胆酸钠含量及外观性状、醇浸出物含量为评价指标,采用层次分析-熵权法对各评价指标赋予相应权重,计算总评归一值,优选最佳炮制工艺;采用相关性分析和回归分析研究饮片色度与主要有效成分含量的相关性,构建色度-成分的回归方程。结果胆汁制陈皮最佳炮制工艺为每100g陈皮用20g蛇胆汁浸渍完全后,蒸制15min,45℃干燥162min。饮片色度值L^(*)、b^(*)值与橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素、牛磺胆酸钠4种成分含量均具有显著相关性,a^(*)值仅与牛磺胆酸钠含量具有相关性;构建了L^(*)、b^(*)值与4种成分含量及a^(*)值与牛磺胆酸钠含量的线性回归方程。结论采用星点设计-响应面法优化的胆汁制陈皮炮制工艺具有合理性、可行性,饮片色度与成分含量具有显著相关性。

星点设计-效应面法优选复方山陈颗粒成型工艺

目的优选复方山陈颗粒的成型工艺。方法单因素试验筛选出稠膏的相对密度、稀释剂总用量为考察因素,以颗粒的成型率、休止角、水分和溶化性为评价指标,采用星点设计-效应面法(CCD-RSM)优选复方山陈颗粒的最佳成型工艺。结果最佳成型工艺条件为取相对密度为1.25(60℃)的稠膏与稀释剂(甘露醇:糊精=1:3)按1:3的比例混匀,制软材,过16目筛制粒,在60℃下干燥约1 h,整粒,即得。结论通过CCD-RSM优选的工艺稳定可靠,可为复方山陈颗粒的产业化生产提供参考。

星点设计-效应面法优化超声提取桂籽中三萜化合物的工艺研究

目的本研究以桂籽为原材料,采用星点设计(CCD)-效应面法(RSM)等多种方法优化桂籽总三萜(OFSTT)的提取工艺及其含量测定研究。方法采用单因素、Plackett-Burman(PB)、最陡爬坡和CCD-RSM实验,建立各因素与响应值之间的数学模型,确定OFSTT的最佳超声提取工艺。结果通过单因素试验,得到了关于桂籽总三萜含量变化的趋势线,进一步利用PB实验筛选出对OFSTT产生显著影响的因素(提取功率、液料比及提取次数),通过最陡爬坡实验设计出极值点,以此作为效应面设计的中心点,采用星点设计-效应面法优化了OFSTT提取工艺的最佳提取工艺条件:乙醇溶剂分数60%,液料比25∶1(mL/g),提取温度65℃,提取功率325W,提取时间30min,提取3次;该条件下OFSTT的提取率为7.251%,实际值与预测值的偏差为2.05%。结论本研究采用CCD-RSM实验优化了OFSTT的提取工艺,该工艺稳定,提取率较高,实际值与预测值吻合度高,为后续桂籽三萜类物质进一步结构鉴定及生物活性作用研究提供参考价值。

Optimal Evaluation of Coag-Flocculation Factors for Alum-Brewery Effluent System by Response Surface Methodology

This work investigates coag-flocculation optimization treatment of alum-brewery effluent system via response surface methodology (RSM). To minimize suspended and dissolved particles (SDP), experiments were carried out using nephelometric jar test and 23-factorial design with three star-points, six-center-points and two replications. A central composite design, which is the standard design of RSM, was used to evaluate the effects and interactions of three major factors (coagulation pH, coagulant dosage, settling time) on the treatment efficiency. Multivariable quadratic model developed for the response studied indicates the optimum conditions to be 9, 500mg/l and 20minutes for coagulation pH, coagulant dosage and settling time, respectively. At optimum, the SDP was reduced from 10831.490mg/l to 801.451mg/l, representing 92.601% removal efficiency. RSM has demonstrated to be appropriate approach for the optimization of the coag-flocculation process by statistical evaluation.

Optimization of Jiawei Qing'e Oral Fast Disintegrating Tablets Based on Response Surface-Central Composite Design

Abstract: Objective To apply the response surface-central composite design to developing and optimizing the oral fastdisintegrating tablets (ODT) formulation for Jiawei Qing’e, a kind of prescription of Chinese herbal medicine.Methods The bitterness of Jiawei Qing’e was masked using Eudragit E-100 by solvent evaporation technique.Response surface approach was applied to investigating the interaction of formulation parameters in optimizing theformulation. The independent variables were Eudragit E-100/drug ratio (X1), amount of disintegrants (X2), and theamount of diluents (X3). The disintegration time (Y1), hardness (Y2), and weight variations of the tablets werecharacterized. Results The models predicted levels of X1= 4.63%, X2= 5.25%, and X3= 34.33%, for the optimalformulation having a hardness of 3.0 kg with the disintegration time of 30 s within experimental region. The observedresponse of Y1= 26.5 s and Y2= 3.14 kg reasonably agreed with the predicted response. Conclusion Responsesurface methodology shows the good predictability and reliability in optimizing the formulation. The optimized ODTof Jiawei Qing’e has acceptable taste, rapid disintegrating ability, and good mechanical strength.

层次分析-熵权法结合星点设计-响应面法优选艾纳香配方颗粒成型工艺

目的优选艾纳香配方颗粒的成型工艺。方法以湿法制粒法制备艾纳香配方颗粒,在单因素试验基础上结合星点设计-响应面法,以清膏与稀释剂糊精配比、矫味剂甜菊素用量为考察因素,以成型率、休止角、吸湿率为评价指标,采用层次分析(AHP)-熵权法对评价指标赋予权重系数后进行综合评分。结果AHP-熵权法赋予成型率、休止角、吸湿率的权重系数分别为0.6420,0.3445,0.01345。优选的成型工艺为艾纳香配方颗粒清膏-糊精(1∶1.65,m/m),矫味剂甜菊素0.55%。验证试验结果显示,按优化工艺制备3批样品的综合评分的平均值为75.03。结论该成型工艺合理、可行,可为艾纳香配方颗粒的开发及应用提供实验依据。

基于AHP-CRITIC混合加权法和星点设计-效应面法的荆防活血乳膏处方优化研究

目的研究并优选荆防活血乳膏剂的制备工艺。方法以荆防活血乳膏剂的离心稳定性、耐热稳定性、涂抹分散性为考察指标,采用层次分析法(AHP)、基于指标相关性的权重确定方法(CRITIC)、AHPCRITIC混合加权法确定各评价指标的权重系数,并结合星点设计(central composite design,CCD)-效应面优化法筛选荆防活血乳膏处方中出对基质质量影响较大的3个因素硬脂酸、甘油、混合乳化剂(平平加、三乙醇胺)的用量,验证优化后的最佳处方。结果按AHP-CRITIC混合加权法得到离心稳定性、耐热稳定性、涂抹分散性的权重系数分别为0.5216,0.3372,0.1412,最佳处方比例为:硬脂酸4.4 g,甘油14.3 g,混合乳化剂4.2 g,单硬脂酸甘油酯2 g,凡士林8.5 g,二甲基硅油10 g,纯化水20 g,冰片1.5 g(2%),苯甲酸钠0.1%,荆防活血方组方药物提取干膏用量7.5 g(每100 g乳膏中含主药量约10 g)。结论优选出的荆防活血乳膏剂制备工艺经验证简单、合理,所得制剂具有良好的外观性状、涂抹分散性和稳定性。

星点设计-效应面法优选连芩清热温敏凝胶制备工艺

目的 优化连芩清热温敏凝胶剂的制备工艺。方法 以泊洛沙姆407用量、泊洛沙姆188用量、连芩清热洗剂原液用量为考察变量,以胶凝温度为考察指标,采用星点设计-效应面法确定优选制备工艺条件,并进行预测分析。结果 连芩清热温敏凝胶剂的最优制备为:泊洛沙姆407用量17%,泊洛沙姆188用量3%,连芩清热洗剂原液用量比例为46%,连芩清热温敏凝胶的凝胶温度为30.4℃,凝胶时间为(14.8±2.1)s,凝胶长度(0.5±0.1)cm。结论 连芩清热温敏凝胶剂制备工艺简便,稳定性好,凝胶时间和凝胶长度合理。

Optimization of medium components using response surface methodology (RSM) for mycelium biomass and exopolysaccharide production by <i>Lentinus squarrosulus</i>

The interaction between sucrose, yeast extract and initial pH was investigated to optimize critical medium components for mycelium biomass and production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) of Lentinus squarrosulus using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was applied and a polynomial regression model with quadratic term was used to analyse the experimental data using analysis of variance (ANOVA). ANOVA analysis showed that the model was very significant (p Lentinus squarrosulus are as follows: sucrose concentration 114.61 g/L, yeast extract 1.62 g/L and initial pH of 5.81;sucrose concentration 115.8 g/L, yeast extract of 3.39 g/L and initial pH of 6.44 respectively.

Enhacement of the Viability of <i>Lactobacillus</i><i>plantarum</i>during the Preservation and Storage Process Based on the Response Surface Methodology

Objective: The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a commonly used system to optimize cell viability of probiotic strains when they are subjected to different preservation and storage processes. Methods and Results: To determine the optimal levels of incorporation of several cry oprotectants (skim milk, sucrose and trehalose) in the freeze-drying process of Lactobacillus plantarum, a range of experiments based on a Rotational Central Composite design (CCD) were conducted. The results were adjusted to a quadratic model, resulting in the presence of interaction between the different variables. Solving a regression equation, we obtained the optimum concentrations of cryoprotective agents: 24.06% milk powder, 6.22% sucrose, 5.63% trehalose. To visualize the interactions between the three variables involved in the study, Design Expert? software was used. Conclusions: The analysis reveals that while trehalose has a direct effect on the viability of L. plantarum, skim milk and sucrose exert quadratic effects. There are also interactions between cryoprotectants, which emphasize the synergies produced between milk and sucrose and between sucrose and trehalose, which allows maintaining the viability of L. plantarum. Significance and Impact of the Study: The addition of new oligosaccharides as trehalose in premixtures for functional feed can maintain the viability of L. plantarum during longer periods of time, ensuring the proper administration of probiotics to their destinations.

用Box-Behnken效应面法优化穿心莲内酯纳米乳原位凝胶处方工艺研究

目的:采用Box-Behnken效应面法优化穿心莲内酯纳米乳原位凝胶的处方,为中药经皮给药制剂的研究与开发提供参考。方法:以泊洛沙姆188(P188)和泊洛沙姆407(P407)为凝胶基质,采用凝胶基质的质量分数为考察因素,凝胶温度为考察指标,通过二项式拟合分析得到方程,并建立胶凝温度与2个考察因素之间的数学关系,采用星点设计-效应面法优化穿心莲内酯纳米乳原位凝胶的处方,并对优化处方进行验证。结果:凝胶温度与考察因素存在可信定量关系,且二项式拟合方程置信度高。穿心莲内酯纳米乳原位凝胶的最佳处方为20.00%泊洛沙姆407和5.00%泊洛沙姆188;凝胶温度为(33.8±0.2)℃,处方制备重复性高。结论:该方法适用于穿心莲内酯纳米乳原位凝胶的处方优化,建立的模型预测性良好,优化的制备方法稳定,胶凝温度适宜,可为穿心莲内酯经皮给药制剂的开发提供参考。