Clinical Observation on Influence of Chinese Medicines for Promoting Blood Circulation to Remove Blood Stasis on FIB and DD in Plasma of Patients with Cerebral Thrombosis

Objective: to study the influence of Chinese medicines for promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis on fibrinogen (FIB) and D-dimer (DD) in plasma of patients with cerebral thrombosis. Method: 73 inpatients with acute cerebral thrombosis were randomly divided into a control group of 34 cases and a treatment group of 39 cases. The content of FIB and DD in plasma was detected before treatment and on the 7th and 14th days after treatment. Result: FIB content in plasma after treatment was lower than that before treatment in the control group (P<0.01) and more remarkable in the treatment group (P<0.001). There was an obvious difference in DD content before and after treatment in both groups. DD content on the 7th and 14th days after treatment in the treatment group was obviously higher than that in the control group (P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively). Conclusion: Chinese medicines for promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis can reduce the FIB content in plasma of patients with cerebral thrombosis, raise the DD content in plasma, cause the peak of DD content appear earlier and obviously improve hypercoagulability of blood in patients with cerebral thrombosis.

Use of MLC901 in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis:Three case reports

BACKGROUND Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVT)is rare cause of cerebrovascular disease.The incidence is 0.5%of all stroke.The majority of affected patients are young adults(mean age:35-40 years)with mild to moderate disabilities.Poor outcome with severe disability is seen in 13%of cases.Early diagnosis and treatment are important for good outcomes and preventing complications.Treatment options are limited and mostly based on consensus.NeuroAiD II™(MLC901;Moleac Pte,Ltd,Singapore)has a potential beneficial role in post-stroke recovery,by aiding the natural brain recovery process.CASE SUMMARY MLC901 consists of nine natural herbal ingredients.Studies have shown its safety profile and aid in post stroke recovery.The aim of this case series was to demonstrate the potential role of MLC901 in stroke recovery of patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST)who received MLC901 in addition to standard of care.The prescribed dose of MLC901 is 400 mg/cap two capsules,three times a day.Data from these patients were prospectively collected at baseline and at monthly visits,for a duration of 3 mo.Outcome measures included adherence to therapy,side effects,National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,Glasgow Coma Scale,modified Rankin Scale,and the Short Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test.MLC901 was well tolerated and no side effects were reported.All patients were stable with improved condition.CONCLUSION This case series highlights the potential therapeutic effects of MLC901 on CVST and provides support for further studies.

Sneddon's syndrome concurrent with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis:A case report

BACKGROUND This report delves into the diagnostic and therapeutic journey undertaken by a patient with Sneddon's syndrome(SS)and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST).Particular emphasis is placed on the comprehensive elucidation of SS's clinical manifestations,the intricate path to diagnosis,and the exploration of potential underlying mechanisms.CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old woman presented with recurrent episodes of paroxysmal unilateral limb weakness accompanied by skin mottling,seizures,and cognitive impairment.Digital subtraction angiography revealed CVST.Despite negative antiphospholipid antibody results,skin biopsy indicated chronic inflammatory cell infiltration.The patient was treated using anticoagulation,antiepileptic therapy,and supportive care,which resulted in symptom improvement.The coexistence of SS and CVST is rare and the underlying pathophysiology remains uncertain.This case underscores the challenge in diagnosis and highlights the need for early clinical differentiation to facilitate accurate assessment and prompt intervention.CONCLUSION This article has reported and analyzed the clinical data,diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of a case of SS with CVST and reviewed the relevant literature to improve the clinical understanding of this rare condition.

Cerebral venous thrombosis presenting with headache only and misdiagnosed as subarachnoid hemorrhage

INTRODUCTION Patients with headache constitute up to 4.5%of emergency department(ED)visits.[1]Cerebral venous thrombosis(CVT)is an important cause of the headache that is more common than once suspected.The diagnosis of CVT is often missed or delayed because of non-

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in pregnancy: A case report

BACKGROUND Cerebral venous thrombosis(CVT)is a rare but life-threatening disease in pregnant women.Anticoagulation is the first-line therapy for CVT management.However,some patients have poor outcomes despite anticoagulation.Currently,the endovascular treatment of CVT in pregnant women remains controversial.We report a rare case of CVT in a pregnant woman who was successfully treated with two stent retriever devices.CASE SUMMARY The patient was a 29-year-old pregnant woman.She was first diagnosed with hyperemesis gravidarum due to severe nausea and vomiting for one week.As the disease progressed,she developed acute left hemiplegia.Imaging confirmed the diagnosis of superior sagittal sinus,right transverse sinus and sinus sigmoideus thrombosis.As anticoagulant therapy was ineffective,she underwent thrombectomy.After the mechanical thrombectomy,her headache diminished.Three weeks later,the patient was completely independent.At a 3-mo follow-up,no relapse of symptoms was observed.CONCLUSION Mechanical thrombectomy may be an effective alternative therapy for CVT in pregnant women if anticoagulation therapy fails.

Dabigatran in the Treatment of Extensive Cerebral Venous Thrombosis:A Case Report

Background: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare type of cerebrovascular disease associated with a 15% rate of death or function dependence. The mainstay of treatment for CVT is systemic anticoagulation, despite venous hemorrhagic infarction. Vitamin K antagonists have long been the only available option for anticoagulation;however, the past few years have brought the development of many new target-specific drugs, collectively called non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs). Although emerging evidence suggests NOACs have an acceptable safety and tolerability profile in CVT, there are limited data available and no randomized controlled trials have been performed to date. Case Presentation: This describes the case of a patient with CVT occurring during an infection who was successfully treated with a NOAC, dabigatran, after a difficult time on warfarin. Conclusions: A case of extensive and deep CVT was identified. Dabigatran 150 mg treatment twice daily in this patient resulted in no additional damage to the brain. This case study illustrates that the use of NOACs such as dabigatran can be safe and effective in patients with CVT.

Hypereosinophilia with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and intracerebral hemorrhage:A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Hypereosinophilia(HE)is defined as a peripheral blood eosinophil count of>1.5×109/L and may be associated with tissue damage.The clinical presentations of HE vary;however,myocardial fibrosis and thrombosis can threaten the lives of patients with sustained eosinophilia.Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST)in the setting of eosinophil-related diseases has seldom been reported.Here,we review the literature on HE with CVST to increase knowledge and encourage early diagnosis.CASE SUMMARY A previously healthy 41-year-old man was admitted to hospital with diarrhea and abdominal pain.He was treated with antibiotics for suspected acute colitis.Three days later,he experienced headache and vomiting.Brain computed tomography(CT)revealed thrombosis of the left jugular vein to the left transverse sinus vein.Platelet(PLT)count decreased to 60×1012/L,and absolute eosinophil count(AEC)increased to 2.41×109/L.He was treated with low-molecular-weight heparin.PLT count progressively decreased to 14×109/L,and we terminated anticoagulation and performed PLT transfusion.Six days after admission,he complained of a worsening headache.Brain CT revealed right temporal lobe and left centrum semiovale intracerebral hemorrhage,and AEC increased to 7.65×109/L.We used prednisolone for HE.The level of consciousness decreased,so emergency hematoma removal and decompressive craniectomy for right cerebral hemorrhage were performed.The patient was alert 2 d after surgery.He was treated with anticoagulation again 2 wk after surgery.Corticosteroids were gradually tapered without any symptomatic recurrence or abnormal laboratory findings.CONCLUSION HE can induce CVST,and we need to focus on eosinophil counts in patients with CVST.

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Rare Complication of Spinal Anesthesia

Introduction: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare complication of spinal anesthesia. The diagnosis is difficult when it occurs by isolated headache, following post spinal puncture headache (PSPH). We report a case of cerebral venous thrombosis complicating PSPH, following a spinal anesthesia. Observation: A 23-year-old man was admitted to the emergency room for PSPH appeared 6 hours after a spinal aesthesia for removal of osteosynthesis equipment from the right tibial plateau. The headache was fronto-occipital, relieved by lying down. Six days later, headache became permanent, not relieved by morphine, associated with vomiting. The neurological examination was normal. Brain magnetic resonance Magnetic venography showed superior sagittal sinus and right transverse sinus thrombosis. After administration of low molecular weight heparin at curative dose, and warfarin under INR control, the evolution was marked by a rapid regression of headaches on the same day. After a 1-year setback, the patient was asymptomatic. Conclusion: CVT is a rare complication of spinal anesthesia and potentially severe if diagnosed lately. Urgent brain imaging must be performed for any atypical headache or the onset of neurological disorders so as not to misunderstand cerebral vein thrombosis. Controlling the spine anesthesia would reduce the inadvertent perforation of the dura-mother that would lead to CVT complicating post spinal puncture headaches.

Accuracy of Noncontrast CT Brain in Detection of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

Background and Purpose: Increasing concern of cerebral venous thrombosis due to treatable and curable causes of stroke. The diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is challenged due to nonspecific clinical symptomatology. Patients may present at an emergency room with a variety of neurological conditions such as severe headache, weakness, seizure, etc. Neuroimaging, particularly noncontrast cranial computed tomography (NCCT), is an investigation of choice in differentiation and triage the patients for further treatment. CT is sensitive in the detection of acute thrombosis or blood clots in all regions of the body. We hypothesize that NCCT might be sensitive to diagnose cerebral venous thrombosis immediately. Materials and Methods: Retrospectively review the electronic database of our patients, there are 27 patients with cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (SVT) and 4 patients with cerebral deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Other 79 patients present with clinically diagnosed cerebral venous thrombosis but the final result can exclude cerebral venous thrombosis. We use MR imaging and CT venography as the gold standard. Independently reviewed by two neuroradiologists for CT direct sign and CT indirect signs that suggest SVT or DVT. CT direct signs for SVT and DVT are the presence of hyperdensity in the sinus venous or deep venous system (cord sign, attenuated vein sign) and CT indirect signs are the changes in brain parenchyma (brain edema, hemorrhagic infarction). Results: Sensitivity and specificity of NCCT in detection attenuated vein sign and diagnosis DVT are 75% and 100% whereas the sensitivity and specificity of NCCT in detection cord sign and diagnosis SVT are 43.8% and 99.7% as respectively. Conclusions: NCCT might not sensitive in detection of SVT without CT direct sign which needs further investigation. However, NCCT might beneficial for emergency conditions such as DVT patients, cortical vein thrombosis and also in SVT patients with the positive CT direct sign.

A Case Report on Atypical Presentation of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis, a Young Adult with Recurrent Fall: A Clinical Quandary

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVST) is blood clot in draining veins and venous sinuses of brain, causing hindrance in the blood drainage system in brain, disturbing the internal homeostasis of brain, resulting in local oedema, ischemia, venous haemorrhage, damage to brain parenchyma and blood brain barrier. In our case report, we discussed a rare presentation of CVST, a 16-year-old young boy who presented in emergency with history recurrent fall, weakness, tingling numbness. What makes it challenging to diagnose in his unusual presentation without common symptoms and on examination no positive neurological finding. This case brings focus on the importance of knowledge about CVST among emergency physicians. CSVT is considered more commonly as a differential diagnosis of stroke in young age group owning to genetic predisposition, hot humid climate of the state leading to severe dehydration, dietary factors leading to vitamin B12 deficiency & hyper-homocysteinemia etc. Moreover, present COVID-19, inducing a hypercoagulable state among affected individuals gave CVST a new momentous among emergency physicians. An early diagnosis can be very fruitful as it might prevent long term disability and reduce mortality significantly.

A Case Report of Pediatric Cerebral Venous Thrombosis with Undiagnosed Complex Congenital Heart Disease: Tetralogy of Fallot with OS ASD: A Cataclysmic Ending

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVST/CSVT) is occlusion of cerebral veins and venous sinuses of brain secondary to blood clot formation resulting in hindrance in the blood drainage system in brain, leading to disturbances the internal homeostasis of brain, raised intracranial pressure, cerebral edema, and 50% of cases will have venous infarction or venous hemorrhage (stroke). CVST although being a Rare disorder but may be more common in children than adults with greater risk in neonatal period i.e. first 28 days of life. Here we are discussing a case of Pediatric CVST in a 7-month-old baby boy who presented to Emergency Room (ER) with recurrent discrete episodes of vomiting, fever, seizures, drowsiness and respiratory distress. The fatal outcome in our child was attributed to delayed presentation in a tertiary care center, hence missed early diagnosis and treatment. In this child the CVST could be result of amalgamation of complex underlying ongoing multiple pathological processes: an acute systemic illness like sepsis, severe dehydration, undiagnosed and untreated complex congenital heart disease, tetralogy of fallot with osteum secondum atrial septal defect, worsening the coagulopathy. It takes this case even more unique. This discussion is to bring focus on the importance of knowledge about CVST amongst emergency physicians and primary care physicians, specially managing this rare disorder with flummox presentation mimicking other more common disorders, especially in pediatric and neonatal population where definitive history and chief complaints are often vague and difficult to obtain, making it more difficult to diagnose. We the authors hence reporting this case with intent to spread awareness of CVST, how to doubt it, detect it and then manage it, especially in places like Chhattisgarh, India, where CVST is not so uncommon. We believe early diagnosis, early presentation to tertiary care center with aggressive early treatment can significantly reduce the mortality. Should the parents brought the baby early to any tertiary care center owing to his complex deteriorating symptoms like high grade fever progressed to drowsiness and seizure episodes, could there be a different outcome for this child as well as his parents.

Antithrombin gene Arg197Stop mutation-associated venous sinus thrombosis in a Chinese family

This study sought to elucidate the genetic correlation of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis caused by a hereditary antithrombin deficiency in a Chinese family, at the genetic and protein levels. A nonsense mutation from C to T on locus 6431 in exon 3B of the antithrombin gene was observed, leading to an arginine （CGA） to stop codon （TGA） change in the protein. This is the first report of this mutation in China. Ineffective heparin therapy in the propositus patient is associated with a lack of heparin binding sites after antithrombin gene mutation. Characteristic low intracranial pressure in the acute phase might be specific to this patient with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

Movable typing of full-lumen personalized Vein-Chips to model cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST)is a type of stroke associated with COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.The precise etiology of CVST often remains elusive due to the highly heterogeneous nature of its governing mechanisms,specifically,Virchow’s triad that involves altered blood flow,endothelial dysfunction,and hypercoagulability,which varies substantially amongst individuals.Existing diagnostic and monitoring approaches lack the capability to reflect the combination of these patient-specific thrombotic determinants.In response to this challenge,we introduce a Vein-Chip platform that recapitulates the CVST vascular anatomy from magnetic resonance venography and the associated hemodynamic flow profile using the“Chinese Movable Type-like”soft stereolithography technique.The resultant full-lumen personalized Vein-Chips,functionalized with endothelial cells,enable in-vitro thrombosis assays that can elucidate distinct thrombogenic scenarios between normal vascular conditions and those of endothelial dysfunction.The former displayed minimal platelet aggregation and negligible fibrin deposition,while the latter presented significant fibrin extrusion from platelet aggregations.The low-cost movable typing technique further enhances the potential for commercialization and broader utilization of personalized Vein-Chips in surgical labs and at-home monitoring.Future research and development in this direction will pave the way for improved management and prevention of CVST,ultimately benefiting both patients and healthcare systems.

Dural enhancement detected by magnetic resonance imaging reflecting the underlying causes of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

Dural enhancement detected by magnetic resonance imaging is a common finding in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis （CVST） and is usually interpreted as a change secondary to CVST. We report two cases of CVST with intense and diffuse dural enhancement that resulted from pachymeningitis in one patient and spontaneous intracranial hypotension in another. Pachymeningitis and spontaneous intracranial hypotension were also determined to be the underlying causes of CVST. The clinical data of these two patients are described. In patients with CVST, dural enhancement is not always a secondary change to CVST. It can be a manifestation of the underlying causes of CVST. When diffuse and intense dural enhancement is revealed, sufficient ancillary tests are warranted to rule out other potential patholooical chanoes of the dura mater those can result in CVST.

Coexistence of High Fibrinogen and Low High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels Predicts Recurrent Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

Background： Cerebral venous thrombosis （CVT） may lead to serious neurological disorders; however, little is known about the risk factors for recurrent CVT. Our aim was to determine the association between elevated fibrinogen and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） levels with recurrent CVT. Methods： This retrospective cohort study included participants if they had a first episode of objectively defined CVT and were admitted to Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University from August 2005 to September 2009. Demographic and clinical variables were collected, as well as laboratory parameters, inchiding plasma fibrinogen and HDL-C. Patients with CVT were tbllowed for recurrent symptomatic CVT. Follow-up was through the end of September 2010. Potential predictors of recurrence were analyzed using Cox survival analysis. Results： At tile end of the lbllow-up, 95 patients were eligible lbr the study. Twelve of 95 patients （12.6%） had recurred CVT. Tile median time of recurrence was 7 months （range： 1-39 months）. Eight of these 12 （66.7%） experienced rectirrence within the first 12 months alter their initial CVT. The recurrence rate of CVT was 2.76 per 100 patient-years. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the coexistence of high fibrinogen （〉4.00 g/L） and low HDL-C （〈1.08 mmol/L） levels at baseline was the only independent predictor for recurrent CVT （hazard ratio： 4.69; 95% confidence interval： 1.10-20,11; P 〈 0.05）. Of tile twelve patients with recurrent CVT in our study, 7 （58.3%） had high fibrinogen plus low HDL-C levels. All 7 of these patients took warfarin for 3-12 months, and 6 of 7 had rectirrent CVT after the discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment. Conclusions： Concomitant high fibrinogen and low HDL-C levels may be associated with recurrence of CVT. The ett＇ect of potential risk lhctors related to atherothrombosis on rectinent CVT should be closely monitored.

Development of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in an aplastic anemia patient with antiphospholipid syndrome

Aplastic anemia （AA） is an acquired disorder in which .bone marrow fails to produce or release sufficient amounts of blood cell. Antiphospholipid syndrome （APS） is an autoimmune disease characterised by recurrent arterial or venous thrombosis, pregnancy morbidity and the persistence of positive antiphospholipid antibodies （aPL）, including anticardiolipin antibody （ACL） and lupus anticoagulant （LA）. 1 The most prevalent neurologic manifestation of APS is cerebrovascular ischemic events due to arterial thromboses. The deep veins of lower extremities are commonly involved in venous thrombosis of APS, but cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is rare with only several cases reported.2-11 AA together with APS is extremely rare.12 Here we report a case of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in an AA patient with APS.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a clinical study of 23 cases

To describe the etiologies, clinical features and diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis Methods We reviewed the records of 23 patients admitted with a documented diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis from 1991 through 1999 in the Beijing Tiantan Hospital Results Infection was the major condition associated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome was the most common manifestation, while hemiplegia, seizure and unconsciousness may occur alone or in association The diagnostic sensitivity of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and digital subtract angiography (DSA) were 59%, 86% and 100%, respectively The sensitivity of MRI with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) reached 96% Conclusion As the clinical findings were found to be nonspecific, CT combined with DSA, or MRI with MRA turns out to be valuable for the early diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

May headache be the first sign of mutation in the MTHFR gene?

BACKGROUND:Cerebral venous thrombosis(CVT) is a rare disease and it has different etiologies.Inherited or acquired prothrombotic state plays a key role in the development of CVT.METHODS:A 28-year-old man who presented to our emergency department with persistent headache and accompanied by complaints of nausea and vomiting over a week.Neurologic examination revealed bilateral papilledema.Brain computed tomography showed a hyperdense area on the posterior part of the occipital lobe.Brain magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance venography revealed thrombosis of CVT.Homozygous mutations were found for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR).MTHFR CG677 T gene mutation and blood tests showed elevated homocysteine levels on the etiological screening.There was no other etiology for CVT.RESULTS:Headache and other complaints were improved after treatment of heparin,warfarin,and vitamin B12.No recurrence of symptoms was observed upon outpatient follow-up.CONCLUSION:Since CVT is an important cause of headache,we recommend etiology screening for patients who present with CVT for MTHFR gene mutations and family counseling should be provided.

Cerebral venous thrombosis in patient of relapse of ulcerative colitis:report of a case

Amongst the various systemic complications of ulcerative colitis,cerebral venous thrombosis(CVT)is an uncommon and serious neurological complication mainly associated during episodes of relapse of ulcerative colitis.CVT is suspected to be a consequence of hypercoagulable state occurring during the disease in genetic predisposed persons.Most patients present with rapid neurological deterioration.This devastating intracranial complication requires immediate medical intervention to avoid potentially life threatening consequences.The outcome is good,provided the disease is diagnosed on time and the treatment is started early.The authors present a patient of CVT,a rare complication seen during relapse of ulcerative colitis.

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension complicated with cerebral venous thrombosis and subdural effusion:a case report

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension treatment can be complicated by concomitant cerebral venous thrombosis and subdural hematoma.A 48 years old male,presenting orthostatic headache and neck pain for 1 month displayed sagittal sinus thrombosis and bilateral subdural effusions,as well as extradural fluid collection at T3-T8 level,upon magnetic resonance imaging.Cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure was 50 mmH2O,and a leak was confirmed at C2-C3 level by computed tomography(CT)myelogram.The presence of subdural hematoma precluded anticoagulation treatments.An autologous epidural blood patch at C2-C3 level under CT guidance improved the patient’s condition,remaining free of residual symptoms or recurrence at six-month follow-up.