Letter to the Editor: Postoperative Rhinorrhea without Intraoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak after Endoscopic Transnasal Transphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary Macroadenomas

Postoperative Rhinorrhea without Intraoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak after Endoscopic Transnasal Transphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary

MANAGEMENT AND REPAIR OF DELAYED CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FISTULAE

Cerebrospinal fluid fistulae occur when defects in dura, pla-arachnold or skull permit the cerebrospinal fluid escape from the subarachnoid space via anterior naris, nasopharynx or external acoustic meastus, Which is most commonly manifested as rhinorrhea or otorrhea,complicated by serious recurrent meningitis for months or years.This paper reports 20 cases of rhinorrhea and one of otorrhea, persisting longer than 3 months. All the cases were repaired successfully and there was no recurrence arter being followed up for 1 to 20 years.We compared various diagnostic methods and suggested a simple operative procedure.

Prevention of postoperative intracranial infection in patients with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea

Background Intracranial infection is a common postoperative complication of neurosurgery. This study aimed to identify risk factors of postoperative intracranial infection in patients with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and to suggest proposals for the prevention. Methods A total of 167 patients （113 males and 54 males, average age of 34.4 years） with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea operated on by the senior author were retrospectively reviewed. The data collected included etiology, previous history, clinical manifestation, site of bone defect, operative approach, and postoperative complications. Risk factor（s） for postoperative infection were analyzed using the stepwise multiple Logistic regression. Results Eighteen （10.8%） patients were infected post-operatively. The independent risk factors for infection were the site of defect （RR=0.508, 95% Cl 0.306-0.843, P=0.009） and historical meningitis （RR=0.290, 95% Cl 0.094-0.893, P=0.031）. Patients with multiple defects and saddle floor defects had a higher infection rate. The germiculture was positive in 11 patients, and vancomycin was sensitive to all the pathogenesis. Nine infected patients needed lumbar drainage. Ten patients had hyponatremia, and hydrocephalus occurred in two patients with serious trauma. Conclusions To prevent the infection, we should pay closer attention to the high-risk patients pre-operation. During the operation, the methods those can improve wound healing, such as using blood-supply materials, reliable fixation, and eliminating dead space are all helpful. Conducting lumbar drainage and choosing effective prophylactic antibiotics in the early postoperative stage for the high-risk patients are methods of postoperative management.

Surgical Repair and Detection of Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea using Magnetic Resonance Cisternography and Skull Base Coronal Thin-section Computed Tomography Scan

INTRODUCTION Cerebrospinal fluid （CSF） rhinorrhea is a common condition managed by neurosurgeons. The accurate identification of the site of leak plays a key role in facilitating successful surgical repair. We reported two surgery-proven cases of CSF rhinorrhea examined by magnetic resonance （MR） cisternography （Siemens, Berlin, Germany） and skull base coronal thin-section computed tomography （CT） scan （Siemens, Berlin, Germany） before surgical treatment.

Reducing the risk of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea following translabyrinthine surgery of the posterior fossa

Objective:To describe the procedure and results of an adapted closure and recon struction technique for translabyrinthine surgery that focuses on identifying and managing potential pathways for CSF egress to the middle ear and Eustachian tube.Methods:Retrospective review of a cohort of translabyrinthine acoustic neuroma cases that were reconstructed using this technique.Results:In addition to meticulous packing of potential conduits using soft tissue,hydroxyapatite cement is used to seal opened air cell tracts prior to obliteration of the mastoid defect using adipose tissue.Early results of a small patient cohort using this technique are encouraging and there were no wound infections.There was a single case of CSF rhinorrhea associated with incomplete sealing of opened petrous apex cells,with no recurrence after appropriate implementation of the described protocol during revision surgery.Conclusion:Proactive management of potential conduits of CSF egress including opened air cell tracts has a high likelihood of reducing rates of rhinorrhea and need for revision surgery after the translabyrinthine approach to the posterior fossa.

Prolactinoma coexisting with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and cavernous internal carotid aneurysm: Case report and literature review

Pituitary adenoma coexisting with cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) rhinorrhea and carotid aneurysm is extremely rare. CSF rhinorrhea may cause pneumocephalus and intracranial infection. Rupture of the aneurysm may cause fatal consequence. The authors report such a rare case to draw more attentions. A 55-year-old man presented with sexual dysfunction for 2 years. The serum prolactin was tested as 1,600 ng/ml(normal range, 1.39–24.2). Enhanced cranial MR showed an evident lesion at the sellar area, invading the right cavernous sinus. Prolactinoma was diagnosed. He took bromocriptine for one year and received gamma knife therapy thereafter. Four months after the treatment of gamma knife, he got CSF rhinorrhea and nasal bleeding. The endoscopic transnasalsphenoidal approach was performed to resect the tumor and repair the dura defect.The CSF rhinorrhea stopped after the surgery, however his nasal bleeding continued. The digital subtraction angiography(DSA) showed an aneurysm at the right cavernous internal carotid. The endovascular coil embolization was performed to treat the aneurysm. The patient recovered well. The coexistence of CSF rhinorrhea and pituitary adenoma is a high risk factor for the rupture of cavernous internal carotid aneurysm. When treating patients with pituitary adenoma and CSF rhinorrhea, doctors should exclude the aneurysm. When nasal bleeding occurs, the hemorrhage of internal carotid should be considered, and appropriate measures should be taken immediately.

Microsurgical treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in sphenoidal sinus

Objective：To explore the clinical manifestation,diagnosis and surgical treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in sphenoidal sinus.Methods： Nine cases of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in spenoidal sinus from 2007 to 2009 were retrospectivelyanalyzed consisting of their possible etiological factors,clinical manifestations, localization of the leakage site and treatment methods. Among them, there were 3 cases of traumatic rhinorrhea, 4 postoperative rhinorrhea and 2 spontaneous rhinorrhea. All 9 patients underwent 3-dimensional CT scan in sellar region including all para-nasal sinus. Leakage site was identified and repairing procedure was performed through trans-sphenoidal approach.Results：All cases were cured with the trans-sphenoidal microsurgical procedure. They were followed up for 9 months to 2 years. No recurrence, no infection and epilepsy complications were observed.Conclusion：For the cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea at sphenoidal sinus, it is critical to identify the leakage site accurately and the trans-sphenoidal approach is a microinvasive and effective way to repair the leakage, which is worthy to be advocated.

Post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea associated with craniofacial fibrous dysplasia:Case report and literature review

Objective: Fibrous dysplasia(FD) is an unusual developmental abnormality of the skeleton. When facial and cranial bones are involved in FD, it is termed craniofacial fibrous dysplasia(CFD). Although several reports have reported that CFD has a tendency for spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) leakage, there have been no related English-language case reports. We present the first case of post-traumatic CSF rhinorrhea associated with CFD. Methods: A 30-year-old man presented with CSF rhinorrhea after a mild head trauma. Computed tomography cisternogram located a defect in the posterior wall of the right frontal sinus. Imaging examination also showed the evident expansion of multiple skull bones, spinal scoliosis, and multiple local enlargements of ribs.Without café-au-lait cutaneous spots and endocrine abnormalities, polyostotic FD was diagnosed instead of Mc Cune-Albright syndrome(MAS). The patient underwent craniotomy fistula repair surgery. The excised bone was contoured to be thinner to increase the cranial cavity. The patient recovered well and CSF leakage did not recur.But during a nineteen-month follow up, sight in the patient's left eye was decreased.MAS was suspected. Unfortunately the patient refused to take the proposed decompression surgery and laboratory tests of serum hormones. Conclusions: CFD, if the wall of the paranasal sinus is involved and the cranial cavity is decreased, may increase the risk of CSF rhinorrhea after head trauma.Expectant management is recommended in asymptomatic CFD patients even in the presence of optic nerve compression. As MAS may cause more problems, it should be precluded before polyostotic FD is diagnosed.

自发性脑脊液鼻漏误诊误治临床探讨

目的分析自发性脑脊液鼻漏误诊误治的原因,总结避免误诊误治的措施。方法回顾性分析2008年12月至2023年8月被误诊的11例自发性脑脊液鼻漏患者的临床资料。结果8例流清水样涕、鼻腔黏膜色泽苍白或淡红,被误诊为过敏性鼻炎。1例左侧鼻腔流水、中鼻道半透明荔枝肉状肿物,副鼻窦CT示“左上颌窦、筛窦炎,左中鼻道软组织密度影”,被误诊为左慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉。1例上呼吸道感染后,头部不适,流清水样涕,被误诊为急性鼻炎。1例睡觉时鼻腔有液体流向喉部,鼻窦CT示“右侧上颌窦卵圆形肿物、边界清晰,考虑囊肿”,被误诊为右上颌窦囊肿。11例患者经对症治疗后症状无缓解,进一步行影像学及鼻流出液葡萄糖定量检查后确诊为自发性脑脊液鼻漏。误诊时间10~60(24.09±13.5)d。11例均行经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术后痊愈。结论自发性脑脊液鼻漏起病隐匿、临床少见、多为单侧发病、鼻流出液多呈持续性且清亮无色,可因体位改变、咳嗽、喷嚏、便秘等致颅内压增加而加重。完善鼻窦CT和磁共振成像,可为该病的诊断提供证据,确诊需要鼻流出液葡萄糖定量检查。

鼻内镜修补术对脑脊液鼻漏患者住院时间及并发症的影响

目的对比研究鼻内镜修补术与传统颅内修补术治疗脑脊液鼻漏的临床疗效。方法方便选取2021年1月—2022年12月南京医科大学附属江宁医院收治的162例脑脊液鼻漏患者为研究对象,采用随机数表法分为对照组(n=81)、研究组(n=81)。对照组行传统颅内修补术,研究组行鼻内镜修补术。分别于术前及术后2 d,检测两组肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor Necrosis Factor-α,TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive Protein,CRP)、白介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)水平,比较两组手术成功率、住院时间、并发症发生情况。结果研究组手术成功率(96.29%)高于对照组(87.65%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.098,P<0.05);研究组住院时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);术前,两组炎性因子水平对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后研究组TNF-α、CRP、IL-6水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.001);研究组并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论鼻内镜修补术在治疗脑脊液鼻漏方面表现出显著的优势。手术成功率较高,手术过程对炎性因子水平影响较小,能够缩短患者住院时间,且术后并发症风险较低,对于改善患者的预后有积极作用。

游离中鼻甲黏膜瓣在神经内镜经鼻蝶低流量脑脊液鼻漏修补中的成功率及安全性分析

目的 分析神经内镜经鼻蝶修补术中采用游离中鼻甲黏膜瓣的成功率及安全性。方法 非随机选取南京医科大学附属江宁医院于2020年12月—2022年12月收治的218例脑脊液鼻漏患者作为研究对象,根据不同治疗方法分为对照组、观察组,每组109例。两组患者均采取神经内镜经鼻蝶修补术,对照组予以带血管蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣进行修补,观察组予以游离中鼻甲黏膜瓣进行修补。比较两组患者的手术成功情况、不良事件发生情况及生活质量。结果 观察组的总成功率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组不良事件总发生率(2.75%)低于对照组(9.17%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.008,P<0.05)。观察组各项生活质量评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论 对于低流量脑脊液鼻漏患者而言,在神经内镜经鼻蝶术中采取游离中鼻甲黏膜瓣修补的手术成功率更高,且能提高患者生活质量,术后不良事件较少。

外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的CT及CTC价值

目的 探讨CT及CTC在外伤性鼻漏检查中的价值。方法 采用冠状位扫描对 18例外伤性脑脊液鼻漏患者行CT及CTC检查 ,由两名有经验的神经放射学医师对上述患者的CT及CTC图像进行观察分析。结果 18例中CT均有一处或多处颅底骨质改变。CTC直接显示漏孔 16例 ,且均与手术所见一致。 13例为单发骨折或骨质缺损 ,其部位与CTC发现的漏孔位置均一致 ( 10 0 % )。 5例为多发骨折 ,2例CTC检出两处漏孔 ,与手术所见一致。在另外 3例多发骨折中 ,CTC仅发现一处漏孔 ,与手术所见相符。

经单侧鼻腔蝶窦入路垂体手术并发症的防范与处理

目的探讨经单侧鼻腔蝶窦入路垂体手术并发症的防范与处理。方法回顾性分析1994年4月～2002年12月1152例经单侧鼻腔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤手术并发症。结果手术病死率0.2%。脑脊液鼻漏的发生率2.7%,其中1.8%自行停止,0.8%行腰穿置管引流,0.2%行2次手术修补。尿崩的发生率为4.7%,4.1%为一过性,0.6%为持久性。其他并发症如眼球运动神经损伤、脑膜炎、鞍内血肿、鼻出血、脑损伤等的发生率为0.1%～0.2%。结论熟知局部的相关解剖,不断提高手术技巧,将有助于进一步降低经蝶窦垂体手术并发症的发生。

经鼻蝶窦神经内镜下垂体瘤切除术并发脑脊液漏的处理策略

目的探讨神经内镜下经蝶窦垂体瘤切除术中及术后出现脑脊液漏的处理策略。方法回顾性分析158例垂体瘤病人的临床资料,出现脑脊液漏病例31例,根据脑脊液漏分级标准,术中给予处理。结果 31例脑脊液漏病例术后恢复均佳。结论术前预判,术中出现脑脊液漏根据分级进行处理,术后仍有脑脊液漏则进行腰大池置管引流。

经鼻内镜手术治疗脑脊液鼻漏

目的探讨脑脊液鼻漏经鼻内镜手术的可行性与疗效。方法与结果2011年11月至2018年6月共198例脑脊液鼻漏患者施行经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术,其中191例修补成功,首次修补成功率为96.46%(191/198);复发者占3.54%(7/198),经二次修补成功封堵漏口。术后14例(7.07%)发生颅内感染,经抗生素治疗痊愈;1例(0.51%)右下肢深静脉血栓形成和2例(1.01%)双下肢肌间静脉血栓形成,予低分子量肝素抗凝治疗;1例(0.51%)因感染性休克死亡。平均随访(36.27±15.36)个月,无脑脊液鼻漏复发。结论经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术成功率较高、创伤较小,颅内感染为术后主要并发症,应积极预防。

外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的手术治疗(附27例分析)

目的探讨外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析27例行手术治疗的外伤性脑脊液鼻漏病例。术前根据影像学定位行冠状切口开颅入路21例,眉弓切口眶上锁孔入路6例。术前、术后行积极内科治疗。结果21例行开颅手术的病人中19例(90.5%)痊愈,1例症状缓解后经内科治疗痊愈,1例因反复颅内感染而死亡;术后平均住院13.9d。6例行锁孔手术的病人中5例(83.3%)痊愈;1例缓解后经内科治疗痊愈;术后平均住院8.7d。术后随访3个月,均无复发。两种术式在疗效上无明显差别,但术后平均住院时间有显著差异。结论采取冠状切口开颅入路和眉弓切口眶上锁孔入路治疗外伤性脑脊液鼻漏疗效满意。对于漏口位置明确、单侧单一漏口且漏口较小者,眶上锁孔入路能在治愈鼻漏的同时获得更小的手术创伤,住院时间更短。

经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术

目的探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术的手术方法和治疗效果。方法2002年6月~2007年5月,对自发性脑脊液鼻漏14例和外伤性(包括医源性)脑脊液鼻漏28例,依据缺损部位位于额隐窝、筛顶及筛板、蝶窦顶或侧壁,在鼻内镜下采用不同方式显露漏口,修补材料包括鼻腔黏膜、颞肌肌筋膜、脂肪,修补物放置方法采用多层内置、外置或"浴缸塞"法。结果1次手术成功34例,首次成功率81.0%,2次成功4例,3次成功4例。首次修补成功率漏口≥10mm者(53.8%,7/13)明显低于漏口<10mm者(93.1%,27/29)(χ2=6.606,P=0.010)。术后并发症2例,1例为颅内感染,1例为脑积水,均治愈出院。42例随访6~36个月(平均14个月),无复发。结论鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术是一种安全、有效和微创的手术方式,但并发症的预防和控制不容忽视。漏口大小对手术效果有影响,较大漏口(≥10mm)宜结合使用自体脂肪组织进行修补。

经鼻内窥镜修补脑脊液鼻漏

目的：探讨经鼻内窥镜修补脑脊液鼻漏的效果。方法：１５例脑脊液鼻漏，其中外伤１０例，鼻内窥镜术后２例，脑膜瘤术后２例，垂体瘤术后１例，病史超过１个月的１０例，经鼻内窥镜鼻内进路行瘘孔修补术。结果：全部病例均经１次手术修补成功，随访３个月～６年无复发。结论：在鼻内窥镜直视下扩开瘘孔。

显微镜下经鼻-蝶窦入路术中脑脊液鼻漏的处理

目的探讨显微镜下经鼻-蝶窦入路术中脑脊液鼻漏的处理方法。方法回顾性分析21例显微镜下经鼻-蝶窦入路术中发生脑脊液鼻漏的临床资料。鞍结节脑膜瘤1例,脊索瘤1例,垂体腺瘤19例。在切除肿瘤后均采用人工硬脑膜-明胶海绵-蛋白生物胶方法重建颅底硬膜,并辅以碘仿纱条填塞蝶窦腔。结果术后随访3个月-1年,无脑脊液鼻漏发生20例,发生可疑脑脊液鼻漏1例,保守治疗康复。结论即使手术导致颅底骨质、硬膜缺损明显,重建颅底硬膜辅以碘仿纱条填塞蝶窦腔,仍可有效预防术后脑脊液鼻漏的发生。