Function prognosis promotion and relative factor analysis of subhypothermia therapy to hypertension cerebral hemorrhage patients

Objective To study the effect of sub-hypotherm ia on hypertension cerebral hemorrh age and content of serum endothelin(ET).Method87hypertension cerebral hemorrhage cases were divided into subhypothermia group and control group randoml y,patients in subhy-pothermia group received subhypoth ermia therapy in NICU 6hours after operation or hospitalization.We tested serum ET content with specific radioimmunoassay method 24hours,72hours and 3weeks after therapy,and compared them with control group.Result ET content of two groups increased apparently after 24hours,ET of subhypothermia group was lower than that of control group(P <0.01);it recovered 3weeks after therapy.Conclusion Subhypothermia techniques can appa rently improve prognosis of hyperte nsion cerebral hemorrhage patients,serum ET level may be one important index to evaluate severity of hypertension cerebral hemorrhage.

Therapeutic potential of stem cells in subarachnoid hemorrhage

Aneurysm rupture can result in subarachnoid hemorrhage,a condition with potentially severe consequences,such as disability and death.In the acute stage,early brain injury manifests as intracranial pressure elevation,global cerebral ischemia,acute hydrocephalus,and direct blood–brain contact due to aneurysm rupture.This may subsequently cause delayed cerebral infarction,often with cerebral vasospasm,significantly affecting patient outcomes.Chronic complications such as brain volume loss and chronic hydrocephalus can further impact outcomes.Investigating the mechanisms of subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain injury is paramount for identifying effective treatments.Stem cell therapy,with its multipotent differentiation capacity and anti-inflammatory effects,has emerged as a promising approach for treating previously deemed incurable conditions.This review focuses on the potential application of stem cells in subarachnoid hemorrhage pathology and explores their role in neurogenesis and as a therapeutic intervention in preclinical and clinical subarachnoid hemorrhage studies.

EFFECT OF ACUPUNCTURE ON NEUROLOGICAL DEFECTS AND DAILY LIFE ABILITY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE

Objective: To observe the effect of acupuncture of Shuigou (GV 26), Neiguan (PC 6), Zusanli (ST 36), etc. on neurological defects and daily life ability in patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage. Methods: Fifty eight cases of acute cerebral hemorrhage patients were randomized into control group (n=28) and treatment group (n=30). Patients of two groups were both treated with intravenous infusion of Mannitol and other expectant medicines. In addition, patients of treatment group were also treated with acupuncture therapy, once daily and continuously for one month. Before and after treatment, the scores of neurological defects and daily life ability (Barthel Index) were given for assessing the therapeutic effect. Results: Following treatment, both scores of neurological defects of two groups decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the score of treatment group was strikingly lower than that of control group (P<0.05). After treatment, values of Barthel Index (BI) of two groups increased considerably in comparison with pre treatment (P<0.01), and the value of BI of treatment group was bigger than that of control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Acupuncture can improve acute cerebral hemorrhage patients’ nervous function and daily life ability.

Clinical Study on the Needling and Drug Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage

Researches in recent years have shown that cellular immune factor plays an important role in the generation and development of cerebral hemorrhage1-3.

ADVANCES IN CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT OF ACUTE CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE

In the present paper, the authors review recent advances in clinical and experimental studies on acupuncture treatment of cerebral hemorrhage(CH). Regarding clinical studies, the resuscitation-inducing needling maneuver, and main points of Shuigou(水沟GV 26),Baihui(百会 GV 20) and scalp-points Motor Area(MS 6), Sensory Area(MS 7), etc. are often involved. Concerning experimental studies, the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture of GV-26+“Neiguan”(内关 PC 6), GV-20,GV-26+GV-20, etc. in improving acute CH are introduced. In a word, acupuncture therapy works well in improving clinical symptoms and signs of CH patients, and acupuncture stimulation induced ameilioration of cerebral blood flow, favorable modulation of some bioactive substances as excitatory and inhibitory amino acids, endothelin, CGRP, heat shock protein 70, etc. and neuro-endocrine-immune network may contribute to the effect of acupuncture on CH. In addition, acupuncture combined with medicine and earlier application of acupuncture therapy in the acute stage of CH are recommended in clinical practice.

Treatment of 140 cerebral palsied children with a combined method based on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and western medicine

Objective:To observe and evaluate a method that is effective and practical for treatment of cerebral palsied(CP)children in China.Method:The patient's age and disease type and individual specific conditions were considered in choosingtherapy methods accordingly:Chinese herbs,acupuncture,auricnlar seed pressure,point finger pressing,massage,orthopedichand manipulation,physiotherapy,occupational therapy,language therapy,etc.Meanwhile we created a new CP treatment modelthat combines hospitalized treatment with family therapy.Results:The majority of CP patients improved greatly in motor andsocial adaptation capacities after treatment.Wilcoxon paired rank sum test analysis showed that there were significant differencesbetween the data before and after treatment(P<0.01).Conclusion:This combined therapy method,based on traditional Chinesemedicine and western medicine plus family supplemental therapy,is an effective and practical treatment strategy for CP children inChina.

New Developments in Drug Therapy and Research of Cerebral Vasospasm

In this manuscript a comprehensive coverage of recent developments in the drug therapy of vasospasm while providing the background information that neuroscientists need to understand its rationale. The range of new agents available for treatment of cerebral vasospasm is expanding rapidly along with rapid advances in pharmacology and physiology that are uncovering the mechanisms of this disease. Although there are many publications for treatment of cerebral vaso-spasm, most are focusing on different aspects of vasospasm treatment and many have limited value due to insufficient quality. Moreover, the complexity of this, in many cases deleterious condition, is enormous and the information needed to understand drug effects is accordingly often not readily available in a single source. A number of pharmacological and medical therapies are currently in use or being investigated in an attempt to reverse cerebral vasospasm, but only a few have proven to be useful. Current research efforts promise the eventual production of new medical therapies. At last, recommendations for the use of different treatment stages based on currently available clinical data are provided.

Clinical Study on 28 Cases of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Treated by Scalp Acupuncture plus Rehabilitation Therapy

Objective： To evaluate the clinical efficacy of scalp penetrating technique plus rehabilitation therapy in treating acute cerebral hemorrhage. Methods： The patients were allocated randomly by computer into scalp acupuncture plus rehabilitation group （A）, rehabilitation group （B） and Western medication control group （C）. Results： The total effective rate and the curative and remarkable effective rate were 92.9% and 75.0% respectively in Group A, and 84.6% and 69.2% respectively in Group B and 75.9% and 37.9% respectively in Group C. There was a very significant difference in comparison of Group A and Group B with Group C （P〈0.01, P〈0.05）. There was no significant difference between Group A and Group B （P〉0.05）. But the total effective rate was significantly higher in Group A than in Group B. Conclusion： Scalp acupuncture plus rehabilitation therapy can obviously enhance the clinical effect in cerebral hemorrhage, reduce the neural deficit due to acute cerebral hemorrhage and improve the ability in daily life.

Does computed tomography permeability predict hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke?

AIM: To use perfusion-derived permeability-surface area product maps to predict hemorrhagic transformation following thrombolytic treatment for acute ischemic stroke.METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed our prospectively kept acute stroke database over five consecutive months for patients with symptoms of acute ischemic stroke(AIS) who had computed tomography(CT) perfusion(CTP) done at arrival. Patients included in the analyses also had to have a follow-up CT. The permeability-surface area product maps(PS) was calculated for the side of the ischemia and/or infarction and for the contralateral unaffected side at the same level. The cerebral blood flow map was used to delineate the ischemic territory. Next, a region of interest was drawn at the centre of this territory on the PS parametric map. Finally, a mirror region of interest was created on the contralateral side at the same level. The relative permeability-surface area product maps(r PS) provided an internal control and was calculated as the ratio of the PS on the side of the AIS to the PS on the contralateral side. A student t-test was performed after log conversion of r PS between patients with and without hemorrhagic transformation. Log conversion was used to convert the data into normal distribution to use t-test. For the group of patients who experienced intracranial bleed, a student t-test was performed between those with only petechial hemorrhage and those with more severe parenchymal hematoma with subarachnoid haemorrhage.RESULTS: Of 84 patients with AIS and CTP at admission, only 42 patients had a follow-up CT. The r PSderived using the normal side as the internal control was significantly higher(P = 0.003) for the 15 cases of hemorrhagic transformation(1.71 + 1.64) compared to 27 cases that did not have any(1.07 + 1.30). Patients with values above the overall mean r PS of 1.3 had an increased likelihood of subsequent hemorrhagic transformation. The sensitivity of using this score to predict hemorrhagic transformation was 71.4, the specificity was 78.6, with a positive predictive value of 62.5 and negative predictive value of 84.6. The accuracy was 76.2. The odds ratio of an event occurring with such an r PS was 9.2. Of the 15 cases of hemorrhagic transformation, there was no difference(P = 0.35) in the r PS between the eight cases of petechial and the seven cases of more severe hemorrhagic events.CONCLUSION: Pretreatment PS can predict the occurrence of hemorrhagic transformation on follow-up of AIS patients with relatively high sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value.

Effect of Tianhuang Granule(田黄冲剂) on Intracranial Pressure and Serum Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Patients with Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage

Objective： To study the effect and mechanism of Tianhuang Granule （田黄冲剂, THG） on hydrocephalus in the patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage （ACH） through intracranial pressure （ICP） monitoring, serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 （MMP-9） level observation, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale （NIHSS） scoring （for nerve function deficit）. Methods： Sixty patients with ACH were equally randomized into two groups by lottery, the control group and the THG group; all were treated with conventional therapy, but to the patients in the THG group, THG was given orally in addition for 28 days. Changes of ICP, MMP-9 expression, and NIHSS scores, as well as the degree of cerebral hematoma and hydrocephalus （by cranial CT scanning） in the patients, were estimated and compared. Results： （1） ICP was lowered more significantly in the THG group, showing a significant difference between groups on day 7 （P〈0.05）. （2） MMP-9 expression was down-regulated in the THG group more significantly and earlier than that in the control group. （3） The degrees of cerebral hematoma and hydrocephalus in the THG group on day 7 were reduced significantly as compared with those on day 3 （P〈0.05）, but in the control group, the day of significant reduction was delayed to day 14, and the degrees on day 7 and day 14 in the two groups were significantly different （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. （4） NIHSS score was significantly lower in the THG group than that in the control group on day 14 and day 28 （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. Conclusion： THG can effectively lower ICP, down-regulate MMP-9 expression, promote the absorption of cerebral hematoma and hydrocephalus, and improve the nerve function, showing a clinical effectiveness than conventional therapy.

Acupuncture plus naloxone hydrochloride in the treatment of coma after surgery for cerebral hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial

Objective To observe the efficacy of acupuncture combined with naloxone hydrochloride in the treatment of coma after surgery for cerebral hemorrhage and to explore its possible mechanism of action.Methods Seventy-two patients were divided into a control group and an observation group according to the random number table method,with 36 cases in each group.The control group was treated with intravenous naloxone hydrochloride,and the observation group received additional acupuncture treatment.After 1 month of treatment,the awakening rate,Glasgow coma scale(GCS)score,cerebral edema volume,mean velocity(Vm)of the middle cerebral artery,and cerebrospinal fluid Caspase-3,and macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF)levels were compared between the two groups.Results During the study,there were 2 cases of shedding in the control group and 34 remaining valid cases;1 case of shedding in the observation group and 35 remaining valid cases.After treatment,the awakening rate was higher in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05);the GCS score increased in both groups compared with that before treatment(P<0.05),and was higher in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05);the volume of cerebral edema decreased in both groups(P<0.05),and was smaller in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05);the middle cerebral artery Vm increased in both groups(P<0.05),and was higher in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05);the cerebrospinal fluid Caspase-3 and MIF levels decreased significantly in both groups(P<0.05)and were lower in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion Acupuncture combined with naloxone hydrochloride for the treatment of coma after surgery for cerebral hemorrhage can promote patients’awakening,improve the degree of coma,reduce the volume of cerebral edema,and enhance cerebral blood flow velocity,producing a better effect than naloxone hydrochloride used alone;it may be related to its reduction of cerebrospinal fluid Caspase-3 and MIF levels.

早期肠内营养乳剂支持疗法治疗重症脑出血患者的临床研究

目的研究早期肠内营养支持疗法治疗重症脑出血患者的临床疗效及有效性分析。方法选择2021年10月至2023年2月期间于四川大学华西医院住院的108例重症脑出血患者作为研究对象,以随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组各54例。对照组给予一般鼻饲饮食,观察组给予肠内营养乳剂,比较2组营养状况、急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分、肠黏膜屏障功能、免疫指标、并发症发生情况。结果治疗前,2组营养状况[血红蛋白(Hb)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)]、APACHEⅡ评分、NIHSS评分、GCS评分、肠黏膜屏障功能[二胺氧化酶(DAO)、D-乳酸(D-LAC)、内毒素(ET)]、免疫指标[免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)]水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗2周后,观察组营养状况、APACHEⅡ评分、NIHSS评分、GCS评分、肠黏膜屏障功能、免疫指标水平较对照组更佳,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组并发症发生率为7.41%,较对照组的29.63%更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对重症脑出血患者早期给予肠内营养乳剂,能够改善患者的营养状况、肠黏膜屏障功能,增强免疫力,减少并发症,减轻神经功能缺损,促进患者病情恢复,值得推广。

有高血压脑出血史的患者冠状动脉介入术标准双抗治疗预后影响因素分析

目的:心脏支架置入术后要求使用双重抗血小板治疗(dual antiplatelet therapy DAPT),而脑出血后使用抗血小板治疗仍然存在争议。本研究旨在评估有高血压脑出血病史者,对使用双重抗血小板(双抗)治疗的经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention PCI)术后患者预后的影响。方法:本研究为观察性临床研究,纳入有高血压脑出血病史的PCI患者128例作为观察组,有高血压但无脑出血病史的PCI患者153例作为对照者。所有患者在PCI术后均服用阿司匹林100mg和氯吡格雷75mg治疗,随访时间为12~48个月。疗效结局为主要不良心脑血管病事件,安全性结局为再发脑出血和主要出血。结果:共随访到228例患者,其中观察组102例,对照组126例。既往脑出血病史(HR:1.998,95%CI:1.164~3.415,P=0.012)和冠心病病史(HR:2.664,95%CI:1.388~5.111,P=0.003)是导致高血压的PCI患者,双抗治疗下主要不良心脑血管病事件的危险因素。既往脑出血病史并未增加高血压的PCI患者,双抗治疗下再发脑出血(HR:2.292,95%CI:0.368~14.254,P=0.199)和主要出血的风险(HR:1.467,95%CI:0.475~4.536,P=0.506)。结论:脑出血病史和冠心病病史,是高血压的PCI患者双抗治疗下主要不良心脑血管病事件的危险因素。脑出血病史的高血压患者,PCI术后,在标准双抗治疗下,再发脑出血和主要出血的风险未增加,但明显增加主要不良心脑血管病事件的风险,需予以关注。

微创穿刺引流术联合中药保留灌肠治疗急性期高血压脑出血痰热腑实证临床观察

目的 观察微创穿刺引流术联合中药保留灌肠治疗急性期高血压脑出血(HICH)痰热腑实证的临床疗效。方法 将76例急性期HICH痰热腑实证患者按照随机数字表法分为2组,对照组38例予微创穿刺引流术,术后予西医常规治疗,治疗组38例在对照组治疗基础上加用中药保留灌肠。2组均治疗14天。比较2组疗效;比较2组治疗前后美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分(NIHSS)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS);比较2组治疗前后C反应蛋白(CRP)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平变化;比较2组治疗前后血清促炎因子、抗炎因子水平变化。结果 治疗组总有效率89.47%(34/38),对照组总有效率68.42%(26/38),治疗组疗效优于对照组(P<0.05)。2组治疗后NIHSS评分均较本组治疗前降低(P<0.05),GCS评分均较本组治疗前升高(P<0.05);治疗后治疗组NIHSS评分低于对照组(P<0.05),GCS评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。2组治疗后CRP、NSE水平均较本组治疗前降低(P<0.05),且治疗组降低更明显(P<0.05)。2组治疗后白细胞介素6(IL-6)、IL-17、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、干扰素γ(IFN-γ)均较本组治疗前降低(P<0.05),且治疗组降低更明显(P<0.05)。2组治疗后IL-4、IL-10均较本组治疗前升高(P<0.05),且治疗组升高更明显(P<0.05)。结论 微创穿刺引流术联合中药保留灌肠治疗急性期HICH痰热腑实证,可有效改善患者术后症状,降低炎症水平。

既往高血压脑出血经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者延长双联抗血小板治疗的预后研究

目的探讨既往高血压脑出血经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗患者延长双联抗血小板治疗(DAPT)的风险和获益。方法本研究为观察性临床研究,纳入2005年1月至2014年12月于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院住院有高血压脑出血病史的PCI患者128例作为观察组,有高血压但无脑出血病史的PCI患者153例作为对照组。所有患者PCI术后均服用阿司匹林100 mg/d和氯吡格雷75 mg/d治疗,随访时间为12~48个月。疗效终点为主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE),安全性终点为脑出血和主要出血。DAPT时间>12个月为延长DAPT,DAPT时间≤12个月为未延长DAPT。对影响终点事件的因素进行单因素及多因素Cox回归分析。结果既往高血压脑出血病史(P=0.029)、急性心肌梗死(P=0.027)是高血压PCI患者MACCE的独立危险因素,而延长DAPT是其独立保护因素(风险比=0.351,P<0.001)。亚组分析中,延长DAPT增加既往高血压脑出血PCI患者主要出血风险(风险比=6.650,P=0.036),但未降低MACCE风险(P=0.349)。延长DAPT未增加既往高血压PCI患者主要出血风险(P=0.538),但能明显降低MACCE风险(风险比=0.356,P=0.044)。结论延长DAPT增加既往高血压脑出血病史的PCI患者主要出血风险,DAPT需控制在12个月之内。延长DAPT在降低既往高血压PCI患者MACCE风险的同时,没有增加其主要出血的风险,建议适当延长DAPT时间。

五行音乐疗法联合认知行为干预对脑卒中患者康复期的影响

目的 探讨中医五行音乐疗法联合认知行为干预对脑卒中患者运动功能、日常生活能力及心理状态的影响。方法选取2021年7月—2022年12月在南昌某三甲医院康复科住院的首发脑卒中患者80例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和试验组,各40例。两组患者都行脑卒中常规康复护理,试验组加用中医五行音乐疗法联合认知行为干预,比较两组运动功能评分[Fugl-Meyer运动功能评估量表(FMA)评分]、日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分、心理状态评分[汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分]。结果 入院干预4、8周后,两组FMA评分、ADL评分、HAMD评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同时间、不同组别及时间-组别交互差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 在常规康复护理的基础上行中医五行音乐联合认知行为干预,有利于改善脑卒中患者的运动功能和日常生活能力,消除其一些不良心理状态,值得临床推广应用。

涤痰汤合桃红四物汤加减治疗痰瘀阻络型脑梗死恢复早期临床观察

目的:观察涤痰汤合桃红四物汤加减治疗痰瘀阻络型脑梗死恢复早期的临床疗效。方法:选取符合纳入标准的痰瘀阻络型脑梗死恢复早期患者96例,采用随机数字表法分为两组各48例。对照组予常规对症治疗及个体化康复综合训练,治疗组在对照组基础上予涤痰汤合桃红四物汤加减治疗。比较两组神经功能缺损程度、中医证候积分、神经损伤因子水平、脑血流动力学指标水平。结果:治疗后,两组卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、中医证候积分、各项神经损伤因子水平、各项脑血流动力学指标水平均较治疗前改善(P﹤0.05),且治疗组改善幅度均优于对照组(P﹤0.05)。结论:涤痰汤合桃红四物汤加减对痰瘀阻络型脑梗死恢复早期脑神经的保护作用较好,可有效改善脑血流动力学。

2022~2023年神经重症进展与展望

在神经重症重点病种的临床诊疗方面,延长时间窗的取栓试验以及新的溶栓药物和溶栓方案的出现给缺血性卒中患者带来更大希望,微创血肿清除以及目标导向的集束化方案在治疗脑出血方面显示出令人惊喜的临床获益,重型颅脑损伤患者的去骨瓣治疗也涌现出高质量证据。在神经重症患者的重症管理方面,神经功能多模态监测、气道管理和呼吸治疗、抗癫痫管理方面也出现了一些高质量研究。在2022~2023年,动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血指南和自发性脑出血指南进行了更新,神经重症患者镇痛镇静治疗和营养治疗也推出了中国专家共识。总体而言,神经重症领域取得可喜进展,但未来仍需更多高质量大样本的研究来加以完善,以指导精准化、个性化治疗。

早期高压氧治疗联合康复治疗对高血压脑出血患者神经功能及预后的影响

目的探讨早期采用高压氧治疗与康复治疗相结合对高血压脑出血患者的神经功能和预后的影响。方法选取2021年12月—2023年1月在济南市莱芜人民医院神经外科接受治疗的80例高血压脑出血患者作为研究对象。根据治疗方法不同分为2组,对照组(进行早期康复治疗)和观察组(进行早期康复治疗+早期高压氧治疗)各40例。比较2组的治疗效果。结果治疗后,观察组的美国国立卫生研究院神经缺损功能量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组的蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)、上肢运动功能评定量表(upper limb Fugl-Meyer assessment,UL-FMA)、下肢运动功能评定量表(Fugl-Meyer scale lower limb part,FMA-L)、脑卒中专用生活质量量表(stroke-specific quality of life scale,SS-QOL)评分高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组的脑血流动力参数水平高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组的预后良好率为95.00%,高于对照组的65.00%(P<0.05)。结论在高血压脑出血患者中,早期采用高压氧和康复训练的联合治疗方法效果显著,能够有效提升患者的神经功能,预后情况也十分理想。

Is medical management useful in Moyamoya disease?

Moyamoya disease(MMD),characterized by progressive internal carotid artery stenosis and collateral vessel formation,prompts cerebral perfusion complications and is stratified into idiopathic and Moyamoya syndrome subtypes.A multifa-ceted approach toward MMD management addresses cerebral infarctions through revascularization surgery and adjunctive medical therapy,while also navigating risks such as intracranial hemorrhage and cerebral infarction resulting from arte-rial stenosis and fragile collateral vessels.Addressing antithrombotic management reveals a potential role for treatments like antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants,despite the ambiguous contribution of thrombosis to MMD-related infarctions and the critical balance between preventing ischemic events and averting hemo-rrhagic complications.Transcranial doppler has proven useful in thromboembolic detection,despite persisting challenges concerning the efficacy and safety of an-tithrombotic treatments.Furthermore,antihypertensive interventions aim to ma-nage blood pressure meticulously,especially during intracerebral hemorrhage,with recommendations and protocols varying based on the patient’s hypertension status.Additionally,lipid-lowering therapeutic strategies,particularly employing statins,are appraised for their possible beneficial role in MMD management,even as comprehensive data from disease-specific clinical trials remains elusive.Com-prehensive guidelines and protocols to navigate the multifaceted therapeutic ave-nues for MMD,while maintaining a delicate balance between efficacy and safety,warrant further meticulous research and development.This protocol manuscript seeks to elucidate the various aspects and challenges imbued in managing and navigating through the complex landscape of MMD treatment.