Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance,snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang P...Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance,snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang Province during winter from 1988 to 1991. On the basis of analysis of field data, we evaluated winter habitat conditions of Red deer. The results showed as follows; the wintering habitat quality of Red deer in poplar-birch stands was excellent in the Wanda Mountains, and was moderate in shrub-woods and Korean pine seed stands.According to habitat index (HI) values, the habitat quality in poplar-birch stands (HI=0.8185) was superior to that in shrub-woods (HI=0.4825) and in Korean pine seed stands (HI=0.4385). The wintering habitat quality of Red deer in the Wanda Mountains was superior to that of Daning Forestry Region. According to the current situations of forestry areas in northeastern China, strengthening habitat management was important for the conservation and management of Red deer population in the next decades.展开更多
Red deer can adjust to seasonal change of forage quality to maintain a relatively constant crude protein level (21. 1±4.0, 14.7± 1 .0, 11. 1± 1. 1 and 6.5 ±0.8 in spring. summer. fall and winter. r...Red deer can adjust to seasonal change of forage quality to maintain a relatively constant crude protein level (21. 1±4.0, 14.7± 1 .0, 11. 1± 1. 1 and 6.5 ±0.8 in spring. summer. fall and winter. respectively). Apparent protein digestibility is variable from -99.9% to 97.5%, depending upon season and forage type. True protein digestibility is 99%. Digestion of protein is significantly influenced by phenolics in diets.Minimumm digestible energy intase of 153.5kcal/kg0.75/day is necessary to maintain a positive nitrogen balance. Red deer recycles 18-85% of the urea produced and urea kinetic parameters (urea pool size, urea entry rate and urea excretion rate) are correlated to plasma urea conccntration. Rumen NH3-N production changes with season, but seasonal changcs in other NH3-N kinetic parameters (NH3-N concentration, NH3-N pool size and NH3-N outflow rate) are in dispute. Protein metabolism may be promoted in response to cold strcss. Endogenous urinary nitrogen is 0.09 (red deer) and 0. 16 g N/kg0.75day (elk), and metabolic frcal nitrogen is 5.58 g N/kg dry-matter intake. Protein requirements ranges from 100 g/kg DM to 170 g/kg DM for red deer of various ages and physiological stages. In conclusion.the knowledge of protein nutrition of red deer is limite.Much work is urgently needed in metabolism and requirements of protein before the appropriate feeding standard of red deer is coming.展开更多
Objeclive The aim of this study was to investigate R-band of Cervus nippon hortulorum chromosomes and to provide references for genetic variation and gene location of Cervus nippon hortulorum. [Metbod] Cell division w...Objeclive The aim of this study was to investigate R-band of Cervus nippon hortulorum chromosomes and to provide references for genetic variation and gene location of Cervus nippon hortulorum. [Metbod] Cell division was synchronized by the pepripheral blood lymphocyte culture and the excessive dosage of thymine deoxyribonucleoside, and R-band of Cervus nippon hortulorum chromosomes was also analyzed by RBG-banding technique. Result The number of haploid chromosome banding increased to 400. The R-band of No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, chromosome X and Y were almost just opposite to the high-resolution G band of them. The terminal of chromosomes except No. 21, No. 24 and No. 28 were all pos- itive deeply stained. E Conclusion] R-band of Cervus nippon hortulorum chromosomes can be manifested by RBG-binding technique.展开更多
Biochemical techniques including ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and re- versed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography（RP-HPLC） were used to isolate and purify the natural poly- pept...Biochemical techniques including ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and re- versed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography（RP-HPLC） were used to isolate and purify the natural poly- peptide from velvet antler（nVAP） of Cervus elaphus（C, elaphus）, which has a molecular weight of 3215.8 and the primary structure of VLSAADKSNVKAAWGKVGGNAPAFGAEALLRM. The homology of the protein sequence in nVAP with known protein sequence is less than 50%, suggesting that nVAP appears to be a new bioactive substance. At a level of 0.4--50 gg/mL, nVAP promotes mitosis in epidermal ceils, chondrocytes and NIH3T3 fibroblasts pri- marily cultured in a significant way. Given that a yield of high-purity nVAP isolated from C. elaphus is 0.001%, nVAP is artificially synthesized to prepare synthetic velvet antler polypeptide（sVAP） according to its primary struc- ture. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis（SDS-PAGE） of sVAP shows a single band, and its HPLC spectrum displays a single peak. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectro- metry（MALDI-TOF-MS） was used to identify sVAP to be of a molecular weight of 3200 and the consistency between primary structures of sVAP and nVAE Bioactivity test shows that at a dose of 5--40 μg/mL, sVAP promotes the pro- liferation of primarily cultured epidermal cells and NIH3T3 cell line. From the traditional Chinese medicine theory, velvet antler from Cervus nippon（C, nippon） and velvet antler from C. elaphus are considered as the same medicine, but differences between biochemical base and pharmacological effect of these two velvet antlers have been observed. We compared the total polypeptide mapping of the two velvet antlers, discovering that nVAP is active polypeptide and only exists in the velvet antler of C. elaphus, sVAP is similar to nVAP in physicochemical property and biological activity. These studies extend the possible utility of sVAP to be the promising compound to prepare velvet antler polypeptide of C. elaphus.展开更多
目的探讨梅花鹿鞭及牛鞭线粒体细胞色素b(cytochrome b,Cytb)基因特异性片段特征,建立梅花鹿鞭的DNA指纹鉴定方法。方法采用引物设计软件Primer Premier 5.0设计了用于鉴定梅花鹿鞭的特异性引物,用此引物对市售的梅花鹿鞭样本进行DNA指...目的探讨梅花鹿鞭及牛鞭线粒体细胞色素b(cytochrome b,Cytb)基因特异性片段特征,建立梅花鹿鞭的DNA指纹鉴定方法。方法采用引物设计软件Primer Premier 5.0设计了用于鉴定梅花鹿鞭的特异性引物,用此引物对市售的梅花鹿鞭样本进行DNA指纹鉴定。结果梅花鹿鞭能扩增出306 bp大小的片段,而牛鞭未能扩增出相应片段。结论梅花鹿鞭DNA具有特异性指纹特征,所得梅花鹿鞭DNA指纹特征图谱可用于市售梅花鹿鞭的鉴定。展开更多
in this paper, 4N-HCLAIA method was adopted to conduct digestive tests in young female and male Dongtian F1 red deer (Cervus elaphus) of rearing seperatefy in growth period and mixed raising in weaning period in Harbi...in this paper, 4N-HCLAIA method was adopted to conduct digestive tests in young female and male Dongtian F1 red deer (Cervus elaphus) of rearing seperatefy in growth period and mixed raising in weaning period in Harbin Specialty Research Institute. Results indicated that digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 95.35% and 73.68% respectively when rational protein content was 26.8% in growth period. Digestive rate was not significantly different between female and male(P>0.05)i During weaning period, When rational crude protein content is 22.06%, digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 93.05% and 63.96%, respectively. The tests suggest that higher rational protein can be effective in accelerating groWth of young Dongtian F1 red deer during growth period and weaning period(before 10 months old).展开更多
Background： Recently, deer have expanded their distribution to higher altitude ranges including subalpine forests However, culling deer and construction of deer fence in subalpine forests are difficult because of ste...Background： Recently, deer have expanded their distribution to higher altitude ranges including subalpine forests However, culling deer and construction of deer fence in subalpine forests are difficult because of steep slopes and complex topography. Thus it is necessary to clarify the factors which are associated with debarking by deer for the effective protection of subalpine forests. In this study, we examined which factors are associated with debarking b： sika deer （Cervus nippon） in subalpine coniferous forests. Methods： We conducted our survey in Minami-Alps National Park, central Japan. We established 24 10 m × 40 m plots and surveyed the occurrence of debarking on saplings 〉30 cm in height and 〈3 cm in diameter at breast heigh （DBH） and on trees 〉3 cm in DBH, as well as sapling density within each plot. Minimum distances to nearest grasslan（ of plots were calculated （tentatively assuming grassland would attract deer and would cause high debarking pressure in the surrounding subaipine forests）. Results： The mean percentage of debarked live saplings was higher than that of live trees. The mean percentage of debarked saplings which had already died was 81.6 %. Debarking of saplings increased with lower elevation taller sapling size, and marginally increased near grassland. Sapling density was lower in plots with low basa area of conspecific trees near grassland and differed among species. Sapling density marginally decreased with decreasing elevation and increasing stand tree density. Debarking of trees was positively related to small DBH and Io~ elevation, and marginally increased near grassland and differed among species. Conclusions： Our results suggest that tall saplings in subalpine forests of low elevation or near subalpine grassland were susceptible to debarking by deer and monitoring of these areas may permit the early detection of the impacts of deer in subalpine coniferous forests.展开更多
文摘Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance,snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang Province during winter from 1988 to 1991. On the basis of analysis of field data, we evaluated winter habitat conditions of Red deer. The results showed as follows; the wintering habitat quality of Red deer in poplar-birch stands was excellent in the Wanda Mountains, and was moderate in shrub-woods and Korean pine seed stands.According to habitat index (HI) values, the habitat quality in poplar-birch stands (HI=0.8185) was superior to that in shrub-woods (HI=0.4825) and in Korean pine seed stands (HI=0.4385). The wintering habitat quality of Red deer in the Wanda Mountains was superior to that of Daning Forestry Region. According to the current situations of forestry areas in northeastern China, strengthening habitat management was important for the conservation and management of Red deer population in the next decades.
文摘Red deer can adjust to seasonal change of forage quality to maintain a relatively constant crude protein level (21. 1±4.0, 14.7± 1 .0, 11. 1± 1. 1 and 6.5 ±0.8 in spring. summer. fall and winter. respectively). Apparent protein digestibility is variable from -99.9% to 97.5%, depending upon season and forage type. True protein digestibility is 99%. Digestion of protein is significantly influenced by phenolics in diets.Minimumm digestible energy intase of 153.5kcal/kg0.75/day is necessary to maintain a positive nitrogen balance. Red deer recycles 18-85% of the urea produced and urea kinetic parameters (urea pool size, urea entry rate and urea excretion rate) are correlated to plasma urea conccntration. Rumen NH3-N production changes with season, but seasonal changcs in other NH3-N kinetic parameters (NH3-N concentration, NH3-N pool size and NH3-N outflow rate) are in dispute. Protein metabolism may be promoted in response to cold strcss. Endogenous urinary nitrogen is 0.09 (red deer) and 0. 16 g N/kg0.75day (elk), and metabolic frcal nitrogen is 5.58 g N/kg dry-matter intake. Protein requirements ranges from 100 g/kg DM to 170 g/kg DM for red deer of various ages and physiological stages. In conclusion.the knowledge of protein nutrition of red deer is limite.Much work is urgently needed in metabolism and requirements of protein before the appropriate feeding standard of red deer is coming.
基金supported by Chongqing Normal University Fund (XLY012)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission (CSTC 2006BB1260)
文摘Objeclive The aim of this study was to investigate R-band of Cervus nippon hortulorum chromosomes and to provide references for genetic variation and gene location of Cervus nippon hortulorum. [Metbod] Cell division was synchronized by the pepripheral blood lymphocyte culture and the excessive dosage of thymine deoxyribonucleoside, and R-band of Cervus nippon hortulorum chromosomes was also analyzed by RBG-banding technique. Result The number of haploid chromosome banding increased to 400. The R-band of No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, chromosome X and Y were almost just opposite to the high-resolution G band of them. The terminal of chromosomes except No. 21, No. 24 and No. 28 were all pos- itive deeply stained. E Conclusion] R-band of Cervus nippon hortulorum chromosomes can be manifested by RBG-binding technique.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Provincal Science ＆ Technology Department, China（No.201215244） and the Fundamental Research Foundation of Jilin University, China（No.201103232）
文摘Biochemical techniques including ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and re- versed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography（RP-HPLC） were used to isolate and purify the natural poly- peptide from velvet antler（nVAP） of Cervus elaphus（C, elaphus）, which has a molecular weight of 3215.8 and the primary structure of VLSAADKSNVKAAWGKVGGNAPAFGAEALLRM. The homology of the protein sequence in nVAP with known protein sequence is less than 50%, suggesting that nVAP appears to be a new bioactive substance. At a level of 0.4--50 gg/mL, nVAP promotes mitosis in epidermal ceils, chondrocytes and NIH3T3 fibroblasts pri- marily cultured in a significant way. Given that a yield of high-purity nVAP isolated from C. elaphus is 0.001%, nVAP is artificially synthesized to prepare synthetic velvet antler polypeptide（sVAP） according to its primary struc- ture. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis（SDS-PAGE） of sVAP shows a single band, and its HPLC spectrum displays a single peak. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectro- metry（MALDI-TOF-MS） was used to identify sVAP to be of a molecular weight of 3200 and the consistency between primary structures of sVAP and nVAE Bioactivity test shows that at a dose of 5--40 μg/mL, sVAP promotes the pro- liferation of primarily cultured epidermal cells and NIH3T3 cell line. From the traditional Chinese medicine theory, velvet antler from Cervus nippon（C, nippon） and velvet antler from C. elaphus are considered as the same medicine, but differences between biochemical base and pharmacological effect of these two velvet antlers have been observed. We compared the total polypeptide mapping of the two velvet antlers, discovering that nVAP is active polypeptide and only exists in the velvet antler of C. elaphus, sVAP is similar to nVAP in physicochemical property and biological activity. These studies extend the possible utility of sVAP to be the promising compound to prepare velvet antler polypeptide of C. elaphus.
文摘目的探讨梅花鹿鞭及牛鞭线粒体细胞色素b(cytochrome b,Cytb)基因特异性片段特征,建立梅花鹿鞭的DNA指纹鉴定方法。方法采用引物设计软件Primer Premier 5.0设计了用于鉴定梅花鹿鞭的特异性引物,用此引物对市售的梅花鹿鞭样本进行DNA指纹鉴定。结果梅花鹿鞭能扩增出306 bp大小的片段,而牛鞭未能扩增出相应片段。结论梅花鹿鞭DNA具有特异性指纹特征,所得梅花鹿鞭DNA指纹特征图谱可用于市售梅花鹿鞭的鉴定。
文摘in this paper, 4N-HCLAIA method was adopted to conduct digestive tests in young female and male Dongtian F1 red deer (Cervus elaphus) of rearing seperatefy in growth period and mixed raising in weaning period in Harbin Specialty Research Institute. Results indicated that digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 95.35% and 73.68% respectively when rational protein content was 26.8% in growth period. Digestive rate was not significantly different between female and male(P>0.05)i During weaning period, When rational crude protein content is 22.06%, digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 93.05% and 63.96%, respectively. The tests suggest that higher rational protein can be effective in accelerating groWth of young Dongtian F1 red deer during growth period and weaning period(before 10 months old).
基金funded by the Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Technology of Yamanashi Prefectural Government and Mitsui&CO.,LTD
文摘Background： Recently, deer have expanded their distribution to higher altitude ranges including subalpine forests However, culling deer and construction of deer fence in subalpine forests are difficult because of steep slopes and complex topography. Thus it is necessary to clarify the factors which are associated with debarking by deer for the effective protection of subalpine forests. In this study, we examined which factors are associated with debarking b： sika deer （Cervus nippon） in subalpine coniferous forests. Methods： We conducted our survey in Minami-Alps National Park, central Japan. We established 24 10 m × 40 m plots and surveyed the occurrence of debarking on saplings 〉30 cm in height and 〈3 cm in diameter at breast heigh （DBH） and on trees 〉3 cm in DBH, as well as sapling density within each plot. Minimum distances to nearest grasslan（ of plots were calculated （tentatively assuming grassland would attract deer and would cause high debarking pressure in the surrounding subaipine forests）. Results： The mean percentage of debarked live saplings was higher than that of live trees. The mean percentage of debarked saplings which had already died was 81.6 %. Debarking of saplings increased with lower elevation taller sapling size, and marginally increased near grassland. Sapling density was lower in plots with low basa area of conspecific trees near grassland and differed among species. Sapling density marginally decreased with decreasing elevation and increasing stand tree density. Debarking of trees was positively related to small DBH and Io~ elevation, and marginally increased near grassland and differed among species. Conclusions： Our results suggest that tall saplings in subalpine forests of low elevation or near subalpine grassland were susceptible to debarking by deer and monitoring of these areas may permit the early detection of the impacts of deer in subalpine coniferous forests.
