Effects of laser heat treatment on salt spray corrosion of 1Cr5Mo heat resistant steel welding joints

The surface of 1Cr5 Mo heat-resistant steel welding joint was processed with CO2 laser, and the corrosion behaviors before and after laser heat treatment(LHT) were investigated in the salt spray corrosion environments. The microstructures, phases, residual stresses and retained austenite content of 1Cr5 Mo steel welding joint before and after LHT were analyzed with optical microscope and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The cracking morphologies and chemical compositions of corrosion products after salt spray corrosion were analyzed with field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) and energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS), respectively, the polarization curves were measured on a PS-268 A type electrochemical workstation, and the mechanism of corrosion resistance by LHT was investigated as well. The results show that the passive film of original sample is destroyed owing to the corrosive media penetrating into the subsurface, resulting in the redox reaction. The content of residual austenite in the surface and the self-corrosion potential are increased by LHT, which is contributed to improving the capability of salt spray corrosion resistance.

Microstructure,mechanical and corrosion behavior of high strength AA7075aluminium alloy friction stir welds-Effect of post weld heat treatment

High strength aluminium alloy AA7075(Al-Zn-Mg-Cu) is a precipitate hardenable alloy widely used in the aerospace,defense,marine and automobile industries.Use of the heat treatable aluminium alloys in all these sectors is ever-increasing owing to their excellent strength-toweight ratio and reasonably good corrosion resistance.The shortage in corrosion resistance,however,usually poses negative concern about their reliability and lifetime when they service in the variable marine environments.These alloys also exhibit low weldability due to poor solidification microstructure,porosity in fusion zone and lose their mechanical properties when they are welded by fusion welding techniques.Friction stir welding(FSW) is a reliable technique to retain the properties of the alloy as the joining takes place in the solid state.The welds are susceptible to corrosion due to the microstructural changes in the weld nugget during FSW.In this work,the effect of post weld treatments,viz.,peak aging(T6) and retrogression & reaging(RRA),on the microstructure,mechanical properties and pitting corrosion has been studied.Friction stir welding of 8 mm-thick AA7075 alloy was carried out.The microstructural changes of base metal and nugget zone of friction stir welds were studied using optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.Tensile and hardness test of base metal and welds has been carried out.Pitting corrosion resistance was determined through dynamic polarization test.It was observed that the hardness and strength of weld were observed to be comparatively high in peak aged(T6) condition but the welds showed poor corrosion resistance.The resistance to pitting corrosion was improved and the mechanical properties were maintained by RRA treatment.The resistance to pitting corrosion was improved in RRA condition with the minimum loss of weld strength.

Microstructure and pitting corrosion of armor grade AA7075 aluminum alloy friction stir weld nugget zone-Effect of post weld heat treatment and addition of boron carbide

Friction stir welding(FSW) of high strength aluminum alloys has been emerged as an alternative joining technique to avoid the problems during fusion welding.In recent times FSW is being used for armor grade AA7075 aluminum alloy in defense,aerospace and marine applications where it has to serve in non uniform loading and corrosive environments.Even though friction stir welds of AA7075 alloy possess better mechanical properties but suffer from poor corrosion resistance.The present work involves use of retrogression and reaging(RRA) post weld heat treatment to improve the corrosion resistance of welded joints of aluminum alloys.An attempt also has been made to change the chemical composition of the weld nugget by adding B4C nano particles with the aid of the FSW on a specially prepared base metal plate in butt position.The effects of peak aged condition(T6),RRA and addition of B4C nano particles on microstructure,hardness and pitting corrosion of nugget zone of the friction stir welds of AA7075 alloy have been studied.Even though RRA improved the pitting corrosion resistance,its hardness was slightly lost.Significant improvement in pitting corrosion resistance was achieved with addition of boron carbide powder and post weld heat treatment of RRA.

Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of gas tungsten arc welds of maraging steel

Superior properties of maraging steels make them suitable for the fabrication of components used for military applications like missile covering, rocket motor casing and ship hulls. Welding is the main process for fabrication of these components, while the maraging steels can be fusion welded using gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW) process. All these fabricated components require longer storage life and a major problem in welds is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking(SCC). The present study is aimed at studying the SCC behaviour of MDN 250(18% Ni) steel and its welds with respect to microstructural changes. In the present study, 5.2 mm thick sheets made of MDN 250 steel in the solution annealed condition was welded using GTAW process. Post-weld heat treatments of direct ageing(480 C for 3 h), solutionizing(815 C for 1 h) followed by ageing and homogenizing(1150 C for 1 h) followed by ageing were carried out. A mixture of martensite and austenite was observed in the microstructure of the fusion zone of solutionized and direct aged welds and only martensite in as-welded condition. Homogenization and ageing treatment have eliminated reverted austenite and elemental segregation. Homogenized welds also exhibited a marginal improvement in the corrosion resistance compared to those in the as-welded, solutionized and aged condition. Constant load SCC test data clearly revealed that the failure time of homogenized weld is much longer compared to other post weld treatments, and the homogenization treatment is recommended to improve the SCC life of GTA welds of MDN 250 Maraging steel.

In-situ evaluation for corrosion process at fusion boundary of stainless steel strip overlay joints in H2S containing solution

The present work studied the corrosion properties around the fusion boundaries of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel with stainless steel strip overlay joints under as welded condition and after post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) in H2 S containing solution (NACE TM-01-77 standard) with different time. An in-situ observation method was introduced for evaluating corrosive progress in the fusion boundary in H2 S containing solution, that is, the samples were marked firstly at the boundary and then treated in the solution for variant time. Each time after the corrosion treatment, the observations were kept to focus at the same marked area by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the corrosion progress. The results reveal that the fusion boundary is the worst region for corrosion resistance when comparing with other boundaries, and a broad fusion boundary has a stronger resistance for "hydrogen induced disbonding" than a narrow one.

Effects of Welding Procedure on Corrosion Resistance and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Supermartensitic Stainless Steel Deposits

The effects of shielding gas and post weld heat treatment on the pitting resistance, stress corrosion crack- ing and hydrogen embrittlement of supermartensitic stainless steel deposits were studied. Two all-weld-metal test coupons were prepared using a metal-cored wire under Ar＋ 5% He and Ar＋18%CO2 gas shielding mixtures. Solubi- lizing and solubilizing plus double tempering heat treatments were done with the objective of achieving different mi crostructural results, The samples welded under Ar＋5% He showed higher pitting corrosion resistance, for all post weld heat treatments, than those welded under Ar＋18% CO2. The different post weld heat treatments generated higher susceptibility to this corrosion mechanism. None of the samples presented signs of stress corrosion cracking, but in those subjected to the heat treatment, grain boundary selective attack was observed, on the surfaces of all the samples studied. The samples with highest hardness were more susceptible to hydrogen damage, thereby leading to reduced tensile strength on this condition.

Effect of heat treatment temperature on dissimilar welded joint

The dissimilar metals 1Crl8Ni9 and 16MnR are welded by shielded metal arc welding process using electrode A312. The corrosion experiments are carried out on welded joint samples, which is as-welded and post-weld heat treatment at 650 ℃, 750 ℃ and 850 ℃, for 2 h in 70% sodium hydroxide solution. EDS and X-ray diffraction analysis are carried out on the samples after corrosion. Average corrosion rate calculation and microhardness measurement are conducted on both as- welded and post-weld heat treatment samples. The results indicate that average corrosion rate of as-welded joint metal is smaller than that of post-weld heat treatment joint metal. Compared with that of post-weld heat treatment at 750 ℃ and 850 ℃ for 2 h, the average corrosion rate of welded joint after post-weld heat treatment at 650 ℃ for 2 h increases greatly.

IMPROVEMENT OF FATIGUE STRENGTH OF TUBULAR T-JOINT IN OFFSHORE PLATFORMS DUE TO POSTWELD TREATMENT

Improvement of the fatigue life of welded tubular T-joints in offshore platforms due to weld toe grinding and TIG dressing is studied physically and experimentally. It is shown that the two methods of treatment can improve the fatigue strength of welded tubular joints not only in the environment of air but even in the envirnment of seawater accordingly.

ER5356焊丝用于7075铝合金MIG焊接头热处理性能

采用MIG焊使用ER5356焊丝进行3 mm厚7075铝合金对接焊,焊后接头进行T6热处理。通过光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜与能谱仪结合室温拉伸、显微硬度与电化学腐蚀分析接头组织、力学性能与耐蚀性。结果表明:焊接时熔池流动将母材熔化部位的Zn,Cu等合金元素带入焊缝,析出MgZn_(2)与AlCuMg相,成为焊缝进行热处理强化的基础;热处理后,大部分析出相溶入基体形成固溶+时效强化,接头抗拉强度提升20%,焊缝硬度提升18.4%,耐蚀性提高。但由于从母材流入焊缝的合金元素含量有限,焊丝与母材力学性能的差异与热影响区软化现象无法消除。

TP347H不锈钢焊接接头敏化特性分析

为明确TP347H不锈钢焊接接头敏化特性,对焊接接头进行不同条件的敏化处理.结果表明,焊接接头热影响区敏化倾向严重,敏化过程中由于Nb原子在晶界上的结合能高于Cr原子,会先形成了粗大的初级铌碳化合物,后形成细小的二次铌碳化合物.在700℃下保温时,焊接接头热影响区的敏化度呈现先提高后降低的趋势,当温度达到800℃及以上时,热处理不再提高接头热影响区的敏化度.与实际生产线上服役21000 h的F347H接头热影响区敏化特性对比,证实TP347H焊接接头650℃保温100 h即可达到敏化极限,其原因是Nb元素含量为C元素的数倍,大部分C元素与Nb元素结合形成NbC,而晶粒中扩散的C元素已与Cr元素充分结合,造成的敏化程度达到平衡状态.

热处理对超低碳CrMnN奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头性能的影响

采用等离子弧焊接对QN1804L(下称18Cr)超低碳CrMnN奥氏体不锈钢进行焊接,并对焊接接头分别进行形变热处理和固溶处理。结果表明:焊态下接头组织由奥氏体和铁素体组成,铁素体呈骨架和板条状分布在奥氏体组织中间,焊缝硬度略高于母材的;形变热处理后焊缝组织发生扭曲,晶粒被拉长,焊缝硬度远高于母材的;同时由于形变强化,焊缝强度也明显提高。固溶处理后焊缝中的铁素体在高温转变为奥氏体,未及时转变的呈点状分布,焊缝硬度与母材的基本保持一致;不同热处理后的焊缝均具有较好的耐腐蚀性能。

碳钢管道焊后热处理要求分析

碳钢是可焊接性较好的钢种,选择适当的焊接材料和工艺,焊接接头不易产生淬硬组织或冷裂纹。分析了碳钢管道的焊接及预热要求、焊后热处理规定,以及免除焊后热处理的条件。认为在应力腐蚀工况条件下,为避免发生腐蚀破裂,全壁厚范围内的碳钢管道焊后应进行热处理。

短时间焊后热处理对S32101双相不锈钢板激光焊焊缝组织和性能的影响

对厚度为6.5 mm的S32101双相不锈钢板进行激光焊接,并进行不同温度(800~1100℃)和不同保温时间(0~180 s)的焊后热处理,研究了焊后热处理对焊缝显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明:热处理后焊缝中奥氏体含量高于焊态焊缝,并且其含量随保温时间的延长整体呈增大的趋势,随热处理温度的升高整体呈先增大后减小的趋势;在1000~1100℃下保温0~180 s后焊缝中的奥氏体体积分数均超过30%,热处理温度为1075℃时奥氏体体积分数最高;热处理后焊缝的平均显微硬度低于焊态焊缝,与母材相近;在热处理温度为1075℃,保温时间为0下,焊缝的自腐蚀电位与焊态焊缝相近,当保温时间延长至180 s时,自腐蚀电位提高,腐蚀倾向降低。

304L/Q235B不锈钢层状复合板热处理工艺优化研究

采用爆炸焊接法制备304L/Q235B不锈钢层状复合材料。为确定最佳热处理工艺制度,试验设计了4种热处理工艺。通过SEM和EDX能谱观察和分析304L/Q235B界面微观组织及元素扩散情况。采用显微硬度试验检测界面加工硬化现象改善程度,结果表明,在不同热处理工艺下,复合材料界面结合良好无分层,但在热处理的保温温度为620~700℃的条件下,复合材料界面附近区域发生Fe或Cr元素的扩散,保温温度达到700℃时元素扩散程度最大,且此时Q235B侧近界面区域晶粒尺寸最大,达到9~14μm。当热处理工艺的保温温度为660℃时,304L/Q235B加工硬化现象得到了明显改善,且能保证钢板硬度较高。当保温温度为660℃时,热处理后试样的晶间腐蚀试验结果显示,试样具有良好耐蚀性,未发生腐蚀。因此,保温温度为660℃是304L/Q235B复合材料的最佳热处理工艺。

液压油缸用高强度高耐蚀材料的工艺研究

开发了S890钢作为缸筒材料,通过热处理工艺、焊接工艺研究,确定其最佳工艺方案,对比缸筒材料的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能,分析了S890钢应用于液压油缸的优点。结果表明:将S890钢应用于液压油缸的缸筒,其热处理工艺为:淬火温度930℃,保温100 min,水冷;回火温度(630~640℃),保温240 min,水冷,其窄间隙焊接工艺为:采用ER76-G焊丝,80%Ar+20%CO_(2)保护气体,焊前预热100~150℃,打底焊电流220 A,电压23.4 V,填充焊电流280 A,电压28.6 V,层间温度100~300℃。S890、30CrMnSi、27SiMn和30CrMo这4中材料中,采用S890钢的液压油缸的强度、韧性和耐腐蚀性最好。

煤焦油加氢精制装置高压换热器堆焊层开裂检验分析与维修工艺探讨

针对某煤化工企业煤焦油加氢精制装置高压换热器管程出口接管堆焊层存在大量表面裂纹的问题,基于渗透检测、超声检测、硬度检测、铁素体含量检测等结果和设备运行记录,推测裂纹产生的原因为氯化物应力腐蚀开裂。经现场维修后,再次对缺陷部位进行检测,发现补焊区域周边出现新生裂纹。为防止设备损伤加重,将其进行返厂维修,最终检修合格。对比现场维修和返厂维修的工艺,推断未进行有效的焊前消氢处理是产生新裂纹的根本原因。

不锈钢复合板缺陷修补处性能研究

通过力学检测、晶间腐蚀检测和显微组织等分析复合板热处理工序对复合板缺陷修补处性能的影响。结果表明,不同的热处理工艺及顺序下,不锈钢复合板缺陷修补处的金相组织均为奥氏体、铁素体组织,但正火与低温热处理对补焊处的显微硬度和耐蚀性能有着明显的影响。低温热处理的结合界面的显微硬度高,并且该处的耐蚀性能下降。在合理的焊接工艺条件下,原始状态、正火状态和低温热处理状态下的焊补位置都能满足产品的耐蚀性能要求。

热处理对ERW焊缝沟槽腐蚀敏感行为的影响

采用恒电位阳极极化加速腐蚀试验方法研究了不同热处理工艺对高频直缝电阻焊(ERW)钢管焊接区沟槽腐蚀敏感性的影响,通过电化学测试、显微组织分析、残余应力测试和微区成分分析探讨了沟槽腐蚀的成因和机制。结果表明,ERW焊缝区、热影响区与母材的组织和成分分布的差异是产生沟槽腐蚀的主要原因,而残余应力不是重要影响因素。焊后单纯回火处理不能降低ERW焊管焊缝区沟槽腐蚀敏感性,焊后调质处理和单纯淬火处理均可显著降低ERW焊管焊接区的沟槽腐蚀敏感性。

Cr5Mo异种钢焊接熔合区H_2S腐蚀过程的原位观察

将经不同条件处理后的Cr5Mo+A302异种焊接接头放入NACE(TM-01-77)+H2S标准溶液中进行不同时间的 腐蚀性研究,在扫描电镜(SEM)下逐次原位跟踪观察熔合区同一部位经不同腐蚀时间后的变化过程.研究结果表明: (1)与其 它特征区相比,熔合区的耐腐蚀性能最差,产生"氢致剥离开裂"; (2)经过焊后热处理的熔合区的抗腐蚀性进一步降低; (3)宽 熔合区具有较强的抗"剥离开裂"腐蚀能力.上述现象与熔合区组织不均匀、碳迁移、氢富集和应力集中等因素有关.

16Mn(HIC)钢硫化物应力腐蚀开裂实验研究

采用恒应变和慢应变速率拉伸实验的方法,研究了16Mn(HIC)和16Mn钢母材、焊缝在H2S环境中应力腐蚀开裂.结果表明两种材料在酸性H2S介质中均发生穿晶型硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC);与16Mn钢相比,16Mn(HIC)钢有更好的抗SSCC性能,钢中的C,Mn,P和S的含量降低有利于提高钢的抗SSCC性能.焊缝及热影响区在焊接过程中,产生的粗大魏氏组织、偏析、缩孔和夹杂等缺陷,降低了焊缝的抗SSCC能力.但是,通过焊后热处理可以适当提高焊缝的抗SSCC能力.