Ultrasound based estimate of central venous pressure:Are we any closer?

Central venous pressure(CVP)serves as a direct approximation of right atrial pressure and is influenced by factors like total blood volume,venous compliance,cardiac output,and orthostasis.Normal CVP falls within 8-12 mmHg but varies with volume status and venous compliance.Monitoring and managing disturbances in CVP are vital in patients with circulatory shock or fluid disturbances.Elevated CVP can lead to fluid accumulation in the interstitial space,impairing venous return and reducing cardiac preload.While pulmonary artery catheterization and central venous catheter obtained measurements are considered to be more accurate,they carry risk of complications and their usage has not shown clinical improvement.Ultrasound-based assessment of the internal jugular vein(IJV)offers real-time,non-invasive measurement of static and dynamic parameters for estimating CVP.IJV parameters,including diameter and ratio,has demonstrated good correlation with CVP.Despite significant advancements in non-invasive CVP measurement,a reliable tool is yet to be found.Present methods can offer reasonable guidance in assessing CVP,provided their limitations are acknowledged.

Accuracy of Mean Value of Central Venous Pressure from Monitor Digital Display: Influence of Amplitude of Central Venous Pressure during Respiration

Background A simple measurement of central venous pressure(CVP)-mean by the digital monitor display has become increasingly popular.However,the agreement between CVP-mean and CVP-end(a standard method of CVP measurement by analyzing the waveform at end-expiration)is not well determined.This study was designed to identify the relationship between CVP-mean and CVP-end in critically ill patients and to introduce a new parameter of CVP amplitude(ΔCVP=CVPmax-CVPmin)during the respiratory period to identify the agreement/disagreement between CVP-mean and CVP-end.Methods In total,291 patients were included in the study.CVP-mean and CVP-end were obtained simultaneously from each patient.CVP measurement difference(|CVP-mean-CVP-end|)was defined as the difference between CVP-mean and CVP-end.TheΔCVP was calculated as the difference between the peak(CVPmax)and the nadir value(CVPmin)during the respiratory cycle,which was automatically recorded on the monitor screen.Subjects with|CVP-mean-CVP-end|≥2 mm Hg were divided into the inconsistent group,while subjects with|CVP-mean-CVP-end|2 mm Hg were divided into the consistent group.ResultsΔCVP was significantly higher in the inconsistent group[7.17(2.77)vs.5.24(2.18),P0.001]than that in the consistent group.There was a significantly positive relationship betweenΔCVP and|CVP-mean-CVP-end|(r=0.283,P 0.0001).Bland-Altman plot showed the bias was-0.61 mm Hg with a wide 95%limit of agreement(-3.34,2.10)of CVP-end and CVP-mean.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves(AUC)ofΔCVP for predicting|CVP-mean-CVP-end|≥2 mm Hg was 0.709.With a high diagnostic specificity,usingΔCVP3 to detect|CVP-mean-CVP-end|lower than 2mm Hg(consistent measurement)resulted in a sensitivity of 22.37%and a specificity of 93.06%.UsingΔCVP8 to detect|CVP-mean-CVPend|8 mm Hg(inconsistent measurement)resulted in a sensitivity of 31.94%and a specificity of 91.32%.Conclusions CVP-end and CVP-mean have statistical discrepancies in specific clinical scenarios.ΔCVP during the respiratory period is related to the variation of the two CVP methods.A highΔCVP indicates a poor agreement between these two methods,whereas a lowΔCVP indicates a good agreement between these two methods.

PiCCO与CVP监测下液体复苏治疗脓毒症休克合并重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床效果比较

目的:比较给予脓毒症休克(SS)合并重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者脉搏指示连续心排血量(PiCCO)与中心静脉压(CVP)监测下液体复苏治疗的临床效果。方法:选取2018年1月—2022年12月厦门大学附属第一医院收治的SS合并重度ARDS患者共计100例,以随机数字表法分成研究组(n=50)与对照组(n=50)。对照组给予CVP监测下液体复苏治疗,研究组给予PiCCO监测下液体复苏治疗。比较两组复苏目标达标率、生命体征、代谢指标、转归情况。结果:研究组治疗6 h后的复苏目标达标率较对照组更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗24 h后尿量(UO)、平均动脉压(MAP)均提高,心率(HR)均降低,研究组UO、MAP均较对照组更高,HR更低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗24 h后中心静脉血氧饱和度(ScvO_(2))均升高,乳酸(Lac)水平均降低,研究组ScvO_(2)较对照组更高,Lac更低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组血管活性药物使用时间、抗生素使用时间、机械通气时间、重症监护室(ICU)停留时间均较对照组更短,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:相较于CVP监测,给予SS合并重度ARDS患者PiCCO监测下液体复苏治疗,能够提高复苏目标达标率,维持生命体征,改善代谢指标,促进患者恢复。

Controlled low central venous pressure reduces blood loss and transfusion requirements in hepatectomy

AIM: To evaluate the effect of low central venous pressure (LCVP) on blood loss and blood transfusion in patients undergoing hepatectomy.

Low central venous pressure reduces blood loss in hepatectomy

AIM： To investigate the effect of low central venous pressure （LCVP） on blood loss during hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. METHODS： By the method of sealed envelope, 50 HCC patients were randomized into LCVP group （n=25） and control group （n=25）. In LCVP group, CVP was maintained at 2-4 mmHg and systolic blood pressure （SBP） above 90 mmHg by manipulation of the patient＇s posture and administration of drugs during hepatectomy, while in control group hepatectomy was performed routinely without lowering CVP. The patients＇ preoperative conditions, volume of blood loss during hepatectomy, volume of blood transfusion, length of hospital stay, changes in hepatic and renal functions were compared between the two groups. RESULTS： There were no significant differences in patients＇ preoperative conditions, maximal tumor dimension, pattern of hepatectomy, duration of vascular occlusion, operation time, weight of resected liver tissues, incidence of post-operative complications, hepatic and renal functions between the two groups. LCVP group had a markedly lower volume of total intraoperative blood loss and blood loss during hepatectomy than the control group, being 903.9 ± 180.8 mL vs 2 329.4 ±2 538.4 （W=495.5, P〈0.01） and 672.4±429.9 mL vs 1 662.6±1 932.1 （W=543.5, P〈0.01）. There were no remarkable differences in the pre-resection and post-resection blood losses between the two groups. The length of hospital stay was significantly shortened in LCVP group as compared with the control group, being 16.3±6.8 d vs 21.5 ± 8.6 d （W= 532.5, P〈0.05）.CONCLUSION： LCVP is easily achievable in technique. Maintenance of CVP ≤4 mmHg can help reduce blood loss during hepatectomy, shorten the length of hospital stay, and has no detrimental effects on hepatic or renal function.

Optimal central venous pressure during partial hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND:Low central venous pressure(CVP) affects hemodynamic stability and tissue perfusion.This prospective study aimed to evaluate the optimal CVP during partial hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS:Ninety-seven patients who underwent partial hepatectomy for HCC had their CVP controlled at a level of 0 to 5 mmHg during hepatic parenchymal transection.The systolic blood pressure(SBP) was maintained,if possible,at 90 mmHg or higher.Hepatitis B surface antigen was positive in 90 patients(92.8%) and cirrhosis in 84 patients(86.6%).Pringle maneuver was used routinely in these patients with clamp/unclamp cycles of 15/5 minutes.The average clamp time was 21.4±8.0 minutes.These patients were divided into 5 groups based on the CVP:group A:0-1 mmHg;B:1.1-2 mmHg;C:2.1-3 mmHg;D:3.1-4 mmHg and E:4.1-5 mmHg.The blood loss per transection area during hepatic parenchymal transection and the arterial blood gas before and after liver transection were analyzed.RESULTS:With active fluid load,a constant SBP ≥90 mmHg which was considered as optimal was maintained in 18.6% in group A(95% CI:10.8%-26.3%);39.2% in group B(95% CI:29.5%-48.9%);72.2% in group C(95% CI:63.2%-81.1%);89.7% in group D(95% CI:83.6%-95.7%);and 100% in group E(95% CI:100%-100%).The blood loss per transection area during hepatic parenchymal transection decreased with a decrease in CVP.Compared to groups D and E,blood loss in groups A,B and C was significantly less(analysis of variance test,P【0.05).Compared with the baseline,the blood oxygenation decreased significantly when the CVP was reduced.Base excess and HCO 3-in groups A and B were significantly decreased compared with those in groups C,D and E(P【0.05).CONCLUSION:In consideration of blood loss,SBP,base excess and HCO 3-,a CVP of 2.1-3 mmHg was optimal in patients undergoing partial hepatectomy for HCC.

Hemodynamics and oxygen transport dynamics during hepatic resection at different central venous pressures in a pig model

BACKGROUND: Although low central venous pressure (CVP) has been used to minimize blood loss during hepatectomy the impact of variations of CVP on the rate of blood loss and on the perfusion of end-organs has not been evaluated This animal study aimed to evaluate the hemodynamics and oxygen transport changes during hepatic resection at different CVP levels. METHODS: Forty-eight anesthetized Bama miniature pigs were divided into 8 groups with CVP during hepatic resection controlled at 0 to <1, 1 to <2, 2 to <3, 3 to <4, 4 to <5, 5 to <6, 6 to <7, and 7 to <8 cmH 2 O. Intergroup comparisons were made for hemodynamic parameters, oxygen transport dynamics, and the rate of blood loss. RESULTS: The rate of blood loss and the hepatic venous pressure during hepatic resection were almost linearly related to the CVP. A significant drop in the mean arterial pressure cardiac output, and cardiac index occurred between CVP ≥2 and <2 cmH 2 O. Oxygen delivery (DO 2 ), oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) and oxygen extraction ratio (ERO 2 ) remained relatively constant between CVPs of 2 to <8 cmH 2 O. There was a significant drop in DO 2 when the CVP was <2 cmH 2 O. There was also a significant drop in VO 2 and ExO 2 when the CVP was <1 cmH 2 O.CONCLUSION: The optimal CVP for hepatic resection is 2to 3 cmH2O.

Utility of central venous pressure measurement in renal transplantation: Is it evidence based?

Adequate intravenous fluid therapy is essential in renal transplant recipients to ensure a good allograft perfusion. Central venous pressure(CVP) has been cons-idered the corners-tone to guide the fluid therapy for decades; it was the only available simple tool worldwide. However, the revolutionary advances in assessing the dynamic preload variables together with the availability of new equipment to precisely measure the effect of intravenous fluids on the cardiac output had created a question mark on the future role of CVP. Des-pite the critical role of fluid therapy in the field of tra-nsplantation. There are only a few clinical studies that compared the CVP guided fluid therapy with the other modern techniques and their relation to the outcome in renal transplantation. Our work sheds some light on the available published data in renal transplantation, together with data from other disciplines evaluating the utility of central venous pressure measurement. Although lager well-designed studies are still required to consolidate the role of new techniques in the field of renal transplantation, we can confidently declare that the new techniques have the advantages of providing more accurate haemodynamic assessment, which results in a better patient outcome.

Effect of controlled low central venous pressure on renal function in major liver resection

Objective： To investigate the effects of low central venous pressure （LVCP） on blood loss and evaluate its influence on renal function in patients undergoing hepatectomy. Methods： Forty-six patients, ASA classification Ⅰ-Ⅲ, undergoing liver resection were randomized into LCVP group （n = 23） and control group （n = 23）. In LCVP group, CVP was maintained at 2-4 mmHg and MBP above 60 mmHg during hepatectomy, while in control group hepatectomy was performed routinely without lowering CVP. Volume of blood loss during hepatectomy, volume of blood transfusion, and changes of renal functions were compared between the two groups. Results： There were no significant differences in demographics, ASA score, type of hepatectomy, duration of inflow occlusion, operation time, weight of resected liver tissues, and renal functions between the two groups. LCVP group had a significantly lower volume of total intraoperative blood loss （P 〈 0.01） and RBC transfusion （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Lowering the CVP to less than 5 mmHg is a simple and effective technique to reduce blood loss and blood infusion during liver resection, and has no detrimental effects on renal functions.

Correlation of Inferior Vena Cava Respiratory Variability Index with Central Venous Pressure and Hemodynamic Parameters in Ventilated Pigs with Septic Shock

Septic shock is a common critical condition, for which effective early fluid resuscitation is the therapeutic focus. According to the 2008 international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, resuscitation should achieve a central venous pressure （CVP） of 8-12 mmHg within the first 6 h. However, it is still uncertain about the sensitivity and specificity of CVP in reflecting the cardiac preload. Ultrasonography is a simple, rapid, non-invasive, and repeatable method for the measurement of sensitivity and specificity of CVP and has thus gradually attracted the increasing attention of physicians. It was reported that ultrasonography can show the inferior vena cava diameter, respiratory variability index, and blood volume in patients with sepsis or heart failure.

Arterial Pulse Pressure Variation versus Central Venous Pressure as a Predictor for Fluid Responsiveness during Open Major Abdominal Operations

Introduction: Fluid resuscitation is the cornerstone in the management of hemodynamically unstable patients. Dynamic parameters of fluid responsiveness, like pulse pressure variation, have the advantage of being more reliable index for fluid management. Objective: The aim of our study was to compare between arterial pulse pressure variation (PPV) versus central venous pressure (CVP) as a predictor for fluid responsiveness during major open abdominal operations. Patients and Methods: 60 adult patients under general anesthesia with mechanical ventilation underwent open major abdominal surgical procedures were included in our prospective randomized controlled study. Intravenous fluid was infused and monitored by CVP in control group or by PPV in the other group. Hemodynamic variables (heart rate, invasive blood pressure, PPV and CVP) were measured at baseline after anesthesia induction and every 10 min, during first hour of operation, and then every 15 min, till end of surgery. Blood loss and total i.v. fluid & blood transfusion given to patients were recorded and compared between two groups intraoperatively. Results: Patients in the PPV group required more intraoperative fluid and blood transfusion than patients in CVP group to achieve more stable hemodynamic parameters. The fall in blood pressure (>20% of baseline) and increase in heart rate are more common in CVP group (p Conclusion: PPV is a better predictor and a good guide for fluid responsiveness. More stable hemodynamic variables are observed in PPV group.

CVP监测与重症超声指导液体复苏治疗脓毒症休克的临床价值研究

目的探究中心静脉压(CVP)监测与重症超声指导液体复苏治疗脓毒症休克的临床价值。方法选取脓毒症休克患者80例作为本次研究对象,以患者的入院序列数为基础,采用随机数字分组的方式将患者分为对照组以及观察组,每组40例。对照组采用CVP监测结合常规液体复苏,观察组采用CVP监测结合重症超声指导液体复苏。比较两组治疗前后的血流动力学指标[平均动脉压(MAP)、CVP、心输出量(CO)、氧合指数(OI)]及免疫功能指标[CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]水平。结果观察组治疗后MAP为(81.97±10.62)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)、CVP为(12.98±3.94)cm H_(2)O(1 cm H_(2)O=0.098 kPa)、CO为(2.36±0.38)L/min、OI为(235.88±24.91)mm Hg,高于对照组的(76.19±9.13)mm Hg、(11.02±2.29)cm H_(2)O、(2.19±0.28)L/min、(194.53±23.91)mm Hg(P<0.05)。观察组治疗后CD4^(+)为(43.02±4.09)%、CD8^(+)为(28.30±5.33)%、IL-6为(81.72±16.33)pg/ml、IL-8为(30.67±8.42)pg/ml、TNF-α为(151.55±18.86)pg/ml,对照组治疗后CD4^(+)为(37.76±4.29)%、CD8^(+)为(34.11±3.16)%、IL-6为(106.89±19.83)pg/ml、IL-8为(38.50±9.88)pg/ml、TNF-α为(256.09±26.63)pg/ml。治疗后,观察组CD4^(+)高于对照组,CD8^(+)、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论对脓毒症休克患者采用CVP监测结合重症超声指导液体复苏进行治疗,能够有效改善患者的血流动力学指标以及免疫功能,值得推广与应用。

Influence of tissue pressure on central venous pressure/peripheral venous pressure correlation： An experimental report

BACKGROUND： Peripheral venous pressure （PVP） has been shown to correlate with central venous pressure （CVP） in a number of reports. Few studies, however, have explored the relationship between tissue pressure （TP） and PVP/CVP correlation. METHODS： PVP and CVP were simultaneously recorded in a bench-top model of the venous circulation of the upper limb and in a single human volunteer after undergoing graded manipulation of tissue pressure surrounding the intervening venous conduit. Measures of correlation were determined below and above a point wherein absolute CVP exceeded TP. RESULTS： Greater correlation was observed between PVP and CVP when CVP exceeded TP in both models. Linear regression slope was 0.975 （95% CI： 0.959-0.990）; r2 0.998 above tissue pressure 10 cmH20 vs. 0.393 （95% CI： 0.360-0.426）; and r2 0.972 below 10 cmH2O at a flow rate of 2000 mL/h in the in vitro model. Linear regression slope was 0.839 （95% CI： 0.754-0.925）; r2 0.933 above tissue pressure 10 mmHg vs. slope 0.238 （95% CI： -0.052-0.528）; and r20.276 in the en vivo model. CONCLUSIONS： PVP more accurately reflects CVP when absolute CVP values exceed tissue pressure.

Effect of autologous blood donation on the central venous pressure, blood loss and blood transfusion during living donor left hepatectomy

AIM： Autologous blood donation （ABD） is mainly used to reduce the use of banked blood. In fact, ABD can be regarded as acute blood loss. Would ABD 2-3 d before operation affect the CVP level and subsequently result in less blood loss during liver resection was to be determined.METHODS： Eighty-four patients undergoing living donor left hepatectomy were retrospectively divided as group Ⅰ （GⅠ） and group Ⅱ （GⅡ） according to have donated 250-300 mL blood 2-3 d before living donor hepatectomy or not. The changes of the intraoperative CVP, surgical blood loss,blood products used and the changes of perioperative hemoglobin （Hb） between groups were analyzed and compared by using Mann-Whitney Utest.RESULTS： The results show that the intraoperative CVP changes between GⅠ （n = 35） and GⅡ （n = 49） up to graft procurement were the same, subsequently the blood loss,but ABD resulted in significantly lower perioperative Hb levels in GI.CONCLUSION： Since none of the patients required any blood products perioperatively, all the predonated bloods were discarded after the patients were discharged from the hospital. It indicates that ABD in current series had no any beneficial effects, in term of cost, lowering the CVP, blood loss and reduce the use of banked blood products, but resulted in significant lower Hb in perioperative period.

Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation on central venous pressure and intraoperative blood loss in patients undergoing laparoscopic hepatectomy

Objective:Tto investigate the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP)ventilation on central venous pressure(CVP)and intraoperative blood loss in patients undergoing laparoscopic hepatectomy.Methods:46 cases of patients undergoing laparoscopic hepatectomy,25 cases of male,female 21 cases,ASAⅠ~Ⅲlevel,were randomly divided into two groups.In group A tidal volume was set to 6 ml/kg(Predicted Body Weight,PBW)and PEEP was set to 0 cmH2O.The tidal volume of group B was set as group A,PEEP was set to 8 cmH2O.CVP,MAP,and Ppeak were recorded in the supine position after intubation(T0),supine position after pneumoperitoneal(T1),anti-trendelenberg position after pneumoperitoneal(T2),supine position after surgery(T3),and Ddyn was calculated.The amount of nitroglycerin and the amount of blood loss were recorded.Results:Compared with group A,the CVP of group B was significantly increased at T1 and T2(P<0.05).Compared to T2 with T1 in group A and group B,CVP was decreased significantly(P<0.05).At T3,Cdyn in group B was significantly higher than that in group A(P<0.05).The amount of nitroglycerin in group B was significantly higher than that in group A(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in intraoperative fluid rehydration and blood loss between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:PEEP with 8cmH2O can improve Ddyn in patients undergoing laparoscopic hepatectomy,but increased CVP.It requires more use of controlled low central venous pressure techniques to reduce intraoperative blood loss.

动态床旁超声IVC及变异率联合CVP在脓毒症休克患者液体复苏中的监测价值

目的:探讨动态床旁超声下腔静脉(IVC)及变异率联合中心静脉压(CVP)在脓毒症休克患者液体复苏中的监测价值。方法:选取脓毒症休克患者92例,按随机数表法分为观察组(46例)和对照组(46例)。对照组以CVP监测为依据指导液体复苏治疗,观察组以动态床旁超声IVC及变异率联合CVP监测为依据指导液体复苏治疗。比较两组治疗前、治疗72h的血流动力学参数[心率(HR)、MAP、CVP、乳酸(LAC)],病情程度[急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)、序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA)];统计患者24h复苏液体量、ICU住院时间,治疗6h、24h、72h复苏达标率,28d病死率。结果:治疗后,两组HR、LAC均较治疗前下降,且观察组低于对照组,两组MAP、CVP均较治疗前上升,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分均较治疗前下降,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组复苏液体量、ICU住院时间均低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗72h时,观察组复苏达标率高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组28d病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:在动态床旁超声IVC及变异率联合CVP监测下对脓毒症休克患者进行液体复苏,能改善血流动力学,减少复苏液体量,缩短ICU住院时间,提高复苏达标率,促进病情转归。

PICCO与CVP技术在重症感染患者中的应用效果比较

目的探讨脉搏指示连续心排血量(PICCO)与中心静脉压(CVP)技术在重症感染患者中的应用效果,以期为重症感染患者治疗方案的选择提供参考。方法选取2021年1—12月在重庆三峡医药高等专科学校附属人民医院重症监护病房(ICU)采用CVP技术进行监测的35例重症感染患者作为对照组,另选取2022年1月—2023年8月在医院ICU采用PICCO技术进行监测的34例重症感染患者作为研究组。2组患者分别依据CVP、PICCO监测情况开展液体复苏治疗。比较2组患者的生理指标、预后状况及治疗30 d内病死率,分析研究组患者血流动力学参数变化情况。结果2组患者心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉血氧饱和度(ScvO2)、CVP及动脉血乳酸(Lac)水平重复测量方差分析的组间、交互效应均无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组患者HR、MAP、ScvO2、CVP及Lac水平重复测量方差分析的时间效应有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,2组患者HR、MAP、ScvO2、CVP及Lac水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗12 h、2 d、4 d后,2组患者HR、Lac水平均低于治疗前,MAP、ScvO2及CVP水平均高于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患者治疗前及治疗12 h、2 d、4 d后全心舒张末容积指数(GEDVI)、心输出量指数(CI)及血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且随着治疗时间的增加,研究组患者GEDVI、CI水平逐渐上升,EVLWI水平逐渐降低,两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患者ICU住院时间、机械通气时间及血管活性药物使用时间均短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组患者治疗30 d内病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.710);Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示,研究组与对照组患者治疗30 d内总生存率为91.18%和85.71%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.559,P=0.455)。结论PICCO与CVP技术均可有效指导重症感染患者的液体复苏治疗,但PICCO技术较CVP技术对改善患者血流动力学及疾病预后的效果更佳。

CLCVP在肝脏手术中应用的研究进展

目前控制性低中心静脉压(CLCVP)被广泛应用于临床麻醉,以减少术中失血及输血,取得了显著的效果。这一简单而有效的技术一方面对机体内环境的保护是肯定的,另一方面对机体肝肾功能、凝血功能、血管外肺水、脑氧代谢、酸碱平衡、内分泌及免疫功能等也有一定的影响。近年来CLCVP在常规肝切除术、肝移植术、脊柱手术等方面的应用越来越广泛且获得了满意的临床效果。本文综述了目前CLCVP在肝脏手术中应用的现状及对机体内环境的影响,其临床效果已基本肯定,特别是在肝切除肝移植术的应用安全、有效,值得在临床上加以推广和应用,但其对肝肾功能、凝血功能、血管外肺水、脑氧代谢、酸碱平衡、内分泌系统及免疫功能的影响是目前仍然面临的困惑和难题。

经导管主动脉瓣置换术术中快速起搏后CVP延迟恢复与心血管不良事件的关系

目的评估术中快速心室起搏(rapid ventricle pacing,RVP)后中心静脉压(central venous pressure,CVP)与心血管不良事件发生率的关系。方法回顾性分析接受经导管主动脉瓣置换术(transcatheter aortic valve replacement,TAVR)的127例患者的临床资料,根据CVP在快速起搏后1 min以上未恢复到起搏前水平或者>12 mmHg以下的患者定义为CVP延迟恢复,主要观察指标为心血管不良事件,通过多因素回归分析评估CVP延迟恢复是否心血管不良事件的危险因素。结果CVP延迟恢复的比例为47.2%,心血管不良事件发生率为41.7%,对各变量进行单因素分析及多因素分析得到CVP延迟恢复(OR=3.62)可能是心血管不良事件的独立危险因素。结论快速心室起搏后CVP延迟恢复可能是TAVR术后患者心血管不良事件发生的独立危险因素。

AHH联合CLCVP在脊柱后路手术中应用的安全性和有效性

目的探讨急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)联合控制性低中心静脉压(CLCVP)在脊柱后路手术中应用的安全性和有效性。方法选取2021年2月至2022年1月该院收治的择期行脊柱后路手术患者60例,均为美国麻醉医师协会分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法分为C组(AHH联合CLCVP)和F组(常规输液),每组30例。2组患者入室后均在局部麻醉下行桡动脉穿刺置管监测有创动脉压及中心静脉穿刺置管行中心静脉压(CVP)监测。常规麻醉诱导,采用CLCVP麻醉技术管理围手术期输液及用药。记录2组患者输液量、出血量、尿量、输血量、手术时间、硝酸甘油用量等,以及麻醉诱导前(T_(0))、切皮开始时(T_(1))、手术开始后2 h(T_(2))、创面完全止血完成时(T_(3))、手术结束30 min时(T_(4))、术后第1天(T_(5))各时间点平均动脉压、心率、脉搏血氧饱和度、血红蛋白(Hb)、血细胞比容(Hct)和CVP、血糖、血乳酸、血凝指标[包括凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原和血小板计数]、血气分析[包括pH、二氧化碳分压、氧分压、动脉血氧饱和度和碱剩余(BE)],以及围手术期不良反应、并发症发生情况,苏醒期steward评分等。结果C组患者手术时间短于F组,硝酸甘油用量高于F组,但差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);C组患者输液量、尿量均明显高于F组,出血量、血浆、悬浮红细胞均明显少于F组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与T_(0)时比较,2组患者T_(1)~T_(3)时平均动脉压均明显降低,心率均明显减慢,C组患者T_(1)~T_(4)时Hb、Hct均明显降低,T_(1)~T_(3)时CVP、血小板计数均明显降低,PT、APTT均明显延长,F组患者T_(2)~T_(5)时Hb均明显降低,T_(3)~T_(4)时Hct均明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与F组比较,C组患者T_(1)时Hb明显降低,T_(5)时Hb明显增加,T_(1)时Hct、T_(1)~T_(3)时CVP均明显降低,T_(1)~T_(3)时PT、APTT均明显延长,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组患者围手术期不良反应、并发症发生情况及苏醒期steward评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论AHH联合CLCVP可安全用于脊柱后路手术,具有良好的血液保护效应,能显著减少术中出血量及异体输血量,术中维持血流动力学平稳及内环境稳定,苏醒期平稳,不会增加围手术期不良反应及并发症发生率,同时,CLCVP有利于提供清晰的手术视野,缩短手术时间。