The 3-D velocity tomography image of the central-eastern part of Qilianshan is obtained by the joint inversion of 3-D velocity structure and focal parameters based on the S-P data of micro-earthquakes recorded by the ...The 3-D velocity tomography image of the central-eastern part of Qilianshan is obtained by the joint inversion of 3-D velocity structure and focal parameters based on the S-P data of micro-earthquakes recorded by the digital seismic network set up for a Sino-French cooperation program since 1996. The inversed velocity structure does primarily reflect some important features of the deep structure in the region and provide the scientific background for the further study of active tectonic structure and the calculation of earthquake parameters.展开更多
The 3-D velocity tomography image of the central-eastern part of Qilianshan is obtained by the joint inversion of 3-D velocity structure and focal parameters based on the S-P data of micro-earthquakes recorded by the ...The 3-D velocity tomography image of the central-eastern part of Qilianshan is obtained by the joint inversion of 3-D velocity structure and focal parameters based on the S-P data of micro-earthquakes recorded by the digital seismic network set up for a Sino-French cooperation program since 1996. The inversed velocity structure does primarily reflect some important features of the deep structure in the region and provide the scientific background for the further study of active tectonic structure and the calculation of earthquake parameters.展开更多
The results inferred from experiments with analogue models carried out previously have shown that two types of plastic-flow waves, “fast-waves" and “slow-waves", are induced in the lower lithosphere (inclu...The results inferred from experiments with analogue models carried out previously have shown that two types of plastic-flow waves, “fast-waves" and “slow-waves", are induced in the lower lithosphere (including the lower crust and lithospheric mantle) under driving at plate boundaries and both of them are viscous gravity waves formed by the superposition of major and subsidiary waves. The major waves are similar to solitary waves and the subsidiary waves are traveling waves. The plastic-flow waves in the lower lithosphere control seismic activities in the overlying seismogenic layer and result in the distribution of earthquakes along the wave-crest belts. “Fast-waves" propagated with velocities of orders of magnitude of 100～102km/a have been verified by wave-controlled earthquake migration, showing the “decade waves" and “century waves" with the average periods of 10.8 and 93.4 a, respectively, which originate from the Himalayan driving boundary. According to the recognition of the patterns of the belt-like distribution of strong earthquakes with M S≥7.0, it is indicated further in this paper that the “slow-waves" with velocities of orders of magnitude of 100～101 m/a also originated under compression from the Himalayan driving boundary. Strong earthquakes with M S≥7.0 are controlled mainly by subsidiary waves, because the major waves with a duration of up to 106 a for each disturbance cannot result in the accumulation of enough energy for strong earthquakes due to the relaxation of the upper crust. The subsidiary waves propagate with an average wave length of 445 km, velocities of 0.81～2.80 m/a and periods of 0.16～0.55 Ma. The wave-generating time at the Himalayan driving boundary is about 1.34～4.59 Ma before present for the “slow-waves", corresponding to the stage from the Mid Pliocene to the Mid Early-Pleistocene and being identical with one of the major tectonic episodes of the Himalayan tectonic movement. It is shown from the recognition of the wave-controlled belts of strong earthquakes that two optimal patterns of wave-crest belts originated simultaneously from the eastern and western segments of the Himalayan arc, respectively. The overlap of wave-crest belts of these two systems is responsible for the relative concentration of energy and forms the seismic-energy-background zones for strong earthquakes with M S≥7.0.展开更多
According to the ＂Netlike Plastic-Flow （NPF）＂ continental dynamics model, the transition of the deformation regime from brittle in shallow layers to ductile in deep layers in the lithosphere, and the controlling e...According to the ＂Netlike Plastic-Flow （NPF）＂ continental dynamics model, the transition of the deformation regime from brittle in shallow layers to ductile in deep layers in the lithosphere, and the controlling effect of NPF in the lower lithosphere result in intraplate multilayer tectonic deformation. NPF is a viscous （plastic） flow accompanied by shear strain localization, forming a plastic-flow network in the lower lithosphere. The strain rates in the seismogeulc layer can be estimated using the ＂earthquake-recurrence-interval＂ method, in which the strain rate is calculated in terms of the recurrence interval of two sequential earthquakes and the seismic probability of the second earthquake. The strains in the lower lithosphere are estimated using the ＂conjugate-angle＂ method, which takes the relationship between the conjugate angles and the compressive strains of the network, and calculates the characteristic strain rates in this layer from the strains and the durations of deformation inferred. The contour map of characteristic maximum principal compressive strain rates in the lower lithosphere in central-eastern Asia given in the paper shows strain rates with magnitudes on the order of 10^-15 - 10^-14/s in this region. The strain rates within the plastic-flow belts, which control seismic activities in the seismogeulc layer, are greater than the characteristic strain rates of the network and, in addition, the strain rates and seismic activities in the seismogeulc layer are also influenced by other factors, including the directive action of driving boundary along the upper crust, the effects of plastic-flow waves and the existence of the transitional weak layer distributed discontinuously between the upper and lower layers. The comparison between the strain rates in the seismogeulc layer and the characteristic strain rates in the lower lithosphere for 11 potential hypocenter areas in the region from the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） plateau to the North China plain indicates that, except for the considerable deviation in the Linfen basin, Shanxi Province, the linear correlation between the strain rates in the upper and lower layers is obvious for all other 10 areas with a slope β= 1.75 ±0.5 （i.e. the ratio of strain rate in the upper layer to that in the lower one）. It is suggested that the contour map of characteristic strain rates together with the ratio β can be used to approximate the strain rates of potential hypocenters in medium- and long-term earthquake predictions, and the effects of driving boundaries and relative stable blocks on the hypocenter areas should be considered as sufficiently as possible for taking the β values properly.展开更多
The study of the netlike earthquake distribution indicates that in the central-eastern part of Asia continent there are two network systems: the central-eastern Asia system and the southeastern China system.As interpr...The study of the netlike earthquake distribution indicates that in the central-eastern part of Asia continent there are two network systems: the central-eastern Asia system and the southeastern China system.As interpreted by the multilayer tectonic model,they might be a manifestation of the plastic-flow network systems in the lower lithosphere,including the lower crust and the mantle lid.Each network system is enclosed by different types of boundaries,including one driving boundary and some constraining and releasing boundaries.The two plastic-flow network systems with the Himalayan and Taiwan arcs as their driving boundaries play the role of controlling the intraplate tectonic deformation,stress field,seismicity,and subdivision of tectonic units.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (40074010) and Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (ZS981-A25-011)
文摘The 3-D velocity tomography image of the central-eastern part of Qilianshan is obtained by the joint inversion of 3-D velocity structure and focal parameters based on the S-P data of micro-earthquakes recorded by the digital seismic network set up for a Sino-French cooperation program since 1996. The inversed velocity structure does primarily reflect some important features of the deep structure in the region and provide the scientific background for the further study of active tectonic structure and the calculation of earthquake parameters.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (40074010) and Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(ZS981-A25-011).
文摘The 3-D velocity tomography image of the central-eastern part of Qilianshan is obtained by the joint inversion of 3-D velocity structure and focal parameters based on the S-P data of micro-earthquakes recorded by the digital seismic network set up for a Sino-French cooperation program since 1996. The inversed velocity structure does primarily reflect some important features of the deep structure in the region and provide the scientific background for the further study of active tectonic structure and the calculation of earthquake parameters.
文摘The results inferred from experiments with analogue models carried out previously have shown that two types of plastic-flow waves, “fast-waves" and “slow-waves", are induced in the lower lithosphere (including the lower crust and lithospheric mantle) under driving at plate boundaries and both of them are viscous gravity waves formed by the superposition of major and subsidiary waves. The major waves are similar to solitary waves and the subsidiary waves are traveling waves. The plastic-flow waves in the lower lithosphere control seismic activities in the overlying seismogenic layer and result in the distribution of earthquakes along the wave-crest belts. “Fast-waves" propagated with velocities of orders of magnitude of 100～102km/a have been verified by wave-controlled earthquake migration, showing the “decade waves" and “century waves" with the average periods of 10.8 and 93.4 a, respectively, which originate from the Himalayan driving boundary. According to the recognition of the patterns of the belt-like distribution of strong earthquakes with M S≥7.0, it is indicated further in this paper that the “slow-waves" with velocities of orders of magnitude of 100～101 m/a also originated under compression from the Himalayan driving boundary. Strong earthquakes with M S≥7.0 are controlled mainly by subsidiary waves, because the major waves with a duration of up to 106 a for each disturbance cannot result in the accumulation of enough energy for strong earthquakes due to the relaxation of the upper crust. The subsidiary waves propagate with an average wave length of 445 km, velocities of 0.81～2.80 m/a and periods of 0.16～0.55 Ma. The wave-generating time at the Himalayan driving boundary is about 1.34～4.59 Ma before present for the “slow-waves", corresponding to the stage from the Mid Pliocene to the Mid Early-Pleistocene and being identical with one of the major tectonic episodes of the Himalayan tectonic movement. It is shown from the recognition of the wave-controlled belts of strong earthquakes that two optimal patterns of wave-crest belts originated simultaneously from the eastern and western segments of the Himalayan arc, respectively. The overlap of wave-crest belts of these two systems is responsible for the relative concentration of energy and forms the seismic-energy-background zones for strong earthquakes with M S≥7.0.
基金Supported bythe Joint Earthquake Science Foundation of China(grant 199061) Contribution No.2005B0011 of the Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration.
文摘According to the ＂Netlike Plastic-Flow （NPF）＂ continental dynamics model, the transition of the deformation regime from brittle in shallow layers to ductile in deep layers in the lithosphere, and the controlling effect of NPF in the lower lithosphere result in intraplate multilayer tectonic deformation. NPF is a viscous （plastic） flow accompanied by shear strain localization, forming a plastic-flow network in the lower lithosphere. The strain rates in the seismogeulc layer can be estimated using the ＂earthquake-recurrence-interval＂ method, in which the strain rate is calculated in terms of the recurrence interval of two sequential earthquakes and the seismic probability of the second earthquake. The strains in the lower lithosphere are estimated using the ＂conjugate-angle＂ method, which takes the relationship between the conjugate angles and the compressive strains of the network, and calculates the characteristic strain rates in this layer from the strains and the durations of deformation inferred. The contour map of characteristic maximum principal compressive strain rates in the lower lithosphere in central-eastern Asia given in the paper shows strain rates with magnitudes on the order of 10^-15 - 10^-14/s in this region. The strain rates within the plastic-flow belts, which control seismic activities in the seismogeulc layer, are greater than the characteristic strain rates of the network and, in addition, the strain rates and seismic activities in the seismogeulc layer are also influenced by other factors, including the directive action of driving boundary along the upper crust, the effects of plastic-flow waves and the existence of the transitional weak layer distributed discontinuously between the upper and lower layers. The comparison between the strain rates in the seismogeulc layer and the characteristic strain rates in the lower lithosphere for 11 potential hypocenter areas in the region from the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） plateau to the North China plain indicates that, except for the considerable deviation in the Linfen basin, Shanxi Province, the linear correlation between the strain rates in the upper and lower layers is obvious for all other 10 areas with a slope β= 1.75 ±0.5 （i.e. the ratio of strain rate in the upper layer to that in the lower one）. It is suggested that the contour map of characteristic strain rates together with the ratio β can be used to approximate the strain rates of potential hypocenters in medium- and long-term earthquake predictions, and the effects of driving boundaries and relative stable blocks on the hypocenter areas should be considered as sufficiently as possible for taking the β values properly.
基金This Project was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under No.49070196.
文摘The study of the netlike earthquake distribution indicates that in the central-eastern part of Asia continent there are two network systems: the central-eastern Asia system and the southeastern China system.As interpreted by the multilayer tectonic model,they might be a manifestation of the plastic-flow network systems in the lower lithosphere,including the lower crust and the mantle lid.Each network system is enclosed by different types of boundaries,including one driving boundary and some constraining and releasing boundaries.The two plastic-flow network systems with the Himalayan and Taiwan arcs as their driving boundaries play the role of controlling the intraplate tectonic deformation,stress field,seismicity,and subdivision of tectonic units.
文摘为了解中东大西洋渔业产区渔获物的资源状况,根据世界粮农组织(FAO)提供的该海域1950—2019年的渔获量数据,结合渔获种类的平均营养级(mean trophic level,MTL)信息,运用统计学方法分析70年间渔获物平均营养级和营养级平衡指数(fishing in balance,FiB)的变动规律,以掌握该海域渔业资源的可持续利用情况。结果显示,MTL大致可分为4个阶段,1950—1956年,MTL指数在3.20左右,无明显变化;1957—1963年,MTL指数迅速上升至3.44;1964—1996年,MTL在波动中趋于下降,历史最高值(3.54)出现在1985年;1997—2019年,MTL稳定在较高水平,其中2018年为该阶段最低点3.35。FiB指数整体呈上升趋势,1950—1956年,FiB指数呈小幅波动增加;1957—1974年,FiB指数显著上升;1975—1996年,FiB指数呈平稳波动状态;1997—2019年,FiB指数整体呈小幅增长趋势。结果表明,中东大西洋海洋生态系统相对稳定,但潜在的渔业资源量越来越少,开发潜力有限。
