Prognostic factors for acute central retinal artery occlusion treated with hyperbaric oxygen:The Hong Kong study report number five

BACKGROUND Central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO)is a potentially blinding disease,and hyperbaric oxygen therapy(HBOT)is becoming increasingly popular with the support of scientific evidence.Despite the presence of various acute management measures,there is no clear evidence on the gold standard treatment for CRAO.AIM To identify factors and imaging parameters associated with good visual outcome,which guide ophthalmologists in the triage of CRAO patients for HBOT.METHODS Patients who suffered from CRAO and had a symptom onset≤6 h were recruited for a course of HBOT in a tertiary hospital after failing bedside treatment.Patient demographics,onset time,CRAO eye parameters,and past medical history were prospectively collected.Visual outcomes after HBOT were also analyzed.RESULTS A total of 26 patients were included;the female-to-male ratio was 1:1.6,and the mean age was 67.5 years±13.3 years(range 44–89 years).The mean duration of follow-up and mean visual acuity(VA)improvement were 10.0 mo±5.3 mo and 0.48 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution(logMAR)±0.57 logMAR(approx-imately 9 letters in ETDRS)(P=0.0001,Z=-3.67),respectively.The 1 mm zone of central macular thickness(CMT)on optical coherence tomography was not associated with VA changes(P=0.119);however,the 1-to-3 mm circular rim of CMT was fairly associated(P=0.02,Spearman's coefficient=0.45).Complete retinal perfusion time during fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)was mode-rately associated(P=0.01,Spearman's coefficient=0.58)with visual outcome.

OCTA characteristics in non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion and correlation with visual acuity

AIM:To observe the retinal and choroidal circulations in patients with non-arteritic permanent central retinal artery occlusion(NA-CRAO)via optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)and analyze their correlation with visual acuity.METHODS:Sixty-two eyes with clinically confirmed acute NA-CRAO were included in the study and divided into:A type(mild n=29),B type(moderate n=27)and C type(severe n=6)based on the degree of visual loss,retinal edema,and arterial blood flow delay in fundus fluorescence angiography(FFA).Contralateral healthy eyes were used as the control group.Best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),slit lamp microscopy,indirect ophthalmoscopy,fundus color photography,OCTA,and FFA were performed.Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to determine the correlations between retinal and choroidal vessels and visual acuity.RESULTS:There were no statistically significant differences in age,gender,and intraocular pressure among the three types and the control group(P>0.05).Vessel density in deep capillary plexus(VD-DCP)significantly decreased(P<0.05)in all three types of NA-CRAO patients compared to the control group.Vessel density in superficial vascular plexus(VD-SVP)significantly decreased(P<0.05)in type A patients and choriocapillaris flow area significantly decreased(P<0.05)in type B and type C patients compared to the control group;while outer retinal flow areas significantly increased in the type A(P<0.05)and decreased in type C patients(P<0.05).The retinal thickness significantly increased in type C group(P<0.05).The VD-SVP at fovea in the type A was significantly lower than both of type B and C.The VD-SVP at nasal parafovea in type A and B was significantly lower than type C(P<0.05).The logMAR BCVA of type A was significantly better than that of type B and C groups(P<0.05).Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that the logMAR BCVA was positively correlated with VD-SVP at fovea(r=0.679,P=0.031)and nasal parafovea(r=0.826,P=0.013).CONCLUSION:OCTA is valuable for assessing retinal ischemia,and evaluating visual impairment.Deep retinal vasculature is commonly affected in all NA-CRAO types.VDSVPs at fovea and nasal parafovea can serve as reliable markers of visual impairment in NA-CRAO.

Risk factors of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and central retinal artery occlusion

AIM:To investigate the difference in risk factors between non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy(NAION)and central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO)and develop a predictive diagnostic nomogram.METHODS:The study included 37 patients with monocular NAION,20 with monocular CRAO,and 24 with hypertension.Gender,age,and systemic diseases were recorded.Blood routine,lipids,hemorheology,carotid and brachial artery doppler ultrasound,and echocardiography were collected.The optic disc area,cup area,and cup-to-disc ratio(C/D)of the unaffected eye in the NAION and CRAO group and the right eye in the hypertension group were measured.RESULTS:The carotid artery intimal medial thickness(C-IMT)of the affected side of the CRAO group was thicker(P=0.039)and its flow-mediated dilation(FMD)was lower(P=0.049)than the NAION group.Compared with hypertension patients,NAION patients had higher whole blood reduced viscosity low-shear(WBRV-L)and erythrocyte aggregation index(EAI;P=0.045,0.037),and CRAO patients had higher index of rigidity of erythrocyte(IR)and erythrocyte deformation index(EDI;P=0.004,0.001).The optic cup and the C/D of the NAION group were smaller than the other two groups(P<0.0001).The diagnostic prediction model showed high diagnostic specificity(83.7%)and sensitivity(85.6%),which was highly related to hypertension,the C-IMT of the affected side,FMD,platelet(PLT),EAI,and C/D.CONCLUSION:CRAO patients show thicker C-IMT and worse endothelial function than NAION.NAION and CRAO may be related to abnormal hemorheology.A small cup and small C/D may be involved in NAION.The diagnostic nomogram can be used to preliminarily identify NAION and CRAO.

Orbital and sinus rhabdomyosarcoma with concurrent central retinal artery occlusion:A case report

BACKGROUND Both rhabdomyosarcoma(RMS)and central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO)are rare medical diseases,and their simultaneous occurrence in the same patient is extraordinarily uncommon.This study presents a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations,diagnostic imaging results,and therapeutic interventions of a patient with both conditions.CASE SUMMARY In this report,we present a 30-year-old male who presented with significant protrusion,pain and vision loss and was diagnosed with RMS in the orbit and sinus with CRAO.Following resection of the sinus and orbital mass and enucleation of the right eye,the patient experienced symptom improvement.CONCLUSION This article provides an in-depth analysis of the patient’s clinical manifestations,the tumor’s anatomical origin,and the etiology of CRAO.The concurrent manifestation of both RMS and CRAO is exceedingly uncommon in clinical practice.

Disorganization of the retinal inner layers as a prognostic factor in eyes with central retinal artery occlusion

AIM: To evaluate baseline foveal disorganisation of retinal inner layers(DRIL) as a prognostic factor in eyes with central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO). METHODS: Twenty-eight CRAO patients who were followed-up between 2010 and 2016 were retrospectively investigated. Demographic characteristics and detailed ophthalmological examination findings of all patients were recorded. Macular thicknesses(MTs) from 5 separate spots and DRIL were measured with spectral-domain optic coherence tomography(SD-OCT). Correlations between DRIL score and logMAR converted visual acuity(VA), change in VA, patient reference time(RT), number of hyperbaric oxygen therapy(HBOT) sessions, MT and MT change were investigated.RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between the DRIL score and the final VA(r=0.787) and a negative correlation with the change in VA(r=-0.763). The RT and MT were closely related to the DRIL score. A negative correlation was found between the number of HBOT sessions and the DRIL score(r=-0.341).CONCLUSION: The DRIL score is a parameter assessed by SD-OCT, which can provide us reliable information regarding the prognosis of visual functions and response to the treatment for CRAO patients at acute phase.

Central retinal artery occlusion and traumatic optic neuropathy following blunt ocular trauma

Dear Editor,We are writing to present a case report of central retinal artery occlusion（CRAO）and traumatic optic neuropathy（TON）with immediate visual loss caused by blunt facial trauma with a soccer ball.CRAO is an ophthalmic emergency with an estimated incidence of 10 in 1 million.

Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among central retinal artery occlusion patients:A case series-HORA study report No.3

Introduction:COVID-19 patients are susceptible to hypercoagulability,thromboembolic,and vasculitis state;central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO)could be caused by hyperviscosity syndrome,thromboembolic accidents,and vasculitis.Evolving case reports are correlating CRAO with COVID-19 patients.Our case series aims to reveal the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among CRAO patients under the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods:Medical records of all CRAO patients who attended our tertiary referral hospital,during COVID-19 local outbreak(March to November 2020),were reviewed.Respiratory tract samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by the validated Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 assay.If patients were able to cooperate,oropharyngeal saliva samples were obtained.Otherwise,nasopharyngeal and deep throat swabs were taken by registered nurses.Results:A total of 15 CRAO patients(7 males,8 females)were identified during the 9-month study period.The mean age was 72.1-years(range 45-88 year).None of the patients were infected by SARS-CoV-2 before their CRAO disease episodes.Three patients had a history of CRAO over the contralateral eye.No patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 up to their last follow-up(mean 255.4 days,range 152-341 days).Without any COVID-19 positive case,correlation statistical tests on SARS-CoV-2 infection and CRAO were not established.Conclusions:Some of the presumed COVID-19 related CRAO cases may be just coincident with at-risk patients,as COVID-19 is prevalent across the world.More in-depth research,with adjustment to known confounding risk factors,is needed to establish a genuine correlation.

Central retinal artery occlusion after endovascular coil embolization for internal carotid artery aneurysm

Dear Editor,We are writing this letter to report an unexpected rare caseofcentralretinalarteryocclusion(CRAO)happened after stent-assisted coiling for internal carotid artery(ICA)aneurysm in a female patient.CRAO is a devastating ocular emergency with poor visual prognosis and no universal acceptedtreatmentatpresent.CRAOisusuallyassociated witharterialhypertension,diabetesmellitus,renaldisease.

Bilateral Central Retinal Vein Occlusions Combined with Artery Occlusions in A Patient with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Purpose: This is the first report of a bilateral nonischemic central retinal vein occlusionscombined with artery occlusions in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS). Methods: Case report. Results: A 22-year-old Chinese(male) with a positive human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection developed bilateral nonischemic central retinal vein occlusions combinedwith artery occlusions and severe vision loss. The manifestations of the fundus andfluorescein angiography were similar in both eyes.Conclusion: This case report provides the evidences that central retinal vein and arteryocclusions are probably part of the spectrum of AIDS vascular diseases.

Localized Administration of Tissue Plasminogen Activator through the Ophthalmic Artery in the Setting of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

Treatment of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) has been an ambiguous entity in the medical community. Many interventions have been explored;however, a standard of care has yet to be defined. Recent studies have suggested localized intra-arterial fibrinolysis as a promising method;however, a timeframe for optimal treatment initiation continues to be investigated. This case demonstrates an instance of CRAO treated with local fibrinolysis, however, what could be due to delayed time-to-treat, final visual outcomes were unfavorable. In conjunction with supporting literature, we believe optimization of thrombolytic protocols should be sought after to facilitate successful treatment outcomes. In addition, we encourage community awareness of the signs and symptoms of CRAO in hopes that earlier patient presentations will lead to swifter interventions and overall preservation of ocular function.

Sequential bilateral central retinal artery occlusion as the primary manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus

Bilateral central retinal artery occlusion （CRAO） has been rarely reported as the primary manifestation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus （SLE）. The severe retinal vaso-occlusive diseases usually cause devastating and permanent damage to visual function in spite of vigorous treatment. A 42-year-old Chinese woman presented with abrupt bilateral vision loss. The diagnosis of bilateral CRAO was suggested by the ocular presentation and fluorescein angiography. Laboratory studies showed positive results of antinuclear antibody, anti-Ro/SSA anti-La/SSB; decreased levels of C3, C4 complement and normal levels of antiphospholipides antibodies （APAs）. Her visual acuity deteriorated despite systemic steroid and immunosuppressant treatment. Severe vaso-occlusive retinopathy may be an earlier manifestation of SLE without elevated level of APAs.

Acute retinal arterial ischemia

Acute retinal arterial ischemia,which includes transient monocular vision loss(TMVL),branch retinal artery occlusion(BRAO),central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO)and ophthalmic artery occlusion(OAO),is most commonly the consequence of an embolic phenomenon from the ipsilateral carotid artery,heart or aortic arch,leading to partial or complete occlusion of the central retinal artery(CRA)or its branches.Acute retinal arterial ischemia is the ocular equivalent of acute cerebral ischemia and is an ophthalmic and medical emergency.Patients with acute retinal arterial ischemia are at a high risk of having further vascular events,such as subsequent strokes and myocardial infarctions(MIs).Therefore,prompt diagnosis and urgent referral to appropriate specialists and centers is necessary for further work-up(such as brain magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion weighted imaging,vascular imaging,and cardiac monitoring and imaging)and potential treatment of an urgent etiology(e.g.,carotid dissection or critical carotid artery stenosis).Since there are no proven,effective treatments to improve visual outcome following permanent retinal arterial ischemia(central or branch retinal artery occlusion),treatment must focus on secondary prevention measures to decrease the likelihood of subsequent ischemic events.

头面部美容填充物致眼动脉及其分支动脉阻塞的临床特征和视力预后影响因素分析

目的总结头面部美容填充物注射引起的眼动脉及其分支动脉阻塞的临床特征和视力预后影响因素。方法本研究为回顾性病例研究。共纳入头面部美容填充物注射后立即出现视力下降、视物重影或上睑下垂等眼科症状的患者26例,收集并分析所有患者的临床和影像学资料。结果26例患者中,注射透明质酸者23例,注射自体脂肪者2例,注射干细胞制剂者1例。注射点位于额部8例、额部+眉间4例、眉间3例、眉间+鼻根1例、鼻根4例、鼻翼1例、眼睑4例、颞侧头皮1例。临床表现:眼动脉阻塞2例,视网膜中央动脉阻塞(central retinal artery occlusion,CRAO)7例(其中不完全性CRAO 1例),睫状后短动脉阻塞12例[其中非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy,NAION)6例、非动脉炎性后部缺血性视神经病变3例、局限性脉络膜水肿3例],眼外肌麻痹5例(其中眼动脉肌支阻塞4例,动眼神经麻痹1例),上睑下垂4例,瞳孔散大2例。其中6例患者同时发生2种眼部受累表现,包括CRAO+局限性脉络膜水肿2例,NAION+局限性脉络膜水肿1例,NAION+肌支阻塞1例,NAION+动眼神经麻痹1例,上睑下垂+肌支阻塞1例。头颅MRI检查显示新发性脑梗死灶3例。18例视网膜或视神经受累患者中,11例患者表现为完全性CRAO或弥漫性视神经缺血,治疗前后患者视力无改变;7例患者表现为不完全性CRAO或节段性视神经缺血,治疗后患者视力有明显改善。结论头面部美容填充物注射引起的眼动脉及其分支动脉阻塞视力预后差,不完全性CRAO、节段性视神经缺血和初诊时最佳矫正视力≥0.02的患者视力预后较好。

光学相干断层扫描在视网膜中央动脉阻塞的应用

目的研究应用光学相干断层扫描(OCT)和眼底彩照对视网膜动脉阻塞黄斑区变化图的分析。方法应用海德堡激光眼科诊断仪(HRA-OCT)对30例视网膜中央动脉阻塞(CRAO)进行OCT检查和眼底彩照,观察其形态学特征。利用OCT图像分析CRAO的特点。用HRA-OCT对19例CRAD患者进行黄斑部水平径线、垂直径线扫描,并眼底照相机眼底照相。13例测量患眼与对侧眼的视网膜中心凹旁鼻,颞侧厚度,SPSS21.0统计软件包,采用配对样本t检验。结果OCT特征:阻塞的视网膜增厚,内层结构分辨不清,神经上皮层部分反光增强,视网膜内层高反射率高。彩照显示后极部视网膜呈乳白色水肿,黄斑区有樱桃红点。比较患眼与健康眼的视网膜中心凹旁鼻侧厚度(t=-80.992,P<0.001);患眼与健康眼的视网膜中心凹旁颞侧厚度(t=-56.623,P<0.001),以及患眼视网膜中心凹旁颞侧与鼻侧的厚度(t=-60.463,,P<0.001),差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论HRA-OCT能无创地观察CRAO视网膜组织形态学改变,对临床诊治提供指导性意义。

全面急救护理在视网膜中央动脉阻塞患者急救与护理中的效果

目的探讨全面急救护理在视网膜中央动脉阻塞患者急救与护理中的效果。方法选取2020年2月至2023年2月厦门大学附属中山医院收治的视网膜中央静脉阻塞患者100例,根据护理方式分为两组,每组各50例,分析比较两组视力、黑蒙和眼前指数、日常生活能力、心理状态、生活质量、临床疗效。结果全面急救护理组患者的视力、黑蒙和眼前指数、改良Barthel指数量表(MBI)评分、生活质量评分均高于常规急救护理组(P<0.05),焦虑评分、抑郁评分均低于常规急救护理组(P<0.05),总有效率96.00%(48/50)高于常规急救护理组[76.00%(38/50)](P<0.05)。结论全面急救护理在视网膜中央动脉阻塞患者急救与护理中的效果较常规急救护理好。

动脉内溶栓治疗视网膜中央动脉阻塞患者的临床特征及功能性视觉恢复单中心研究

目的探讨动脉内溶栓(intra-arterial thrombolysis,IAT)治疗视网膜中央动脉阻塞(central retinal artery occlusion,CRAO)患者的临床特征及功能性视觉恢复情况。方法纳入2018年1月—2023年8月西北大学附属第一医院神经内科和神经眼科连续收治的非动脉炎性CRAO患者,根据入院后是否进行IAT治疗分为IAT组和非IAT组。功能性视觉定义为视力≥20/100。比较分析两组患者的临床特征和不同时间段(入院、出院时和出院1个月时)功能性视觉恢复情况。结果共纳入131例(131只眼)非动脉炎性CRAO患者,男性93例(71.0%),平均年龄为(61.6±12.6)岁,其中IAT组57例(43.5%),非IAT组74例(56.5%)。与非IAT组患者相比,IAT组患者年龄更低[(58.4±12.5)岁vs.(64.1±12.2)岁,P=0.011]、合并卒中病史者比例更低[10(17.5%)vs.25(33.8%),P=0.037]、发病至就诊时间更短[10.0(6.0~24.0)h vs.55.0(20.2~162.0)h,P<0.001]、醒后发病者比例更高[26(45.6%)vs.15(20.3%),P=0.002]和患侧颈内动脉血管状态更佳(无狭窄∶轻度狭窄∶中-重度狭窄∶闭塞=41∶7∶7∶2 vs.32∶11∶21∶10,P=0.006)。IAT组患者出院1个月时功能性视觉比例较非IAT组患者更高[25(43.9%)vs.18(24.3%),P=0.018],而入院和出院时差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,IAT组患者出院1个月时的功能性视觉较非IAT组患者显著改善(OR3.24,95%CI1.08~9.69,P=0.036)。IAT组患者术中发生眼动脉痉挛2例(3.5%)、穿刺部位皮肤出血2例(3.5%)和新发脑栓塞(均为无症状性栓塞)事件4例(7.0%)。结论是否进行IAT治疗的CRAO患者部分临床特征存在差异,IAT治疗可显著提高CRAO患者出院1个月时的功能性视觉,且手术安全性较好。提示临床医师需重视CRAO患者的IAT治疗,以期改善患者的视觉功能。

视网膜中央动脉阻塞动物模型的研究进展

视网膜中央动脉阻塞是血管神经眼科急症,表现为急性无痛性单眼视力丧失,是中老年致盲的主要病因之一。目前关于视网膜中央动脉阻塞的具体发病机制和病理生理机制尚不明确,选择合适的动物模型进行视网膜中央动脉阻塞发病机制的研究和治疗药物的筛选尤为重要。本文对视网膜中央动脉阻塞动物模型的造模方法和研究进展加以综述,以期为视网膜中央动脉阻塞的精准诊疗提供依据。

中国视网膜中央动脉阻塞临床诊疗专家共识

视网膜中央动脉阻塞(central retinal artery occlusion,CRAO)是一种血管神经眼科急症,发病后可导致患者单眼视力急骤下降甚至丧失,显著增加急性缺血性血管事件(如卒中、急性心肌梗死)、死亡和眼部新生血管等发生风险。CRAO被视为急性缺血性卒中的一种特殊类型,临床诊疗仍存在争议,尤其是不同专业背景的医师对CRAO的临床诊疗存在显著差异。因此,制定并推行符合我国国情的CRAO临床诊疗共识显得尤为迫切和必要。我们通过参考国际CRAO管理说明和实践模式,进行系统性文献检索,结合我国国情,制定了《中国视网膜中央动脉阻塞临床诊疗专家共识》(以下简称共识)初稿。经过核心专家组多次审议修订后,最终形成此共识。本共识围绕CRAO的流行病学、解剖及发病机制、危险因素、临床表现、辅助检查、分型、自然病程、视力恢复影响因素、首诊科室、快速评估、治疗(包括保守治疗、对因治疗、静脉溶栓和动脉内溶栓)、血管事件风险(包括急性缺血性血管事件、死亡)、继发眼部新生血管风险与治疗、二级预防和科学管理等方面进行详细且全面的阐述,旨在提高我国CRAO的整体管理水平。临床医师应用此共识时,建议根据患者的实际病情和诊疗中心的具体情况进行个体化诊疗。所有医疗人员要始终坚持“时间就是视觉”理念,尽快将CRAO患者转诊至就近的、具有CRAO诊疗能力的综合卒中中心进行诊治,争取最大限度地改善患者视力,减少并发症发生风险。

针身绝缘针低电量针刺球后穴治疗视网膜中央动脉阻塞1例

本研究报告1例以针身绝缘针低电量针刺球后穴治疗视网膜中央动脉阻塞的病案。视网膜中央动脉阻塞属于眼科急重症,需要及时、尽早的治疗。目前西医对于此病尚无针对性治疗方案,特别是在视网膜中央动脉阻塞的恢复期无有效治疗方法。本案患者发病前期经过吸氧、降眼压及改善血液循环等西医规范急救治疗,就诊时患眼视力为指数/30 cm,根据病情使用针身绝缘针于球后穴行低电量电针治疗,其中电流量≤3 mA,频率为2 Hz,输出模式为经针模式。经2个月电针治疗后,患者视力由指数/30 cm显著提高至0.5,视野范围显著改善。通过对本案诊疗经过分析及相关文献回顾,重点把握电针对视网膜中央动脉阻塞患者恢复期的治疗意义,进而推广至临床治疗多种视网膜血管病及缺血性视神经疾病。

颈内动脉夹层致视网膜中央动脉阻塞1例报道

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