WHEELING THROUGH THE CENTURIES

IN an excavated pit at the side of an expressway in Shandong’s Linzi are visible 2,000-year-old remains of horses and wooden carriages. The horse skeletons are on their side, in an attitude of motion. The pit was discovered in the late 20th century, when the expressway was being built. These early ancestors of modern transport, no longer "road-worthy," are now protected historic artifacts.

Local Identity in Palestine in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries--- Challenging Dominant Methodologies

By using top-down methods, periodizing exclusively along the Arab-Zionist conflict and basing on either Hebrew or Arab primary sources, leading scholars tend to ignore the existence of popular local identity shared by Jews and Arabs in center Palestine during late 19th-early 20th century. To explore this identity this paper suggests using history from below methods i.e. history of average citizens that looks into many individual＇s multi-dimensional life-experiences, particularly in Palestine mix areas, and based it on both Hebrew and Arabic sources. Through history from below this paper shows that joint Jewish-Arab local identity prevailed prior to the establishment of Jewish or Palestinian national movement and afterwards existed along with them till it was defeated by the escalating national conflict.

基于CENTURY模型的淮南市农田土壤有机碳动态模拟

农田土壤长期受到人类干预,与自然土壤相比,其碳周转强度更大。研究农田土壤有机碳的时空分布有利于推动区域生态系统碳储量管理,对实现“双碳”目标有重要意义。文章以淮南市农田生态系统为研究对象,运用CENTURY模型模拟淮南市农田耕层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳密度(soil organic carbon density,SOCD)在1961—2023年的变化趋势。结果表明:CENTURY模型在淮南市农田生态系统中有着良好的适用性;1961—2023年淮南市农田SOCD呈增长趋势,2023年SOCD均值为3.16 kg/m^(2),其中土壤缓性有机碳累积最强,活性有机碳累积最弱;SOCD呈现东北部、中南部高,西北部低的空间分布格局;气温、降水、pH值、容重和农田管理均对土壤有机碳累积产生影响。研究显示,淮南市农田土壤有着较好的碳储存能力。

Arctic Sea Ice Variations in the First Half of the 20th Century:A New Reconstruction Based on Hydrometeorological Data

The shrinking Arctic sea-ice area(SIA) in recent decades is a striking manifestation of the ongoing climate change.Variations of the Arctic sea ice have been continuously observed by satellites since 1979, relatively well monitored since the 1950s, but are highly uncertain in the earlier period due to a lack of observations. Several reconstructions of the historical gridded sea-ice concentration(SIC) data were recently presented based on synthesized regional sea-ice observations or by applying a hybrid model–empirical approach. Here, we present an SIC reconstruction for the period1901–2019 based on established co-variability between SIC and surface air temperature, sea surface temperature, and sea level pressure patterns. The reconstructed sea-ice data for March and September are compared to the frequently used Had ISST1.1 and SIBT1850 datasets. Our reconstruction shows a large decrease in SIA from the 1920 to 1940 concurrent with the Early 20th Century Warming event in the Arctic. Such a negative SIA anomaly is absent in Had ISST1.1 data. The amplitude of the SIA anomaly reaches about 0.8 mln km^(2) in March and 1.5 mln km^(2) in September. The anomaly is about three times stronger than that in the SIBT1850 dataset. The larger decrease in SIA in September is largely due to the stronger SIC reduction in the western sector of the Arctic Ocean in the 70°–80°N latitudinal zone. Our reconstruction provides gridded monthly data that can be used as boundary conditions for atmospheric reanalyses and model experiments to study the Arctic climate for the first half of the 20th century.

河北省旱地土壤有机碳时空演变模拟

为了更好地实现旱地的可持续发展,以河北省为研究对象,采用CENTURY模型模拟的方法,对1990年—2020年河北省旱地土壤有机碳的动态变化进行模拟并分析。结果表明:(1)CENTURY模型模拟的土壤有机碳变化和实测值具有很好的一致性。(2)30年来土壤有机碳储量和密度均呈上升趋势,1990年SOCS为158.60 Tg,2020年为167.66 Tg,30年中增加了5.7%,表现出“碳汇”效应。(3)SOCD年均增加0.06 Mg C hm^(-2),增加的区域主要分布在中南部和南部。

The potential for an old-growth forest to store carbon in the topsoil:A case study at Sasso Fratino,Italy

There is considerable interest devoted to oldgrowth forests and their capacity to store carbon(C)in biomass and soil.Inventories of C stocks in old-growth forests are carried out worldwide,although there is a lack of information on their actual potential for C sequestration.To further understand this,soil organic carbon(SOC)was measured in one of Italy's best-preserved old-growth forests,the Sasso Fratino Integral Nature Reserve.This reserve is on the World Heritage List along with other ancient beech forests of Europe,and it is virtually untouched due to the steepness of the terrain,even before legal constraints were imposed.Although the sandstone-derived soils are often shallow,they are rich in organic matter.However,no quantification had been carried out.By systematically sampling the topsoil across the forest,we accurately determined the average amount of SOC(62.0±16.9 Mg ha^(–1))and nitrogen(4.0±1.2 Mg ha^(–1))in the top 20 cm.Using the CENTURY model,future dynamics of SOC stocks were predicted to 2050 according to two climate scenarios,A1F1 and B2,the first of high concern and the second more optimistic.The model projected an increase of 0.2 and 0.3 Mg ha^(–1)a^(–1)by 2030 under the A1F1 and B2 scenarios,respectively,suggesting that the topsoil in old-growth forests does not reach equilibrium but continues accumulating SOC.However,from 2030 to 2050,a decline in SOC accumulation is predicted,indicating SOC net loss at high altitudes under the worst-case scenario.This study confirms that soils in oldgrowth forests play a significant role in carbon sequestration.It also suggests that climate change may affect the potential of these forests to store SOC not only in the long term but also in the coming years.

Ecological Discourse Analysis Based on the Corpus-A Case Study on the Environmental Discourse of 21st Century

Language learning materials not only provide language input for learners but also subtly disseminate ideology and influence readers’behavior.This study,based on the framework of ecological discourse analysis,quantitatively analyzes and qualitatively describes the ecological significance of environmental texts in the 21st Century.The aim is to provide references for the compilation of environmental discourse in language learning materials,promote the construction of more ecologically beneficial discourse,and facilitate the widespread dissemination of the ecological philosophy of“Diversity and Harmony,Interaction and Co-existence”among young readers.The initial findings of this study are as follows:In the environmental texts of the publication,a large number of relational processes and action processes are used to objectively represent the natural environment;the discourse tends to be ambiguous and beneficial,generally aligning with the ecological philosophy of“Diversity and Harmony,Interaction and Co-existence.”This can guide readers to correctly understand and face environmental issues,which is conducive to the healthy development of natural ecosystems.

基于Century与生态遥感综合模型相结合的植被生产力估算

该文研究利用气候数据和气候情景数据驱动Century模型模拟河南部分地区生态系统的净初级生产力(NPP),并利用MODIS植被指数产品与之模型模拟处理的NPP建立线性模型,从而反演整个河南地区的净初级生产力(NPP)。识别结果显示,模拟NPP值与实测NPP值的线性回归系数最高达到0.9,决定系数最高达到0.85,均方根误差最低为2.0 g/m^(2)。结果表明,该文采用Century模型,并利用遥感资料进行植被生产力的估算在河南区域准确度高和普适性强,该方法的应用在未来河南地区植被生产力估算中起着一定作用。

Centuries in the Making

Hundreds of years of experience have led to herbal medicine producer Tongrentang’s success and will aid the company as it looks to expand

Chinese Tea Drinking Goes Back Centuries

TEA is a necessity in Chinese life. According to historical records the Chinese had already learned how to plant and bake tea more than 2,000 years ago. Sipping tea has always been a favorite Chinese tradition. To the south of the Changjiang River is a region with good irrigation and a climate favorable for growing tea: it is cool at night and often misty. Zhejiang Province is a well-known tea production area, and the famous Longjing Tea is solely produced along the West Lake in Hangzhou, capital of the province. Tea is produced in four areas of China:

Century Clot在大咯血输血中的指导价值研究

目的 探讨Century Clot在大咯血输血中的指导价值。方法 选取收治60例大咯血患者。随机分为研究组和对照组各30例,除原有治疗方案外,研究组行centuryclot指导输血;对照组行凝血四项及血常规指导输血。比较两组咯血停止时间、治疗后总咯血量及输血总量,比较两组治疗前后的凝血功能(包含TT、PT、APTT以及FIB)及凝血功能监测的准确率。结果 研究组咯血停止时间短于对照组,总咯血量及总输血量低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组凝血功能无明显差异(P>0.05);治疗后,两组TT、PT及APTT水平均低于治疗前,且研究组均低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后,两组FIB均高于治疗前,且研究组高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组误诊率及漏诊率均低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),准确率高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 通过Centuryclot指导大咯血患者输血,不仅可精准止血,还可以有效改善患者凝血功能,减少咯血量及节约血制品。

基于CENTURY模型的甘南高寒草甸过去50年的碳收支时空分布分析

化石燃料的燃烧和土地的过度使用等人类活动使得空气中的温室气体浓度不断增加,进一步加剧了气候变化,已成为人类不得不面对和解决的问题。甘南高寒草甸对气候变化十分敏感,对陆地生态系统而言,发挥着重要的作用。以甘南高寒草甸为研究对象,选用CENTURY模型研究了甘南高寒草甸过去50年碳收支的空间分布及其变化对改善气候变化具有重要意义。研究表明:(1)不同地区的碳收支呈现出不同的分布特征;(2)碳收支的空间分布随时间变化而变化,具体表现为各研究阶段碳收支的空间分布不同且各季度的空间分布也不相同。春季甘南北部局部地区呈现碳源,夏、秋、冬三季度均表现为碳汇,秋季碳汇量最大,达到226.94 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。碳收支的空间分布会随时间变化,各阶段有所不同,但整体上都呈现为碳汇;(3)从1969年到2018年,甘南高寒草甸整体上呈现碳汇现象,碳收支状况良好;(4)在每年中,碳汇量呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,8月的碳汇量最大。

基于CENTURY模型的甘南高寒草甸土壤氮动态模拟研究

【目的】为明确甘南高寒草甸土壤氮素的时空变化特征及影响因素。【方法】基于CENTURY模型模拟1971-2020年甘南高寒草甸土壤有机氮及矿质氮含量,并以此为依据实现研究区土壤氮素时空分布的可视化。运用经典统计学及地统计学分析方法,揭示甘南高寒草甸土壤氮素时空变异特征。在此基础上,运用相关分析及结构方程模型探讨各环境因子对甘南高寒草甸土壤氮素的影响,从而确定甘南高寒草甸土壤氮素的主要影响因子。【结果】1971-2020年研究区土壤有机氮均具有中等空间变异性。土壤有机氮最高值为2000年的714.054 g/m^(2),土壤矿质氮最高值出现在1993年的13.257 g/m^(2)。在空间分布上,甘南高寒草甸土壤总有机氮及总矿质氮呈现出由西向东逐渐递减趋势,且土壤总矿质氮含量随着土壤深度增加而显著减少。【结论】土壤氮素与环境因子相关分析及结构方程模型结果表明,降水量、海拔、土壤有机质含量及粉粒含量对土壤有机氮及矿质氮含量为正效应。砂粒含量及温度对土壤有机氮及矿质氮含量的作用为负效应。

基于CENTURY模型的甘肃草地固碳潜力对气候因子和二氧化碳浓度升高的响应

气候变化对草地碳循环的影响日益严峻,研究运用本地参数化后的CENTURY模型和1989—2018年甘肃省77个站点的气象观测数据,选用生产指标净生态系统生产力(NEP)和生态指标土壤有机碳(SOC)为主要研究对象,检验模型适用性、利用统计分析方法和ArcGIS软件分析30年气候数据时空分布格局和气候变化对草地碳循环的影响机制。同时根据IPCC第五次评估报告对气候变化的预测设计了3种气候情境,预估未来气候变化条件下,NEP和SOC的时空变化特征,并与实际情景进行对比分析。结果表明,过去30年年际NEP和SOC整体呈现波动下降的趋势,NEP以每年14.23 gC·m^(-2)·a^(-1)的速度减小,1989—2018年的NEP均大于零,表现为碳汇;SOC以每年55.41 gC·m^(-2)的速度减小,正在逐年流失。温度、降水是影响NEP和SOC的主要因素,NEP与温度显著正相关,与降水有较弱的正相关,SOC与温度显著负相关,与降水有较弱的负相关。在未来气候情景中,气温升高和降水波动增大是导致NEP和SOC变化的主要原因,且CO_(2)浓度加倍时,单独的气温升高会导致NEP显著增加,SOC显著降低;单独的降水波动增大对NEP和SOC的影响不大。在甘肃北方干旱地区,降水成为主要限制因子。

基于CENTURY模型的张掖草地土壤有机碳模拟及影响因素研究

研究草地土壤有机碳的时空分布及影响因素有利于推动区域生态系统碳汇管理,对实现“双碳”目标有重要意义。以张掖草地为研究对象,运用CENTURY模型模拟张掖草地土壤有机碳密度,采用结构方程模型分析各环境因子对草地土壤有机碳的作用路径及强度。结果表明:1970—2022年土壤总有机碳密度呈增长趋势,与缓性及惰性土壤有机碳的变化趋势较为一致;有机碳密度呈现东南高,西北低的空间分布格局;总有机碳密度的高值区主要是肃南县的东南部与民乐县,高台、临泽、甘州区相对较低;海拔、年降水量对土壤总有机碳密度存在正效应,而年均温度、土壤含水量、pH值是负效应。年均温度的直接效应最大,海拔通过影响降水、温度和pH值等间接影响土壤有机碳密度,降水量对土壤有机碳密度不仅有直接影响,还会通过影响土壤含水量、pH值等间接影响土壤有机碳密度。

The Era of Heydar Aliyev,the Great Leader of the Azerbaijani People

For the understanding of geniuses,historical figures,artists,and every individual as a whole,it is necessary to study his era,because various global and even the smallest(subconscious)events that take place in all eras have their influence on the human consciousness from the womb to the grave.In this existence(consciousness),the events of the era,which are infinite in scale,are transformed into a treasure of thought(archive).This treasure,which is in the essence of“infinity”(∞-),is enriched step by step from simple knowledge to fundamental scientific knowledge,thus shaping his worldview through countless events.From this point of view,era and worldview are phenomena that are in unity and one determines the other.In other words,the highest determination of philosophy-when explaining the concept of time with questions,the idea covered by it,man,nature,etc.,answers related to the worldview factor are given in the contents and essences.Or,on the contrary,the understanding of the worldview of any person acquires an objective-logical value with the characteristics of his era.Because of its position,it is worth noting that every era leaves its mark on history with“extraordinary”important memory phenomena that change the world and hold the whole world and mankind under its charm,which is also considered as globalization in the world with the current terminology(globalization in the old dictionary).Also,each period has its own historical content and the fact that the most global event,including the genius,is named in honor of the person of the time,contains the importance of this or that period,as well as the historical stage,Stone Age,Antiquity,Renaissance,Enlightenment-Modernism,“Golden Age”,Critical Socialism,etc.A feature of the periods is related to the human factor.There had never been a period in history that did not produce its own geniuses and historical personalities.It is not even an exception to the eras related to the names of geniuses and historical figures.For example,the 11th-19th centuries are called the“Dark Ages”or the Homeric era,as well as Homeric Greece.In addition to Shakespeare era,Golden era,Voltaire(Voltaire era),etc.,there are periods of people who left a mark on history with negative thoughts,Stalin era,Adolf Hitler era,etc.There are still geniuses;they are considered as the Man of the century,the hero of the century.As an example of such historical figures,we can show“people”of different centuries,for example,Socrates,Aristotle,Galileo Galilei,Confucius,and countless geniuses,including K.Marx,V.I.Lenin,A.Einstein,M.K.Atatürk,M.Gandhi,etc.;when their names are mentioned,this or that period comes to mind.In this regard,the 20th century is no exception.He entered the history of world politics as an outstanding statesman in the 20th century,who left his mark with the deep content of the events unfolding in history,his successes,and achievements,as well as his complex and even tragic days.In this article,we will talk about the“era”of Heydar Aliyev,the great leader of the Azerbaijani people,one of the geniuses of the 20th century,a powerful state builder,outstanding national leader-the life of his birth,80 years of life service to his people with honor.In our opinion,our analyses,facts,and evaluations will add an important page to the world scientific to world scientific thought and political-philosophical history.

Women in the Musical Culture of Danzig in the First Half of the 20th Century

The musical culture of pre-war Danzig/Gdansk remains an area that is not well enough recognized in the scholarly literature.Numerous traces of this musical life are preserved in the collections of the Gdansk Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences.The collection ranges from scholarly publications and scores to an extensive number of concert programs and posters.The collection testifies to the dynamism and diversity of the city’s pre-war musical life.Notable among the collected materials is the role of female figures-composers,singers,and instrumentalists who made significant contributions to the shape of Gdansk musical life.In this article,I will present forgotten profiles of musically committed women:Martha Reincke,Ella Mertins,and Lotte Prins.In light of the surviving materials,it can be assumed that they were significant figures in the musical culture and social life of the city.

Color,Time,Layering and Preservation

The preservation of polychromy in 20th century architecture is here considered from both theoretical and operational perspectives.A further theme is that of polymatericity,which addresses issues related to the experimental context with reference to the materials and technologies employed.The passage of time and the lack of durability of innovative materials,the transformations and the presence of forms of alteration and degradation,pose problems related to the will and the possibility of preserving layering,without falling into the restoration of the presumed original document,in relation to the authorial project documentation and the underlying theories.

The Colors of the Eiffel Tower: A Case Study

Architectures undergoing restoration often have numerous layers of color related to their history and previous interventions.Each layer takes on its own precise meaning related to a specific history and cultural context.The case of the Eiffel Tower becomes significant in illustrating past events and designing future intervention.