Interdecadal changes in the western Siberian summer mean and extreme rainfall during 1982-2021

本文研究发现,西西伯利亚夏季降水在1995年后显著增加,2012年后又有所减少,极端降水日数和强度呈现一致的变化特征.伴随这两次降水的年代际增加/减少,西西伯利亚上空出现异常气旋/反气旋和水汽幅合/幅散.极端降水发生时的区域环流特征在三个时段基本一致:西西伯利亚低空出现气旋性异常,高空为西北-东南向的异常气旋-反气旋偶极子型.1995-2011年期间,极端降水日数更多,强度更强,上述异常环流型也更强.

Spatial analysis of vegetation cover response to climate trends in Khakassia(South Siberia)

An analysis of the changes in vegetation cover on the territory of the Republic of Khakassia in 2000–2021 due to climatic trends was carried out based on the MODIS data.The changes in vegetation cover were estimated based on trends in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI).In general,in the 21st century,an increase in the biomass of vegetation cover is observed.Positive trends were observed in 16%–22%of the territory,and negative only in 1%–3%.For about 20%of the analyzed territory,a significant influence of climate on the changes in vegetation cover was revealed.The most pronounced negative impact on vegetation cover was caused by summer air and soil temperatures,spring temperature,and summer winds,and the positive impact was caused by summer precipitation and soil moisture.The response of the vegetation cover to climate was non-uniform concerning the topography.Thus,a significant correlation with the amount of precipitation was observed for~20%–35%of vegetation growing below 600 m above sea level and for less than 5%above this elevation.The negative effect of summer temperatures on plants prevailed mainly at an elevation below~1400 m above sea level.Projected climate change is likely to lead to significant degradation of vegetation in the steppe and foreststeppe in Khakassia in the coming decades.

Synoptic-scale reversal of dipole surface temperature anomalies over East Asia and Central Siberia in November 2021

2021年11月,东亚与中西伯利亚经历了相反的冷暖异常转换,表现为“中西伯利亚偏冷,东亚偏暖”与“中西伯利亚偏暖,东亚偏冷”的交替出现.该偶极型气温异常的天气尺度反转伴随着大尺度大气环流异常的反转.进一步分析表明,东亚与中西伯利亚的偶极型气温异常反转是1979-2021年期间11月欧亚气温日变化的主导模态之一(发生概率超过56%).

株行距和种植深度对西伯利亚百合生长的影响

阐明不同株行距及种植深度对西伯利亚百合在栽植阶段生长的影响,总结试验栽植地最适西伯利亚百合生长的最佳株行距及种植深度,从中挖掘提高西伯利亚百合切花品质的关键种植因素,寻求绿色、高效的增产提质方式。以西伯利亚2、3代种球为试验对象,按照标准化生产流程,采用二因素随机区组设计,探讨不同株行距及种植深度对百合鲜切花的花茎高度、花苞大小及花苞数量的影响。除株行距对2代种球的花苞数量影响达5%显著水平外,株行距及种植深度对西伯利亚百合2代和3代种球的其他生长指标影响均达1%极显著差异水平。处理3即15 cm×20 cm的株行距25 cm的种植深度组合于2代和3代种球均为最佳处理方式。处理7即25 cm×30 cm的株行距15 cm的种植深度组合对2代和3代种球的花茎高度和花苞直径的生长最不利,处理4不利于种球花苞数量的生长。种植深度对于2代和3代种球花苞数量增长的影响大于株行距。而花茎高度和花苞直径则有所区别,种植深度对2代种球花茎高度生长的影响大于株行距,3代种球反之;株行距对2代种球花苞直径的影响大于种植深度,3代种球反之。于2、3代种球的花茎高度和花苞直径而言,A1B3即以15 cm×20 cm的株行距25 cm的种植深度组合能够获得良好的生长效果。而A3B3即25 cm×30 cm的株行距25 cm的种植深度的组合对2代种球的花苞数量增加有利,A1B3则利于3代种球花苞数量的增加。合适的种植深度能够使植物的根系得到良好的发育,同时能够有效地吸收土壤中的养分和水分,促进植物生长。种球种植株行距与百合花苞数量、花茎高度及花苞大小都呈显著正相关。

在西伯利亚远东“发现”中共党史新文献和新问题

俄罗斯西伯利亚远东地区在20世纪20—50年代是联共(布)和共产国际发动东方革命和中国革命的基地。这一地区也是中国共产党在艰难困苦条件下进行组织建设、干部培养、经费筹集、物资运输的关键通道,亦是中国共产党与联共(布)、共产国际、东方国家或民族的共产党和共产主义力量保持党际和国际联系的前沿地带。在上述地区保留了大量涉及中共党史的档案文献,未被充分发掘和利用,并且有相关的中共党史新问题因档案文献的缺乏而湮灭无现。新西伯利亚州国家档案馆、哈巴罗夫斯克边疆区国家档案馆、滨海边疆区国家档案馆(海参崴)的馆藏最值得关注。

东方百合Siberia多倍体诱导及其细胞学鉴定

本文以东方百合Siberia的试管苗为试验材料,研究了预培养时间、秋水仙素处理方法及浓度等因素对诱导试管苗多倍体的影响。研究结果表明:秋水仙素溶液直接浸泡较共培养法好,且以0.05%的浓度和浸泡48h为最佳组合,最终获得了18株四倍体试管苗。通过根尖染色体计数确定其为稳定的同源四倍体。显微观测气孔特征后发现:二倍体与四倍体植株的叶下表皮气孔密度及气孔保卫细胞长、宽差异均达到了极显著水平。

Insights into Euphorbia diversity: Probing the contrasts between Euphorbia fischeriana Steud and Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata

In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),Euphorbia fischeriana Steud(E.fischeriana)and Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata(E.ebracteolata),commonly referred to as“Langdu”,are widely extensively utilized for treating lymphatic tuberculosis and ringworm[1].Both plant species are perennial herbaceous plants mainly distributed in northeastern China,Mongolia,Russia(Siberia),and Republic of Korea[2].There have been many reports on the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of the two plant species,which has made more and more researchers realize that there may be differences between E.fischeriana and E.ebracteolata.In some cases,long-term improper use of herbal medicines can even lead to life-threatening conditions[3,4].Therefore,it is essential to employ an effective technology to differentiate between these two plants based on their chemical constituents and biological activities,so as to reduce the harm caused by the mixing and misuse of medicinal materials.Therefore,the present paper describes a study of the differences between E.ebracteolata and E.fischeriana,using untargeted plant metabolomics and biological activity evaluations.This study aims to provide valuable insight into their equivalence and potential interchangeability in TCM and clinical medication.

16—19世纪西伯利亚布哈拉人:移民进程与地位变迁

在16—18世纪,俄国吞并西伯利亚汗国以后采取鼓励和吸引外来移民政策,加之贸易需求的驱动促使布哈拉人成为移民西伯利亚的主体,同时后者凭借商业优势和宗教文化不断谋求经济社会地位的提升。跨入19世纪,随着中亚地缘政治环境及其与俄国关系发生“剧烈震荡”,布哈拉人向西伯利亚的移民进程呈现出抛物线式的下滑轨迹,西伯利亚布哈拉人的经济地位也随之下降,而相较之下其社会地位相对稳定。这一变迁过程一则反映出布哈拉人为推动西伯利亚社会进步所做的努力,二则勾勒出俄国与中亚交往互动的质变轨迹,三则映射出近代欧亚区域贸易格局的演进趋势。

冰冻数万年蠕虫成功复活

科学家在近期的一项研究中称,尽管过去了数万年时间,但还是有两种蠕虫被成功复活。Scientists have brought back to life two tiny worms that had been frozen for 46,000 years.The worms found in the fro-zen soil of Siberia are the oldest living ani-mals ever brought back to life after being frozen.

Platinum-group Element Geochemistry of Magnetite from Porphyry-Cu-Mo Deposits and their Host Rocks(Siberia,Russia)

The concentrations of platinum-group elements （PGE） have been analyzed in primary magmatic magnetite samples from the Zhireken, Shakhtama and Aksug porphyry Cu-Mo deposits （Siberia, Russia） by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine the range of PGE contents in magnetites and to check whether magnetite from two main rock suites （barren plutonic suite and mineralized porphyry suite） has distinct PGE composition. The results presented here indicate that magnetites are enriched in PGE relative to whole-rocks. Comparison of ore-related porphyry and barren plutonic suites shows that magnetite exhibit relatively similar PGE distribution patterns in both suites. Variations in Rh and Ru contents were controlled by the oxygen fugacity during magma crystallization.

Alien invasive species in Siberia:current status and problem

Although alien and invasive plant species have been researched extensively in the European part of Russia,the situation in Siberia is another matter.Hitherto,alien and invasive species in Siberia have not received much attention because this problem was not especially acute in Siberia.The lack of attention on alien and invasive species in Siberia is attributed to three major reasons：1） Low vegetative productivity and sparse human populations in the Siberian territory have limited botanical research interest in the area.2） Severe Siberian climate likely prevents many alien and invasive species from increasing their distribution into Siberia.3） Most Siberian plant communities have not been human-transformed and thus may be resistant to newcomers.Nevertheless,recent increased economic activities have resulted in increasing plant migration to Siberia,and this process should be monitored.Furthermore,global environmental changes may also have made Siberia more favorable for more alien and invasive species.Currently,research on alien and invasive species has begun in the Altai-Sayan region（Western Siberia） and the Magadan region （Northeastern Asia）.

The impact of the environmental factors on the photosynthetic activity of common pine (Pinus sylvestris) in spring and in autumn in the region of Eastern Siberia

The taiga coniferous forests of the Siberian region are the main carbon sinks in the forest ecosystems.Quantitatively, the size of the carbon accumulation is determined by the photosynthetic productivity, which is strongly influenced by environmental factors. As a result,an assessment of the relationship between environmental factors and photosynthetic productivity makes it possible to calculate and even predict carbon sinks in coniferous forests at the regional level. However, at various stages of the vegetative period, the force of the connection between environmental conditions and the productivity of photosynthesis may change. In this research, correlations between the photosynthetic activity of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.) with the environmental conditions were compared in spring and in autumn. In spring, close positive correlation of the maximum daily net photosynthesis was identified with only one environmental factor. For different years, correlations were for soil temperature(rs= 0.655,p = 0.00315) or available soil water supply(rs= 0.892,p = 0.0068). In autumn within different years, significant correlation was shown with two(temperature of air and soil; rs= 0.789 and 0.896, p = 0.00045 and 0.000006,respectively) and four factors: temperature of air(rs=0.749, p = 0.00129) and soil(rs= 0.84, p = 0.00000),available soil water supply(rs= 0.846, p = 0.00013) and irradiance(rs= 0.826, p = 0.000001). Photosynthetic activity has a weaker connection with changes in environmental factors in the spring, as compared to autumn.This is explained by the multidirectional influence of environmental conditions on photosynthesis in this period and by the necessity of earlier photosynthesis onset, despite the unfavorable conditions. This data may be useful for predicting the flow of carbon in dependence on environmental factors in this region in spring and in autumn.

Wave-Breaking Features of Blocking over Central Siberia and Its Impacts on the Precipitation Trend over Southeastern Lake Baikal

Precipitation over southeastern Lake Baikal features a significant decreasing trend in July and August over 1979–2018 and is closely related to blocking occurrence over central Siberia(45°–70°N,75°–115°E).This study investigates the formation and maintenance of anticyclonic and cyclonic wave-breaking(AWB and CWB)blocking events and their climate impacts on precipitation in the southeastern Lake Baikal area.Both AWB and CWB blocking events are characterized by a cold trough deepening from the sub-Arctic region and a ridge amplifying toward its north over central Siberia,as well as an evident Rossby wave train over midlatitude Eurasia.For AWB blocking events,the ridge and trough pair tilts clockwise and the wave train exhibits a zonal distribution.In contrast,ridge and trough pair associated with CWB blocking events leans anticlockwise with larger-scale,meridional,and more anisotropic signatures.Moreover,the incoming Rossby wave energy associated with CWB blocking events is more evident than for AWB blocking events.Therefore,CWB blocking events are more persistent.AWB blocking events produce more extensive and persistent precipitation over the southeastern Lake Baikal area than CWB blocking events,in which moderate above-normal rainfall is seen in the decaying periods of blockings.A significant decreasing trend is found in terms of AWB blocking occurrence over central Siberia,which may contribute to the downward trend of precipitation over southeastern Lake Baikal.

3-D velocity structure in the central-eastern part of Qilianshan

The 3-D velocity tomography image of the central-eastern part of Qilianshan is obtained by the joint inversion of 3-D velocity structure and focal parameters based on the S-P data of micro-earthquakes recorded by the digital seismic network set up for a Sino-French cooperation program since 1996. The inversed velocity structure does primarily reflect some important features of the deep structure in the region and provide the scientific background for the further study of active tectonic structure and the calculation of earthquake parameters.

Human responses to flower fragrance of Lilium ‘Siberia’ and Rosa ‘Escimo’

The objective of our study was to lay a foundation for the effect of flower flagrance on human emotions and to provide a theory for the choice of indoor plants and the improvement of the olfactory environment. Specifically, our purpose was to study human physiological responses to flower fragrance of Lilium ＇Siberia＇ and Rosa ＇Escimo＇. The participants were 31 college students. Blood pressure, pulse rate, finger temperature （FT） and galvanic skin response （GSR） were measured. The results show that the fragrance of Rosa ＇Escimo＇ causes the diastolic pressure and pulse rate of the participants to reduce significantly. The average decrease was 0.37 kPa and 2.23 beats per minute, which indicates that sympathetic nervous activity increases, physiological arousal decreases and emotional alleviation occurs. Furthermore, the GSR of participants significantly increased by smelling the fragrance of Lilium ＇Siberia＇, indicating that both sympathetic nervous activity and physiological arousal increased. But the data could not prove that flower fragrance stimulation has an effect on changes in systolic pressure and finger temperature. Some other factors, such as basic emotion and weather, may have an effect.

Southern East Siberia Pliocene-Quaternary faults:Database,analysis and inference

This paper presents the first release of an Informational System（IS）devoted to the systematic collection of all available data relating to Pliocene-Quaternary faults in southern East Siberia,their critical analysis and their seismotectonic parameterization.The final goal of this project is to form a new base for improving the assessment of seismic hazard and other natural processes associated with crustal deformation.The presented IS has been exploited to create a relational database of active and conditionally active faults in southern East Siberia（between 100°-114° E and 50°-57° N）whose central sector is characterized by the highly seismic Baikal rift zone.The information within the database for each fault segment is organized as distinct but intercorrelated sections（tables,texts and pictures,etc.）and can be easily visualized as HTML pages in offline browsing.The preliminary version of the database distributed free on disk already highlights the general fault pattern showing that the Holocene and historical activity is quite uniform and dominated by NE-SW and nearly E-W trending faults;the former with a prevailing dip-slip normal kinematics,while the latter structures are left-lateral strike-slip and oblique-slip（with different proportion of left-lateral and normal fault slip components）.These faults are mainly concentrated along the borders of the rift basins and are the main sources of moderate-to-strong（M≥5.5）earthquakes on the southern sectors of East Siberia in recent times.As a whole,based on analyzing the diverse fault kinematics and their variable spatial distribution with respect to the overall pattern of the tectonic structures formed and/or activated during the late Pliocene-Quaternary,we conclude they were generated under a regional stress field mainly characterized by a relatively uniform NW-SE tension,but strongly influenced by the irregular hard boundary of the old Siberian craton.The obtained inferences are in an agreement with the existing models of the development of the Baikal region.

东方百合‘Siberia’花种球异地复壮技术研究

以东方系百合品种‘Siberia’的二茬种球为试材,研究了蕾长的不同时期摘除花序、剪枝平茬、喷施不同植物生长调节剂等处理对百合种球复壮的影响,以期总结复壮技术的实用性。结果表明:东方百合‘Siberia’种球在复壮过程中,摘除花蕾和喷洒植物生长调节剂能有效增大其鳞茎的重量和周径。

Surface mass balance on Glacier No. 31 in the Suntar–Khayata Range, eastern Siberia, from 1951 to 2014

This study presents a 64-year （1951-2014） reconstruction of the surface mass balance of Glacier No. 31, located in the Suntar-Khayata Range of the eastern Siberia, where the ablation zone is characterized by the extensive dark ice surface. We use a temperature index-based glacier mass-balance model, which computes all major components of glacier mass budget and is forced by daily air temperature and precipitation from a nearby meteorological station. The glacier shows a mean annual mass balance of -0.35 m w.e.a-1 during the past 64 years, with an acceleration of -0.50 m w.e. a^-1 during the recent years. A cumulative mass loss of the glacier is -22.3 m w.e. over the study period, about 56% of which is observed during 1991-2014. In addition to the contribution of temperature rise and precipitation decrease to recent mass loss of the glacier, an experimental analysis, in which the clean and dark ice surfaces are respectively assumed to cover the entire ablation zone, indicates that dark ice surface, caused by insoluble impurities consisting of mineral dusts, eryoconite granules, and ice algae, plays a crucial role in the changing mass balance through enhancing melt rates in the ablation zone of the glacier.

Plastic-Flow Waves (“Slow-Waves") and Seismic Activity in Central-Eastern Asia

The results inferred from experiments with analogue models carried out previously have shown that two types of plastic-flow waves, “fast-waves" and “slow-waves", are induced in the lower lithosphere (including the lower crust and lithospheric mantle) under driving at plate boundaries and both of them are viscous gravity waves formed by the superposition of major and subsidiary waves. The major waves are similar to solitary waves and the subsidiary waves are traveling waves. The plastic-flow waves in the lower lithosphere control seismic activities in the overlying seismogenic layer and result in the distribution of earthquakes along the wave-crest belts. “Fast-waves" propagated with velocities of orders of magnitude of 100～102km/a have been verified by wave-controlled earthquake migration, showing the “decade waves" and “century waves" with the average periods of 10.8 and 93.4 a, respectively, which originate from the Himalayan driving boundary. According to the recognition of the patterns of the belt-like distribution of strong earthquakes with M S≥7.0, it is indicated further in this paper that the “slow-waves" with velocities of orders of magnitude of 100～101 m/a also originated under compression from the Himalayan driving boundary. Strong earthquakes with M S≥7.0 are controlled mainly by subsidiary waves, because the major waves with a duration of up to 106 a for each disturbance cannot result in the accumulation of enough energy for strong earthquakes due to the relaxation of the upper crust. The subsidiary waves propagate with an average wave length of 445 km, velocities of 0.81～2.80 m/a and periods of 0.16～0.55 Ma. The wave-generating time at the Himalayan driving boundary is about 1.34～4.59 Ma before present for the “slow-waves", corresponding to the stage from the Mid Pliocene to the Mid Early-Pleistocene and being identical with one of the major tectonic episodes of the Himalayan tectonic movement. It is shown from the recognition of the wave-controlled belts of strong earthquakes that two optimal patterns of wave-crest belts originated simultaneously from the eastern and western segments of the Himalayan arc, respectively. The overlap of wave-crest belts of these two systems is responsible for the relative concentration of energy and forms the seismic-energy-background zones for strong earthquakes with M S≥7.0.

A Seismotectonic Zonation Map of Eastern Siberia: New Principles and Methods of Mapping

The paper reviews goals and objectives, stages and components of a seismotectonic study conducted in Eastern Siberia, Russia. Based on a comprehensive analysis of geological and geophysical data, our study establishes whether the local earthquakes are of tectonic origin and reveals relationships among earthquakes with recent geodynamic processes in the area under study. Seismic hazard assessment and evaluation of tectonic processes are the two major closely interrelated aspects of seismotectonic studies. A seismotectonic study is generally combined with a seismic study and conducted prior to the stage of detailed seismic zonation (DSZ) which is followed by seismic micro-zonation (SMZ). In three stages of the seismotectonic study, we analyze specific geological structures, reveal the regional dynamics of seismotectonic processes, clarify details of potential seismic hazard locations and identify sites of the potential instantaneous deformation of the crust which may take place due to active faulting. Based on results of our longterm studies, a seismotectonic zonation map of Eastern Siberia is compiled. The paper briefly reviews the methods of mapping and refers to data on active faults and neotectonic structures revealed in the area under study, which are closely related to regional earthquake sources.