Use of MLC901 in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis:Three case reports

BACKGROUND Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVT)is rare cause of cerebrovascular disease.The incidence is 0.5%of all stroke.The majority of affected patients are young adults(mean age:35-40 years)with mild to moderate disabilities.Poor outcome with severe disability is seen in 13%of cases.Early diagnosis and treatment are important for good outcomes and preventing complications.Treatment options are limited and mostly based on consensus.NeuroAiD II™(MLC901;Moleac Pte,Ltd,Singapore)has a potential beneficial role in post-stroke recovery,by aiding the natural brain recovery process.CASE SUMMARY MLC901 consists of nine natural herbal ingredients.Studies have shown its safety profile and aid in post stroke recovery.The aim of this case series was to demonstrate the potential role of MLC901 in stroke recovery of patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST)who received MLC901 in addition to standard of care.The prescribed dose of MLC901 is 400 mg/cap two capsules,three times a day.Data from these patients were prospectively collected at baseline and at monthly visits,for a duration of 3 mo.Outcome measures included adherence to therapy,side effects,National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,Glasgow Coma Scale,modified Rankin Scale,and the Short Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test.MLC901 was well tolerated and no side effects were reported.All patients were stable with improved condition.CONCLUSION This case series highlights the potential therapeutic effects of MLC901 on CVST and provides support for further studies.

Rare cause of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis:Spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome:A case report

BACKGROUND Spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome is a relatively uncommon neurological disorder of unknown etiology with a good prognosis.Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a specific type of cerebrovascular disease caused by multiple etiologies of cerebral venous sinus or vein thrombosis that obstructs cerebral venous return and is associated with impaired cerebrospinal fluid absorption;this entity is rarely seen clinically.Spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome is one of the causes of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,and the probability of their combined occurrence is only 1%-2%.As such,it is easily overlooked clinically,thus increasing the difficulty of diagnosis and treatment.CASE SUMMARY A 29-year-old young woman presented with postural headache.Lumbar puncture suggested a pressure of 50 mmH2O(normal 80 mmH2O-180 mmH2O),and magnetic resonance imaging cerebral venography suggested thrombosis of the supratentorial sinus.These findings were considered indicative of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis due to spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome after ruling out immunological causes,tumor,infection,abnormal coagulation mechanism,and hypercoagulable state,etc.She was treated with rehydration and low-molecular heparin anticoagulation for 15 d,and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging cerebral venography suggested resolution of the thrombus.The patient had complete improvement of her headache symptoms.CONCLUSION Spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome is one of the rare causes of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,which is frequently misdiagnosed or missed and deserves consideration by clinicians during differential diagnosis.Dehydration should be avoided in such patients,and early rehydration and anticoagulation therapy are effective treatment options.

Sneddon's syndrome concurrent with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis:A case report

BACKGROUND This report delves into the diagnostic and therapeutic journey undertaken by a patient with Sneddon's syndrome(SS)and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST).Particular emphasis is placed on the comprehensive elucidation of SS's clinical manifestations,the intricate path to diagnosis,and the exploration of potential underlying mechanisms.CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old woman presented with recurrent episodes of paroxysmal unilateral limb weakness accompanied by skin mottling,seizures,and cognitive impairment.Digital subtraction angiography revealed CVST.Despite negative antiphospholipid antibody results,skin biopsy indicated chronic inflammatory cell infiltration.The patient was treated using anticoagulation,antiepileptic therapy,and supportive care,which resulted in symptom improvement.The coexistence of SS and CVST is rare and the underlying pathophysiology remains uncertain.This case underscores the challenge in diagnosis and highlights the need for early clinical differentiation to facilitate accurate assessment and prompt intervention.CONCLUSION This article has reported and analyzed the clinical data,diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of a case of SS with CVST and reviewed the relevant literature to improve the clinical understanding of this rare condition.

Hypereosinophilia with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and intracerebral hemorrhage:A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Hypereosinophilia(HE)is defined as a peripheral blood eosinophil count of>1.5×109/L and may be associated with tissue damage.The clinical presentations of HE vary;however,myocardial fibrosis and thrombosis can threaten the lives of patients with sustained eosinophilia.Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST)in the setting of eosinophil-related diseases has seldom been reported.Here,we review the literature on HE with CVST to increase knowledge and encourage early diagnosis.CASE SUMMARY A previously healthy 41-year-old man was admitted to hospital with diarrhea and abdominal pain.He was treated with antibiotics for suspected acute colitis.Three days later,he experienced headache and vomiting.Brain computed tomography(CT)revealed thrombosis of the left jugular vein to the left transverse sinus vein.Platelet(PLT)count decreased to 60×1012/L,and absolute eosinophil count(AEC)increased to 2.41×109/L.He was treated with low-molecular-weight heparin.PLT count progressively decreased to 14×109/L,and we terminated anticoagulation and performed PLT transfusion.Six days after admission,he complained of a worsening headache.Brain CT revealed right temporal lobe and left centrum semiovale intracerebral hemorrhage,and AEC increased to 7.65×109/L.We used prednisolone for HE.The level of consciousness decreased,so emergency hematoma removal and decompressive craniectomy for right cerebral hemorrhage were performed.The patient was alert 2 d after surgery.He was treated with anticoagulation again 2 wk after surgery.Corticosteroids were gradually tapered without any symptomatic recurrence or abnormal laboratory findings.CONCLUSION HE can induce CVST,and we need to focus on eosinophil counts in patients with CVST.

A Case Report on Atypical Presentation of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis, a Young Adult with Recurrent Fall: A Clinical Quandary

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVST) is blood clot in draining veins and venous sinuses of brain, causing hindrance in the blood drainage system in brain, disturbing the internal homeostasis of brain, resulting in local oedema, ischemia, venous haemorrhage, damage to brain parenchyma and blood brain barrier. In our case report, we discussed a rare presentation of CVST, a 16-year-old young boy who presented in emergency with history recurrent fall, weakness, tingling numbness. What makes it challenging to diagnose in his unusual presentation without common symptoms and on examination no positive neurological finding. This case brings focus on the importance of knowledge about CVST among emergency physicians. CSVT is considered more commonly as a differential diagnosis of stroke in young age group owning to genetic predisposition, hot humid climate of the state leading to severe dehydration, dietary factors leading to vitamin B12 deficiency & hyper-homocysteinemia etc. Moreover, present COVID-19, inducing a hypercoagulable state among affected individuals gave CVST a new momentous among emergency physicians. An early diagnosis can be very fruitful as it might prevent long term disability and reduce mortality significantly.

Research progress and future development trends of venous sinus stents

Venous sinus stent implantation is an emerging endovascular treatment technique effectively applied in diseases such as cerebral venous sinus throm-bosis.However,arterial stents are commonly used in clinical practice for venous sinus stent implantation,which is off-label and carries high risks and poor prog-nosis,highlighting the necessity of developing venous sinus-specific stents.This narrative review discusses the current situation and problems of venous sinus stent implantation and looks forward to the design focus and future development prospects of venous sinus-specific stents.

An Early Pregnant Chinese Woman with Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Succeeding in Induction of Labor in the Second Trimester

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST)is a rare condition in early pregnancy.A22-year-old Chinese woman at10weeks of pregnancy requested induced abortion and was diagnosed as CVST for a severe headache accompanying with nausea and vomiting.The patient was treated successfully with anticoagulation,followed by amniocentesis,and finally succeeded in induction of labor safely.The diagnosis,treatment and prognosis for this rare condition are discussed in this paper.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis following transsphenoidal surgery for craniopharyngioma:A case report

BACKGROUND Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST)is a rare condition in patients with craniopharyngioma following transsphenoidal surgery.CASE SUMMARY A 56-year-old man who underwent transsphenoidal surgery for craniopharyngioma 26 d ago presented gradual headache and cerebrospinal fluid leakage while vomiting 5 d post-discharge and required readmission to our department of neurosurgery.After admission,head imaging examination showed a hyperdense shadow in the superior sagittal sinus and right transverse sinus,edema at the bilateral parietal lobe,and hemorrhage at the left parietal lobe and right occipital lobe;the venous phase of cerebral angiography revealed CVST.The patient was treated immediately by intravenous thrombolysis,endovascular thrombolysis,and mechanical thrombectomy after the definite diagnosis.However,the neurological status of the patient continued to deteriorate and he died on the fourth day after readmission.CONCLUSION For craniopharyngioma undergoing transsphenoidal surgery,it is vital to take an effective strategy to manage the postoperative complications,such as diabetes insipidus,severe electrolyte imbalance,and cerebrospinal fluid leakage.Additionally,the early differential diagnosis of CVST is essential when it develops clinical symptoms,especially in patients following transsphenoidal surgery with a high risk of CVST.Subsequently,the timely and effective treatment of the CVST is critical for preventing neurological deterioration.

Two cases of venous sinus thrombosis in women taking the oral contraceptive pill, Yaz (dropirenone/ ethinyl estradiol), and review of the literature

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) is a rare cause of stroke and the clinical presentation is variable, thus mimicking other neurologic pathologies. One of the more common acquired risk factors of venous sinus thrombosis is oral contraceptive medications such as Yaz. While the prognosis for CVT is favorable, it is important to identify and treat early to prevent neurologic deficits. We report two cases of young female patients who presented with sinus thrombosis and review the current literature on this topic. CVT accounts for 0.5% of strokes and most commonly presents with headaches and in many cases focal neurologic deficits. Diagnosis is confirmed with neuroimaging including CT angiography or MR angiography. Treatment consists of anticoagulation and in some cases, thrombolytic therapy is beneficial. The overall prognosis of CVT is favorable but, further research is needed to outline optimal treatment options including the duration of anticoagulation therapy and the role of thrombolytic therapy to prevent serious neurologic deficits.

Common Prothrombotic Gene Mutations in Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in North-West of Iran

Objective: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a life-threatening cerebrovascular disease which has high prevalence and mortality rate in Iran. Thrombophilia caused by gene mutation is a common cause of CVST. The present study aimed at assessing the prevalence of thrombophilic gene mutations in Iranian CVST patients and then comparing it with normal population. Materials and methods: In a case-control study, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR_RFLP) and amplification-refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR) were carried out to detect common thrombophilic mutations in 70 CVST patients. Next, it was compared with 82 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Results: Factor-V-Leiden, Factor-V-Leiden HR2, Factor prothrombin II, MTHFR (667C/T) and MTHFR (1298A/C) prevalence were significantly high in cases of CVST as compared to the controls (P values: 0.012, 0.019, 0.007 and 0.036, respectively). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), beta-fibrinogen (FGB), Factor VIII, Factor XIII, and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) mutations. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that Factor V-Leiden, Factor-V-Leiden HR2, prothrombin II (G20210A), and MTHFR (667C/T & 1298A/C) mutations are more frequent in CVST. Detection of these mutations may help clinicians to decide on the duration of treatment and referral to genetic counseling for valuable prevention.

Accuracy of Noncontrast CT Brain in Detection of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

Background and Purpose: Increasing concern of cerebral venous thrombosis due to treatable and curable causes of stroke. The diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is challenged due to nonspecific clinical symptomatology. Patients may present at an emergency room with a variety of neurological conditions such as severe headache, weakness, seizure, etc. Neuroimaging, particularly noncontrast cranial computed tomography (NCCT), is an investigation of choice in differentiation and triage the patients for further treatment. CT is sensitive in the detection of acute thrombosis or blood clots in all regions of the body. We hypothesize that NCCT might be sensitive to diagnose cerebral venous thrombosis immediately. Materials and Methods: Retrospectively review the electronic database of our patients, there are 27 patients with cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (SVT) and 4 patients with cerebral deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Other 79 patients present with clinically diagnosed cerebral venous thrombosis but the final result can exclude cerebral venous thrombosis. We use MR imaging and CT venography as the gold standard. Independently reviewed by two neuroradiologists for CT direct sign and CT indirect signs that suggest SVT or DVT. CT direct signs for SVT and DVT are the presence of hyperdensity in the sinus venous or deep venous system (cord sign, attenuated vein sign) and CT indirect signs are the changes in brain parenchyma (brain edema, hemorrhagic infarction). Results: Sensitivity and specificity of NCCT in detection attenuated vein sign and diagnosis DVT are 75% and 100% whereas the sensitivity and specificity of NCCT in detection cord sign and diagnosis SVT are 43.8% and 99.7% as respectively. Conclusions: NCCT might not sensitive in detection of SVT without CT direct sign which needs further investigation. However, NCCT might beneficial for emergency conditions such as DVT patients, cortical vein thrombosis and also in SVT patients with the positive CT direct sign.

Antithrombin gene Arg197Stop mutation-associated venous sinus thrombosis in a Chinese family

This study sought to elucidate the genetic correlation of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis caused by a hereditary antithrombin deficiency in a Chinese family, at the genetic and protein levels. A nonsense mutation from C to T on locus 6431 in exon 3B of the antithrombin gene was observed, leading to an arginine （CGA） to stop codon （TGA） change in the protein. This is the first report of this mutation in China. Ineffective heparin therapy in the propositus patient is associated with a lack of heparin binding sites after antithrombin gene mutation. Characteristic low intracranial pressure in the acute phase might be specific to this patient with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

Patients with SERPINC1 rs2227589 polymorphism found to have multiple cerebral venous sinus thromboses despite a normal antithrombin level:A case report

BACKGROUND The hereditary antithrombin(AT)deficiency caused by SERPINC1 gene mutation is an autosomal dominant thrombotic disorder.An increasing number of studies have shown that mutations in the SERPINC1 rs2227589 polymorphic site are correlated with a risk of venous thromboembolism(VTE)at common sites,such as lower extremity deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism.Currently,there are no reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST),a VTE site with a low incidence rate and rs2227589 polymorphism.CASE SUMMARY Here,we report a Chinese CVST case with a mutation of the SERPINC1 rs2227589 polymorphic site,which did not cause significant AT deficiency.In a 50-year-old male patient presenting with multiple cerebral venous sinus thromboses no predisposing factors were detected,although a relative had a history of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis.We performed sequencing of the SERPINC1 gene for the patient and his daughter,which revealed the same heterozygous mutation at the rs2227589 polymorphic site:c.41+141G>A.CONCLUSION The results showed that more studies should be conducted to assess the correlation between rs2227589 polymorphism and CVST.

A Case Report of Pediatric Cerebral Venous Thrombosis with Undiagnosed Complex Congenital Heart Disease: Tetralogy of Fallot with OS ASD: A Cataclysmic Ending

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVST/CSVT) is occlusion of cerebral veins and venous sinuses of brain secondary to blood clot formation resulting in hindrance in the blood drainage system in brain, leading to disturbances the internal homeostasis of brain, raised intracranial pressure, cerebral edema, and 50% of cases will have venous infarction or venous hemorrhage (stroke). CVST although being a Rare disorder but may be more common in children than adults with greater risk in neonatal period i.e. first 28 days of life. Here we are discussing a case of Pediatric CVST in a 7-month-old baby boy who presented to Emergency Room (ER) with recurrent discrete episodes of vomiting, fever, seizures, drowsiness and respiratory distress. The fatal outcome in our child was attributed to delayed presentation in a tertiary care center, hence missed early diagnosis and treatment. In this child the CVST could be result of amalgamation of complex underlying ongoing multiple pathological processes: an acute systemic illness like sepsis, severe dehydration, undiagnosed and untreated complex congenital heart disease, tetralogy of fallot with osteum secondum atrial septal defect, worsening the coagulopathy. It takes this case even more unique. This discussion is to bring focus on the importance of knowledge about CVST amongst emergency physicians and primary care physicians, specially managing this rare disorder with flummox presentation mimicking other more common disorders, especially in pediatric and neonatal population where definitive history and chief complaints are often vague and difficult to obtain, making it more difficult to diagnose. We the authors hence reporting this case with intent to spread awareness of CVST, how to doubt it, detect it and then manage it, especially in places like Chhattisgarh, India, where CVST is not so uncommon. We believe early diagnosis, early presentation to tertiary care center with aggressive early treatment can significantly reduce the mortality. Should the parents brought the baby early to any tertiary care center owing to his complex deteriorating symptoms like high grade fever progressed to drowsiness and seizure episodes, could there be a different outcome for this child as well as his parents.

Movable typing of full-lumen personalized Vein-Chips to model cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST)is a type of stroke associated with COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.The precise etiology of CVST often remains elusive due to the highly heterogeneous nature of its governing mechanisms,specifically,Virchow’s triad that involves altered blood flow,endothelial dysfunction,and hypercoagulability,which varies substantially amongst individuals.Existing diagnostic and monitoring approaches lack the capability to reflect the combination of these patient-specific thrombotic determinants.In response to this challenge,we introduce a Vein-Chip platform that recapitulates the CVST vascular anatomy from magnetic resonance venography and the associated hemodynamic flow profile using the“Chinese Movable Type-like”soft stereolithography technique.The resultant full-lumen personalized Vein-Chips,functionalized with endothelial cells,enable in-vitro thrombosis assays that can elucidate distinct thrombogenic scenarios between normal vascular conditions and those of endothelial dysfunction.The former displayed minimal platelet aggregation and negligible fibrin deposition,while the latter presented significant fibrin extrusion from platelet aggregations.The low-cost movable typing technique further enhances the potential for commercialization and broader utilization of personalized Vein-Chips in surgical labs and at-home monitoring.Future research and development in this direction will pave the way for improved management and prevention of CVST,ultimately benefiting both patients and healthcare systems.

MRI联合CT在脑静脉窦血栓中的诊断价值

目的:探讨MRI联合CT在脑静脉窦血栓(CVST)中的诊断价值。方法:选取2021年6月—2023年6月连云港市第一人民医院影像科收治的86例疑似CVST患者作为研究对象。根据数字减影血管造影(DSA)检测结果将其分CVST组(n=70)和非CVST组(n=16)。所有患者均进行CT及MRI检查。统计不同检查方法CVST具体部位诊断结果,统计CT、MRI及联合检测对CVST的诊断结果。分析CT、MRI及联合检测对CVST的诊断效能。结果:DSA明确诊断CVST共计70例,CT诊断符合55例,MRI诊断符合60例,CT联合MRI诊断符合65例。CT诊断55例与DSA结果一致,有18例误判。MRI诊断60例与DSA结果一致,有11例误判。CT联合MRI诊断65例与DSA结果一致,有6例误判。CT联合MRI准确率高于CT,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:CT联合MRI对CVST诊断准确率较高,且较CT和MRI检查手段的单独应用更为精准。

甲状腺功能亢进相关颅内静脉窦血栓形成1例报道

甲状腺功能亢进作为一种可能影响血液凝固的内分泌疾病,与颅内静脉窦血栓形成的关联在临床上并不常见。本文报道1例21岁男性甲状腺功能亢进并发颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者的诊治过程。患者在接受包括甲巯咪唑、抗凝治疗在内的综合治疗后头痛等症状得到明显缓解,特别是经历了血管内介入取栓这一关键性治疗步骤。本病例强调了对甲状腺功能亢进患者进行全面评估的重要性,同时也提示了在特定情况下介入性治疗的潜在价值。未来更广泛的研究将有助于制定这些并发症的管理和预防措施。

亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶纯合突变的颅内静脉窦血栓一例并文献复习

目的总结亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase,MTHFR)纯合突变致同型半胱氨酸(homocystine,Hcy)升高、诱发颅内静脉窦血栓形成(cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,CVST)的临床特点和诊疗过程。方法选取2023年1月3日解放军总医院第八医学中心的CVST患者1例,回顾性分析患者的临床、实验室资料,并复习既往相关文献。结果患者男,18岁,因“头痛伴恶心呕吐2 d”就诊,临床表现为头部持续胀痛,伴恶心呕吐,Hcy异常升高,影像学示上矢状窦、右侧横窦、乙状窦血栓形成,基因测序结果为MTHFR纯合突变。既往文献显示,MTHFR纯合突变与CVST无直接因果关系,但可导致Hcy水平升高,并间接增加CVST的风险。结论应重视CVST患者的Hcy检测,如发现Hcy无明显诱因的异常升高,应进一步完善CVST相关遗传因素的基因检测,尽早针对病因进行治疗。

脑静脉窦血栓形成患者临床及MRI/MRV特征与抗凝治疗预后的相关性分析

目的探讨MRI联合MRV及相关临床特征预测脑静脉窦血栓患者经抗凝治疗后不同预后的评价指标;指导临床尽早干预治疗,改善患者的预后。方法收集47例徐州医科大学附属医院2017年1月至2023年2月经MRI联合MRV确诊的脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床及影像学资料,回顾性分影响CVST患者抗凝治疗预后的病因、临床特征及MRI及MRV的影像特点等。结果单因素分析年龄(P=0.014)、D-二聚体(P=0.039)、静脉性梗死合并出血(P=0.044)、局灶性神经功能缺损(P=0.002)、侧支循环(P=0.014)在不同预后分组中的差异有统计学意义;多因素二元logistic回归分析显示局灶性神经功能缺损(OR=58.138,95%CI:1.423-2374.543,P=0.032)是CVST患者短期预后不良的独立危险因素,侧支循环1级(OR=0.008,95%CI:0.000-0.807,P=0.040)是预后良好的保护因素。结论局灶性神经功能缺损是CVST患者短期预后不良的独立危险因素,侧支循环1级与CVST患者预后良好独立相关。

MR三维颅脑容积成像评估儿童脑静脉窦血栓患者侧支循环的价值

目的:探讨三维颅脑容积成像(3D-BRAVO)对儿童脑静脉窦血栓(CVST)患者侧支循环的价值。方法:选择2020年1月-2023年12月我院收治的80例脑静脉窦血栓形成患儿,所有患儿均确诊为CVST,对所有患儿均进行飞跃磁共振静脉成像(TOF-MRV)、相位对比法静脉血管成像(PC-MRV)、3D-BRAVO序列增强扫描,通过ROC曲线,对比几种检测方法的诊断效能。结果:通过多种影像学检查方式进行综合评估得出,80例患儿单发29例,两处21例,三处17例,四处8例,五处3例,六处2例。存在血栓的静脉窦节段152个,其中上矢状窦30个,直窦15个,右横窦30个,左横窦32个,右乙状窦31个,左乙状窦14个;80例CVST患儿中,TOF病变发现率76.25%,PC-MRV病变发现率78.75%;3D-BRAVO增强成像病变发现率100%;三种诊断方法均对CVST有一定的诊断效能,其中TOF诊断灵敏度为89%,特异度为59%,PC-MRV诊断灵敏度为85%,特异度为70%,3D-BRAVO诊断灵敏度为94%,特异度为71%,其AUC为0.893,高于TOF(0.712)和PC-MRV(0.846)。结论:3D-BRAVO增强扫描序列在儿童CVST中病变发现率为100%,相较于TOF序列和PC-MRV序列而言,其病变发现率更高,诊断效能更佳,可更好的显示静脉窦血栓真实形态和解剖结构,可为临床诊断提供参考依据。