Numerical analysis on seismic performance of underground structures in liquefiable interlayer sites from centrifuge shaking table test

When an underground structure passes through a liquefiable soil layer,the soil liquefaction may pose a significant threat to the structure.A centrifuge shaking table test was performed to research the seismic response of underground structures in liquefiable interlayer sites,and a valid numerical model was obtained through simulation model test.Finally,the calibrated numerical model was used to perform further research on the influence of various distribution characteristics of liquefiable interlayers on the seismic reaction of underground structures.The key findings are as follows.The structure faces the most unfavorable condition once a liquefiable layer is located in the middle of the underground structure.When a liquefiable layer exists in the middle of the structure,the seismic reactions of both the underground structure and model site will increase with the rise of the thickness of the liquefiable interlayer.The inter-story drift of the structure in the non-liquefiable site is much smaller than that in the liquefiable interlayer site.The inter-story drift of the structure is not only associated with the site displacement and the soil-structure stiffness ratio but also closely associated with the slippage of the soil-structure contact interface under the condition of large deformation of the site.

Experimental study of vertical and batter pile groups in saturated sand using a centrifuge shaking table

To study the dynamic response of vertical and batter pile groups in saturated sand,dynamic tests of these pile groups in saturated sand were carried out using the ZJU400 geotechnical centrifuge at Zhejiang University.The following results were obtained.(1)As the motion intensity increased,the peak acceleration in soil layers at different depths significantly decreased,indicating that the soil stiffness was significantly reduced.(2)During the motion process,the instantaneous bending moment of the vertical and batter pile groups at different depths changed continuously,which had a strong relationship with the saturated sand liquefaction.In the process of sand liquefaction,the residual bending moment generated by the batter pile was more obvious than that of the vertical pile.(3)With the liquefaction of the saturated sand,the distribution of the maximum bending moment of the vertical pile group changed,and the bending moment near the pile cap of the vertical and batter pile groups was always large.(4)In certain cases,the horizontal acceleration and dynamic displacement of the vertical pile cap were amplified.When the motion intensity was large,residual displacement of the batter pile cap occurred.

Model test and numerical simulation on the dynamic stability of the bedding rock slope under frequent microseisms

Shake table testing was performed to investigate the dynamic stability of a mid-dip bedding rock slope under frequent earthquakes. Then, numerical modelling was established to further study the slope dynamic stability under purely microseisms and the influence of five factors, including seismic amplitude, slope height, slope angle, strata inclination and strata thickness, were considered. The experimental results show that the natural frequency of the slope decreases and damping ratio increases as the earthquake loading times increase. The dynamic strength reduction method is adopted for the stability evaluation of the bedding rock slope in numerical simulation, and the slope stability decreases with the increase of seismic amplitude, increase of slope height, reduction of strata thickness and increase of slope angle. The failure mode of a mid-dip bedding rock slope in the shaking table test is integral slipping along the bedding surface with dipping tensile cracks at the slope rear edge going through the bedding surfaces. In the numerical simulation, the long-term stability of a mid-dip bedding slope is worst under frequent microseisms and the slope is at risk of integral sliding instability, whereas the slope rock mass is more broken than shown in the shaking table test. The research results are of practical significance to better understand the formation mechanism of reservoir landslides and prevent future landslide disasters.

Analysis of the stability and seismic behavior of the geosynthetic-reinforced embankments under earthquake

The stability and seismic behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments during the earthquake is not well known.In this paper,the damage types of embankments were summarized,and the seismic stability of reinforced embankment were analyzed through an earthquake damage investigation in the Wenchuan earthquake region.Then,large-scale shaking table model tests were performed on the geosynthetic-reinforced embankment.The results show that the damage level of the reinforced embankment was almost less than that of the unreinforced embankment.The peak seismic earth pressure was nonlinear along the height of the embankment,the largest peak seismic earth pressure was roughly in the middle of the embankment slope.The peak ground accelerations(PGA)amplification factor first showed an increasing pattern and then a decreasing pattern with the increase of elevation,but there was a final increasing trend along the height of the reinforced embankment.The results can help to establish the proper design of the reinforcement embankments under earthquake conditions.

Shaking Table Test Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Bridge Foundation Reinforcement on Slopes

With the fast development of bridge construction in mountainous and seismic areas,it is necessary to conduct related research. Based on the design of a shaking table model test,here are the following test results: the filtering effect exists in soil and is affected by the dynamic constraint conditions,the amplitude is strengthened around the natural frequency and weakened in other frequency bands in the Fourier spectrum. Since the acceleration scaling effect occurred on a sloped surface,the acceleration response decreases from the outside to the inside in soil. The dynamic response is relatively strong near the slip surface in bedrock due to the reflection of seismic waves. The failure mode of landslide is decided by the slope angle and slipping mass distribution, and the test shows the front row stabilizing piles should keep a proper distance from bridge foundation so that seismic resistance can be guaranteed for the bridge foundation.

Centrifuge model test on earthquake-induced differential settlement of foundation on cohesive ground

Dynamic centrifuge model test was conducted to study the earthquake-induced differential settlement of foundation on cohesive ground, and the influence of asymmetry of building was investigated. During the experiment, the overconsolidated kaolin clay ground with a three-dimensional asymmetrical structure model was shaken by a basically balanced input motion, and bender elements were used to measure shear wave velocities of model ground to reveal the soil fabric evolution during and after shaking. The test results show that, the total seismic settlement of foundation is composed of instantaneous and long-term post-earthquake settlements, and most of the differential settlement occurs immediately after the earthquake while the post-earthquake settlement is relatively uniform despite its large amplitude. The asymmetry of building affects the settlement behavior considerably. Compared with 1-or 2-dimensional structures, more evident differential settlement occurs under threedimensional asymmetrical building during shaking, which accounts for one-half of the total seismic settlements and results in complex spatial tilting effects of foundation.

地震液化离心机振动台模型试验与LEAP研究进展

离心机振动台模型试验是研究地震液化问题的重要手段,一方面可重现场地地震响应和揭示液化致灾规律,为发展工程设计方法提供依据;另一方面可以作为特定边值问题的标准模型试验数据,验证数值方法与土体本构模型及其参数选取的合理性。介绍了离心机振动台模型试验的试验原理,回顾了离心机振动台模型试验在地震液化领域的主要研究进展。围绕由中国、美国、日本和英国等国家高校与研究所联合开展的国际合作项目“液化试验与分析”(LEAP),重点介绍了若干为提高离心机振动台模型试验可重复性而发展的物理模拟新技术,包括离心机振动台的台面振动控制技术、模型土体弹性波速测试技术和基于图像分析的动态位移监测技术等。最后针对地震液化领域的若干工程和研究需求,探讨了离心机振动台模型试验领域的发展趋势。

迭代算法与柔性结构对离心机振动台控制性能影响

目前迭代算法和柔性结构对离心机振动台控制性能的影响尚缺乏认识,尤其铰接装置作为柔性连接结构在许多离心机振动台上得到应用,以减小离心力荷载下台面和吊篮变形对作动器安全带来的危险。以一套负载1500 kg离心机振动台为样本,采用不同强度、频带的典型地震波为控制目标,探讨了有无迭代算法、柔性结构条件对离心机振动台的控制性能影响。结果表明:20~200 Hz频宽范围内,迭代算法对最大峰值误差、平均峰值误差、平均谱面积误差的影响可忽略。采用迭代算法前后平均峰值误差分别为5.90%,6.15%,平均谱面积误差分别为5.02%,4.94%。柔性结构对于加速度峰值≤7.5g地震波的复现精度有显著影响,尤其是80~150 Hz高频段;对于加速度峰值≥20g地震波的复现精度影响,在频宽20~120 Hz可忽略,但对于120~170 Hz频段的小幅值成分的复现能力影响不容忽略,逊于无柔性结构条件。同时,在无柔性结构条件下对比了不同负载、同一输入荷载的实测输出波,发现两输出波的峰值误差与谱面积误差均无明显差异,证明了离心机振动台具有良好的重复性和稳定性。研究方法和结论,对提高离心机振动台控制性能的影响因素认识和改进设计方法,具有重要指导价值和科学意义。

砂砾土振动体变评价方法与离心机模型试验验证

2008汶川地震出现了砂砾土大范围液化致灾现象,现场震害调查表明砂砾土场地存在砾石效应影响,现有砂土场地的震后沉降评价方法不适用于砂砾土场地。对此,在“张-社本”振动体变评价方法的基础上进一步发展了考虑砾石含量的砂砾土振动体变评价方法,然后开展动三轴试验确定评价方法中的相关参数,最后开展3组典型砾石含量的砂砾土地基离心机振动台模型试验对评价方法的可靠性进行验证。试验结果表明,砾石含量越高,振动引起的场地沉降变形越小;砂砾土振动体变评价方法可以较为准确地预测新近沉积砂砾土场地的震后沉降,但对存在地震历史影响的砂砾土场地,本文提出的评价方法较为保守,建议进一步发展考虑地震历史效应的砂砾土振动体变评价方法。

爆破振动作用下桥梁桩孔稳定性振动台试验研究

为了解爆破振动对邻近桥梁桩基成孔后桩孔稳定性的影响,以与山体爆破工程计划同时施工的某主跨280 m的斜拉桥为背景,设计、制作土箱和缩尺比1∶40桩孔模型开展振动台试验,研究桩孔孔壁的破坏特征、土体振动速度和动土压力的变化规律。结果表明:土体的振动速度峰值和动土压力峰值均随着爆破强度的增大而增大,在土体产生破坏后,土体的振动速度峰值和动土压力峰值均呈现出非线性增大趋势;爆破强度较小时土体的动土压力峰值曲线为U形,爆破强度较大时桩孔区域土体的动土压力峰值曲线为W形,桩孔中上部区域的动土压力峰值较大;山体爆破振动会使钢护筒底部与土体交界面以下桩孔的中上部区域出现破坏,应对山体爆破施工加强现场监测,桩孔附近的振动速度峰值不宜超过2 cm/s,以保障桩孔的稳定性。

基于变形的降雨后地震基覆型边坡劣化特性与机制研究

降雨地震多因素作用下基覆型边坡破坏模式的识别和评估具有重大工程意义。为研究降雨后地震作用下基覆型边坡的失稳演化机制,开展一组大型振动台模型试验,基于边坡土体空间变形特性和坡面位移特性识别和评估边坡的劣化模式,综合土体应力−应变特性、渗流场特性、地震动应力分布及边坡变形特性,对降雨后地震下边坡的变形演化机制进行探讨。结果表明:(1)降雨阶段,边坡坡顶与坡脚饱和度显著升高区强度劣化显著,但整体无明显变形;地震阶段,坡顶首先滑塌失稳,进一步演化为多级滑塌的整体失稳。(2)宏观破坏具有突发特征,边坡内部土体的空间应变分布特性能更好地识别边坡塑性区扩展−贯通−失稳的演化历程。(3)基于位移残余率分析的边坡失稳演化模式与土体空间应变演化特性结果吻合,相较于累积位移量对边坡损伤状态的识别更准确。(4)含水率变化影响土体力学特征,降雨后的渗流场分布影响边坡整体力学特性及地震动应力的传递及空间分布,土体力学特性和动应力空间特征决定边坡的破坏模式。

砂土场地桩-筒复合基础地震响应离心振动台试验

地震作用容易引起砂土地基中的海上风机基础液化失效,单桩-筒型复合基础(简称桩-筒复合基础)结合了单桩基础和吸力筒基础的优势,是一种新颖的海上风机基础形式。针对砂土场地桩-筒复合基础地震响应,开展干砂及饱和砂的单桩和桩-筒复合基础的离心振动台试验,采用白噪声和具有不同频谱成分的地震波进行激振,得到两种基础形式在砂土场地中的自振频率、超孔压累积、风机加速度响应以及基础弯矩分布等。结果表明:饱和场地中筒基下的浅层土体,其超孔压累积会有所衰减,加速度幅值则被相应放大;饱和场地中单桩浅部弯矩响应较大,风机产生明显的残余位移,相比单桩,桩-筒复合基础加速度响应更大,但其在限制水平位移方面具有明显优势。研究结论对于桩-筒复合基础的抗震分析具有参考价值。

大型渡槽动水压力离心模型试验研究

以引江济淮工程淠河总干渠渡槽为参考研究对象,采用离心机振动台对刚性渡槽在简谐荷载激励下的动水压力进行了试验研究,并将试验结果与常用的简化模型的计算结果进行了对比分析。试验结果表明:动水压力与加速度幅值呈线性相关,与加载频率、水深呈非线性相关;离心模型试验可以准确的模拟动水压力及流固耦合作用,可以为水弹性问题的研究提供新的分析方法。

可液化场地桩基震后水平变形预测模型研究

近海海域实测数据显示,风机主要承受大幅值、长历时的水平向环境荷载。在服役周期内,位于高烈度区域内的近海风机遭受地震作用的概率极大。这些持续性的、量值巨大的初始水平环境荷载对风机的地震响应所产生的影响尚不清晰,目前相关研究多基于数值模拟方法。以福建海域某拟建近海风电场为对象,利用ZJU−400超重力振动台,开展了嵌岩桩单桩基础在砂土中的超重力物理模型试验,揭示了初始水平荷载与地震动荷载耦合作用下的桩身弯矩和位移响应。此外,引入超孔压参数来表征耦合荷载作用下的桩-土弱化效应,建立了能反映不同超孔压比下的大直径单桩基础桩身土反力-桩-土水平位移曲线模型。结合非线性Winkler地基梁理论框架,所构建的预测模型可以较有效地预测近海风机嵌岩单桩在初始水平荷载作用下的震后弯矩及位移分布。

云南某选锡尾矿中锡回收选矿试验研究

试验原料来自云南某锡多金属矿选厂的选锡尾矿,尾矿中锡品位为0.35%,是主要的有价金属。尾矿中锡主要以锡石形式存在,锡石占有率为72.39%,该尾矿中细粒级含量高,其中-0.02mm粒级含量高达67.11%,该粒级的锡占有率为68.00%,通过传统浮选及摇床工艺较难回收。针对该尾矿细粒级含量高的特点,确定离心重选为主要工艺,一段离心重选能获得锡品位1.27%、回收率70%的锡粗精矿;经两段精选后,能获得锡品位4.11%、回收率54.10%的锡精矿。采用离心重选(一粗一精)+摇床重选(二次精选)的组合工艺,能获得锡品位17.57%、回收率17.25%的锡精矿。研究表明,采用全离心重选工艺,可获得高回收率的锡精矿产品;采用离心+摇床重选的组合工艺,可获得高品位的锡精矿产品,最终可根据实际需求,确定适合的工艺,能实现该锡资源的二次开发利用。

考虑桩-土相互作用的深水桥墩地震响应分析

深水桥梁往往为桩基础形式,其地震作用下桩-土相互作用效应显著,掌握桩-土相互作用对深水桥墩地震响应的影响,有助于指导深水桥梁结构的抗震设计。该文通过附加质量方法考虑动水压力作用,采用精细化模型模拟桩-土相互作用,引入动力松弛技术完成初始地应力平衡,建立了考虑桩-土相互作用的深水桥墩地震响应数值模拟方法,并通过离心机振动台试验验证了其正确性。利用已验证的数值模拟方法分析了不同地震强度和不同场地土体强度对深水桥墩地震响应的影响,结果表明:随着场地土体强度提高,桥墩的地震位移响应减小,水体的存在不会改变此规律;软弱土场地的动水压力对桥墩和桩基的地震响应影响较小,最大影响程度在10%左右;中硬土场地的动水压力明显增大桥墩和桩基的地震响应,且地震强度越大,增大效应越明显,因此强震作用下处于硬土场地的动水压力作用在桥梁结构抗震设计中必须予以考虑。

微地震荷载作用下含断层破碎带边坡的稳定性分析

次数多、震级小的微地震作用对岩质边坡稳定性的影响是地质灾害防治中必须面对的问题,而断层破碎带又具有特殊的物理力学性质,直接影响着边坡的动力稳定。因此,研究微地震荷载作用下含断层破碎带的顺层岩质边坡的动力响应规律及稳定性具有重要意义。以某含断层破碎带的顺层岩质边坡为研究对象,开展振动台模型试验和离散元数值模拟,对微地震作用下边坡的动力响应规律,变形破坏特征和动力失稳特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:该边坡在微地震作用下的动力响应具有高程放大效应和趋表效应;GPA放大系数随振幅的增大而减小,随频率的增大而增大,同时高程越高,PGA放大系数随幅值和频率变化的幅度越大;微地震强度越大,边坡发生失稳破坏对应的微地震次数越少;边坡的稳定性系数随着微地震强度和微地震次数的增加逐渐减小;不同振动次数下,边坡稳定性系数与微地震强度之间符合线性衰减的关系;当微地震次数为4500次时,微地震强度对于边坡稳定性的影响最大。

Dynamic p-y curves for vertical and batter pile groups in liquefied sand

In this study,centrifuge model tests of vertical and batter pile groups in liquefied sand were conducted on a centrifuge shaking table.The dynamic p-y curves for these pile groups before and during sand liquefaction were obtained from calculations based on test data.The results confirm that liquefaction contributes to a reduction in the energy consumption of pile foundations,with the degradation effect being more pronounced for batter pile groups.At shallow depths,the difference in the backbone gradients of the p-y curves after liquefaction for vertical and batter pile groups indicates that the lateral stiffness of a batter pile group is greater than that of a vertical pile group.As shaking intensity increases,the lateral stiffness of a vertical pile group increases with depth during the late stage of sand liquefaction.However,the lateral stiffness of a batter pile group during liquefaction does not vary with depth.The results of this study provide a reference for the seismic design of vertical and batter pile groups in liquefied soil.

ZJU400离心机研制及其振动台性能评价

土工离心机可以产生与原型相同的自重应力,保证模型破坏机制与原型一致,是解决岩土工程、水利工程和环境工程等领域复杂问题的理想试验模拟手段。搭配机载振动台系统,离心机还可以在原型应力条件下探讨地震引起的建构筑物变形和稳定特性。鉴于离心机振动台的科研价值,浙江大学建造了有效旋转半径为4.5 m、负载能力400 gt的双吊篮臂式离心机,可开展150g重力加速度下的静态试验和100g重力加速度下的动态试验,吊篮尺寸达1500mm×1200 mm×1500 mm。同时,离心机配置了最大振动幅值为0.6 cm、最大振动加速度为40g的振动台系统,可进行有效负重小于500 kg水平单向地震动响应模拟。静动力试验使用的刚性模型箱和层状剪切模型箱的最大尺寸分别为1.2m×1.0 m×1.0 m和600 mm×350 mm×449 mm。通过饱和砂土地基建筑物震陷试验,初步检验了离心机振动台系统的整体性能。

含黏粒砂土场地液化离心机振动台试验研究

提出了含黏粒砂土模型地基制备、饱和与均匀性监测技术,利用ZJU-400土工离心机振动台开展了相同相对密度含黏粒砂土(黏粒含量10%)和洁净砂的地震液化模型试验,再现了水平场地地震液化现象,揭示了含黏粒砂土场地液化灾变特点。弯曲元波速监测表明,模型制备均匀性良好,相同条件下含黏粒砂土剪切波速比洁净砂低。而根据超静孔压消散与固结沉降观测分析发现,含黏粒砂土渗透系数比洁净砂低一个数量级,从而影响其液化前后超静孔压响应和应力应变行为。渗透性差异导致模型内超静孔压产生模式和消散速率显著不同,振动时含黏粒砂土模型浅层超静孔压累积比洁净砂慢,而深层则相反;震后含黏粒砂土孔压消散时间是洁净砂的15倍。液化过程中含黏粒砂土剪应力应变响应比相同深度处的洁净砂更显著,液化后其滞回圈应变较大、割线模量较小且阻尼比较大。土体液化沉降主要发生在液化后超静孔压消散过程,含黏粒砂土模型超静孔压消散时间更长,沉降量更大。上述成果为进一步研究含黏粒砂土地震响应分析及其液化判别提供了科学依据。