Intelligent Deep Convolutional Neural Network Based Object DetectionModel for Visually Challenged People

Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Computer Vision(CV)advancements have led to many useful methodologies in recent years,particularly to help visually-challenged people.Object detection includes a variety of challenges,for example,handlingmultiple class images,images that get augmented when captured by a camera and so on.The test images include all these variants as well.These detection models alert them about their surroundings when they want to walk independently.This study compares four CNN-based pre-trainedmodels:ResidualNetwork(ResNet-50),Inception v3,DenseConvolutional Network(DenseNet-121),and SqueezeNet,predominantly used in image recognition applications.Based on the analysis performed on these test images,the study infers that Inception V3 outperformed other pre-trained models in terms of accuracy and speed.To further improve the performance of the Inception v3 model,the thermal exchange optimization(TEO)algorithm is applied to tune the hyperparameters(number of epochs,batch size,and learning rate)showing the novelty of the work.Better accuracy was achieved owing to the inclusion of an auxiliary classifier as a regularizer,hyperparameter optimizer,and factorization approach.Additionally,Inception V3 can handle images of different sizes.This makes Inception V3 the optimum model for assisting visually challenged people in real-world communication when integrated with Internet of Things(IoT)-based devices.

Deep Learning Driven Arabic Text to Speech Synthesizer for Visually Challenged People

Text-To-Speech(TTS)is a speech processing tool that is highly helpful for visually-challenged people.The TTS tool is applied to transform the texts into human-like sounds.However,it is highly challenging to accomplish the TTS out-comes for the non-diacritized text of the Arabic language since it has multiple unique features and rules.Some special characters like gemination and diacritic signs that correspondingly indicate consonant doubling and short vowels greatly impact the precise pronunciation of the Arabic language.But,such signs are not frequently used in the texts written in the Arabic language since its speakers and readers can guess them from the context itself.In this background,the current research article introduces an Optimal Deep Learning-driven Arab Text-to-Speech Synthesizer(ODLD-ATSS)model to help the visually-challenged people in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.The prime aim of the presented ODLD-ATSS model is to convert the text into speech signals for visually-challenged people.To attain this,the presented ODLD-ATSS model initially designs a Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU)-based prediction model for diacritic and gemination signs.Besides,the Buckwalter code is utilized to capture,store and display the Arabic texts.To improve the TSS performance of the GRU method,the Aquila Optimization Algorithm(AOA)is used,which shows the novelty of the work.To illustrate the enhanced performance of the proposed ODLD-ATSS model,further experi-mental analyses were conducted.The proposed model achieved a maximum accu-racy of 96.35%,and the experimental outcomes infer the improved performance of the proposed ODLD-ATSS model over other DL-based TSS models.

英语中challenged的委婉用法

委婉语是动态的,随着时代的发展而不断变化。比如说,人的腿有残疾,说成crippled会令人尴尬,便代之以physically handicapped,但随着hand-icapped使用频率的增加,已逐渐“众所周知”,也就不再“委婉”了,于是人们另寻他词,便说成了physically challenged。同样地,blind以前说成visually handicapped,现在也说成了visuallychallenged。于是challenged一词就在“委婉语”领域闪亮登场,一时人人趋之若鹜了。

Access to Sanitation Facilities and Handwashing Practices among Physically Challenged Persons in Homes for the Disabled in Ibadan, Nigeria

Background: Disabled people in the streets have been adjudged to have the least access to sanitation facilities. Information is inadequate on accessibility to sanitation and hygiene services in homes for the disabled in Nigeria. Purpose: To investigate accessibility to sanitation facilities and handwashing practices among Physically Challenged Persons (PCPs) in selected homes for the disabled in Ibadan. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four consenting PCPs selected from three homes for the disabled in a cross-sectional study were interviewed using questionnaire. Field observation and Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) were conducted using a checklist and FGD guide respectively. Results: Mean age of PCPs was 19.5 ± 6.8 years, and 56.2% were males. All PCPs reported they had water closet toilet-types in their homes, however, 42% reported that toilet usage was difficult because there were no assistive devices. Observation revealed there were no hand rails or ropes to aid in toilet usage. The FGDs revealed water supply for flushing was inadequate. Although 98.4% reported handwashing with soap after toilet use, only 54.7% of the PCPs reported that soap was readily available in their homes/centres. Discussion and Conclusion: Reports by the PCP and field observation showed that there were inadequate assistive devices such as wheelchair ramps, hand rails, or ropes to aid in toilet usage. Sanitation facilities in homes for the disabled should be appropriately built with necessary support to facilitate usage and easy accessibility.

From “Handicapped” to “Physically Challenged”: the Discourse Transformation in China's Cause of the Physically Challenged in the New Era

In the human rights discourse of China, the terminology used for canfei(handicapped) was changed to canji(persons with disabilities) and then canzhang(physically challenged), which has literally manifested the unfolding of the new philosophy for the physically challenged. In particular, the achievements of the China physically-challenged programs in the new era shows that at both institutional and mindset dimensions, it has stepped beyond the definition of canji and entered into the higher level featured by the term canzhang. As for the future practical strategies of the national physically-challenged programs, it is important to hold on the ideas of socialist humanism, and to explore the constitutional model and human rights model for physically-challenged rights protection. This is also the major clue to conclude the achievements of the two "30 years" physically-challenged programs since the establishment of the PRC. Countries worldwide, particularly developing countries, can draw experience from this China model of developing the programs and strategies of human rights-based governance. The Chinese experience and theories also can be shared by community with a shared future for human beings.

AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE ATTRITION OF MIGRATING SCHISTOSOMULA IN THE SKIN OF MICE II.MICE CHALLENGED WITH NORMAL S.MANSONI CERCARIAE AFTER IMMUNIZATION WITH HIGHLY IRRADIATED CERCARIAE

The migratory pattern and attrition of75Se-labelled S.mansoni challenge cercariae in CF1mice immunized 0,1,3, or 5 times with 12kR-or 48kR-irradiated cercariae were investigatedby compressed organ autoradiography.Mice were percutaneously inoculated with 500-1000 cer-cariae for each immunization and with a known count of approximately 90 cercariae at adifferent site for challenge.The skin,lungs,liver,other organs,and catrcass were processedfor autoradiography.Hepatic and mesenteric perfusions for worm collection were alsosampled from day 19 through 34.In naive tnice,25% of challenge cercariae died in theskin.Skin attrition of challenge cercariae in mice immunized with 12kR-irradiated cercariaewas 43% with 1 immunization,54% with 3,and 58% with 5,whereas in mice immunized with48kR-irradiated cercariae,skin,attrition was48% with 1,63% with 3,and 76% with 5 immunni-zations.In all immunized mice,a high percentage of migrating sehistosomula died in the skinwithin 24 hours of a challenge infection.Utilizing autoradiography,it was found that thesilver foci created by single labelled worms were difficult to differentiate from those of pairedworms.This study documents the induction of acquired resistance against a challenge infectionin the skin by vaccination with highly irradiated cercariae,with the degree of attemtation ofimmunizing cercariae and the number of immunizations being closely related to the attritiotn.rate in the skin.Finally,we discuss the contradictory views concerning the site of attritiotn ofchallenge cercariae.

Immunological Changes of Chicks Immunized with March＇s Disease Vaccines and Challenged with Virulent MD Virus

The experiment was conducted to inoculate one-day old chicks with March's disease (MD) trivalent and herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) vaccines separately, and then to challenge them with virulent MD virus (vMDV) at the age of 15 days. and 5, 25, 45 and 75 days after the challenge with vMDV, comparing with the control-challenged chicks without immunization, to detect the immunoprotetive efficacy and dynamic changes of the inductive activity of interleukin-2(IL-2), expression of IL-2 receptor and proliferative function of T cells in thymus and spleen; the number of ANAE+T, AP+T cells and IgG, IgM, IgA antibody-producing cells in Bursa Fabricius, spleen,thymus, cecal tonsil and Harder gland; as the amount of T cells and IgG, IgM, IgA in peripheral blood as well as the content of IgG, IgM and IgA in the tear, trachea washings, bile and intestinal fluids of the experimental chicks. The experimental results firstly demonstrate that the immunorcgulation of IL-2, and IL-2 receptor, the cellualr and humoral immune responses were significantly enhanced in the central and peripheral immune organs; the local mucosal immune function were markedly amplified in the respiratory and digestive tracts of the immunized-challenged,chicks, which were closely correlated with the immunoprotection against MD; the immune response and immunoprotective effect of the trivalent vaccine-immunized chicks were much better than those of HVT vaccine-immunized chicks:

Bariatric surgery and diabetes:Current challenges and perspectives

Diabetes mellitus(DM)and obesity have become public issues of global concern.Bariatric surgery for the treatment of obesity combined with type 2 DM has been shown to be a safe and effective approach;however,there are limited studies that have systematically addressed the challenges of surgical treatment of obesity combined with DM.In this review,we summarize and answer the most pressing questions in the field of surgical treatment of obesity-associated DM.I believe that our insights will be of great help to clinicians in their daily practice.

Bird species composition and conservation challenges in the Gaoligong Mountains, one of the most diverse bird areas in the world

The Gaoligong Mountains(GLGM),located in southwestern China,extend north to south along the western border of the Hengduan Mountains,spanning approximately 600 km.In this study,we consolidated findings from 17 bird surveys conducted in the GLGM between 2010 and 2022.We found that the GLGM harbors tremendous bird diversity,with a total of 796 documented bird species in the region.Nearly a quarter(23.0%)of these species are listed as state key protected species or as Chinese and global threatened species.Analysis of species richness at the county level showed a decreasing trend with increasing latitude,with the greatest diversity in Yingjiang(661 species).Observations indicated that the GLGM belongs to the Oriental realm,primarily composed of bird species from southern and southwestern China.The GLGM plays an important role in avian conservation by sheltering exceptional bird diversity,providing corridors and flyways for bird migration and dispersal,and mitigating the effects of climate change.In response to the conservation needs of birds and other wildlife,the Chinese government has established numerous protected areas within the GLGM.Despite these efforts,avian conservation still faces considerable challenges in the GLGM due to limitations in the protected area network,transboundary nature of the regions,and existing gaps in monitoring and research.

Potential applications of 7 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in paediatric neuroimaging:Feasibility and challenges

The integration of 7 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging(7 T MRI)in adult patients has marked a revolutionary stride in radiology.In this article we explore the feasibility of 7 T MRI in paediatric practice,emphasizing its feasibility,applications,challenges,and safety considerations.The heightened resolution and tissue contrast of 7 T MRI offer unprecedented diagnostic accuracy,particularly in neuroimaging.Applications range from neuro-oncology to neonatal brain imaging,showcasing its efficacy in detecting subtle structural abnormalities and providing enhanced insights into neurological conditions.Despite the promise,challenges such as high cost,discomfort,and safety concerns necessitate careful consideration.Research suggests that,with precautions,7 T MRI is feasible in paediatrics,yet ongoing studies and safety assessments are imperative.

Duodenal Crohn’s disease:Case report and systematic review

BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease,including ulcerative colitis,microscopic colitis,and Crohn’s disease(CD),has a global impact.This review focuses on duodenal CD(DCD),a rare subtype affecting the duodenum.DCD’s rarity and asymptomatic nature create diagnostic challenges,impacting prognosis and patient well-being.Delayed diagnosis can worsen DCD outcomes.AIM To report a rare case of DCD and to discuss the diagnostic challenges and its implications on prognosis.METHODS A systematic literature search,following the PRISMA statement,was conducted.Relevant studies were identified and analysed using specific Medical Subject Terms(MeSH)from PubMed/MEDLINE,American Journal of Gastroenterology,and the University of South Wales database.Data collection included information from radiology scans,endoscopy procedures,biopsies,and histopathology results.RESULTS The review considered 8 case reports and 1 observational study,involving 44 participants diagnosed with DCD,some of whom developed complications due to delayed diagnosis.Various diagnostic methods were employed,as there is no gold standard workup for DCD.Radiology scans[magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),computed tomography(CT),and upper gastrointestinal X-ray],endoscopy procedures(colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy),biopsies,and clinical suspicions were utilized.CONCLUSION This review discusses DCD diagnosis challenges and the roles of CT,MRI,and fluoroscopy.It notes their limitations and compares findings with endoscopy and histopathology studies.Further research is needed to improve diagnosis,emphasizing scan interpretation,endoscopy procedures,and biopsies,especially in high-risk patients during routine endoscopy.

Review on inorganic and polymeric materials-coordinated metal-organic-framework photocatalysts for green hydrogen evolution

Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)possess a distinct advantage over conventional heterogeneous photocatalysts because of their carefully defined architecture and particular pores,which facilitate the targeted incorporation of other efficient cocatalysts or semiconductor materials.The integration of MOFs with other materials has resulted in significant breakthroughs,as the coupled materials improve the performance due to the combined effect.The unique MOF structures allow them to host foreign materials,which results in harvesting the visible region of the solar spectrum and effectively mitigating charge recombination by promoting charge separation.The review presents an evaluation of the latest developments in the utilization of surface and/or pore chemistry of MOF-supported heterojunctions for photocatalytic green-hydrogen generation with a basic understanding of the mechanism involved.The review begins with the basic principles of photocatalysis,the significance of MOFs,their optical properties,the methods used for synthesizing MOFs,and their coordination with other inorganic and polymeric materials.Furthermore,methods to increase photocatalytic H2 evolution using MOF-supported heterojunction have been proposed as standard practice.Lastly,to address environmental challenges,we highlight the future potential of MOF-supported heterojunctions for use in green-energy production.We hope that this review provides guidance to researchers in the development of effective heterojunctions based on MOFs to address challenges in energy applications and catalytic processes.

Ethical and strategic challenges of AI weapons: A call for global action

1 Impending prophecy About a decade ago,theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking expressed extreme concern about the development of artificial intelligence(AI),stating that"the development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race.Concurrently,in 2014,entrepreneur Elon Musk expressed similar cautionary sentiments,suggesting that AI might surpass nuclear weapons in terms of danger.Despite these warnings,the prevailing sentiment at the time was largely skeptical.However,only a few years later,on May 30,2023,hundreds of artificial intelligence experts and other notable figures issued a 22-word statement[1]warning against the“risk of extinction.”

Biological,pathological,and multifaceted therapeutic functions of exosomes to target cancer

Exosomes,small tiny vesicle contains a large number of intracellular particles that employ to cause various diseases and prevent several pathological events as well in the human body.It is considered a“double-edged sword”,and depending on its biological source,the action of exosomes varies under physiological conditions.Also,the isolation and characterization of the exosomes should be performed accurately and the methodology also will vary depending on the exosome source.Moreover,the uptake of exosomes from the recipients’cells is a vital and initial step for all the physiological actions.There are different mechanisms present in the exosomes’cellular uptake to deliver their cargo to acceptor cells.Once the exosomal uptake takes place,it releases the intracellular particles that leads to activate the physiological response.Even though exosomes have lavish functions,there are some challenges associated with every step of their preparation to bring potential therapeutic efficacy.So,overcoming the pitfalls would give a desired quantity of exosomes with high purity.

A Special Issue:“Energy Transition Technology for Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality”for Global Energy Interconnection

In 2020,China made a solemn commitment to the world:striving to achieve carbon peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060.The energy industry is the main source of carbon emissions and the key path to achieving the“dual carbon”goals.The revolution in energy production and consumption has already sparked a wave.However,the energy transition still faces challenges such as a high proportion of fossil fuel usage,multiple constraints on clean energy supply,urgent request to improve the carrying capacity and flexible regulation capability of the power system,and rising energy costs for the entire society.To cope with these difficulties and challenges,it is necessary to balance safety and stability,economic efficiency,and clean and low-carbon development three aspects;strengthen energy technology innovation;and deepen institutional and market reform and innovation.Therefore,the editorial department of Global Energy Interconnection has planned the special issue of“Energy Transition Technology for Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality”.

Navigating interdisciplinary research:Historical progression and contemporary challenges

Interdisciplinary research plays a crucial role in addressing complex problems by integrating knowledge from multiple disciplines.This integration fosters innovative solutions and enhances understanding across various fields.This study explores the historical and sociological development of interdisciplinary research and maps its evolution through three distinct phases:pre-disciplinary,disciplinary,and post-disciplinary.It identifies key internal dynamics,such as disciplinary diversification,reorganization,and innovation,as primary drivers of this evolution.Additionally,this study highlights how external factors,particularly the urgency of World War II and the subsequent political and economic changes,have accelerated its advancement.The rise of interdisciplinary research has significantly reshaped traditional educational paradigms,promoting its integration across different educational levels.However,the inherent contradictions within interdisciplinary research present cognitive,emotional,and institutional challenges for researchers.Meanwhile,finding a balance between the breadth and depth of knowledge remains a critical challenge in interdisciplinary education.

Promise and challenges of traditional Chinese medicine,specifically Calculus bovis,in liver cancer treatment

Liver cancer,one of the most common malignancies worldwide,ranks sixth in incidence and third in mortality.Liver cancer treatment options are diverse,inclu-ding surgical resection,liver transplantation,percutaneous ablation,transarterial chemoembolization,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,targeted therapy,immuno-therapy,and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).A multidisciplinary team(MDT)is essential to customize treatment plans based on tumor staging,liver function,and performance status(PS),ensuring individualized patient care.Treatment decisions require a MDT to tailor strategies based on tumor staging,liver function,and PS,ensuring personalized care.The approval of new first-line and second-line drugs and the establishment of standard treatments based on immune checkpoint inhibitors have significantly expanded treatment options for advanced liver cancer,improving overall prognosis.However,many patients do not respond effectively to these treatments and ultimately succumb to the disease.Modern oncology treatments,while extending patient survival,often come with severe side effects,resistance,and damage to the body,negatively impacting quality of life.Huang et al's study published at World Journal of Gastroenterology rigorously validates the anticancer properties of Calculus bovis,enhancing our understanding of TCM and contributing to new liver cancer treatment strategies.For over 5000 years,TCM has been used in East Asian countries like China to treat various diseases,including liver conditions.Analysis of real-world clinical data suggests that for patients with advanced-stage tumors lacking effective treatments,integrated TCM therapies could provide significant breakthroughs.

Advancements in Humanoid Robots: A Comprehensive Review and Future Prospects

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current status, advancements, and future prospects of humanoid robots, highlighting their significance in driving the evolution of next-generation industries. By analyzing various research endeavors and key technologies, encompassing ontology structure,control and decision-making, and perception and interaction, a holistic overview of the current state of humanoid robot research is presented. Furthermore, emerging challenges in the field are identified, emphasizing the necessity for a deeper understanding of biological motion mechanisms, improved structural design,enhanced material applications, advanced drive and control methods, and efficient energy utilization. The integration of bionics, brain-inspired intelligence, mechanics, and control is underscored as a promising direction for the development of advanced humanoid robotic systems. This paper serves as an invaluable resource, offering insightful guidance to researchers in the field,while contributing to the ongoing evolution and potential of humanoid robots across diverse domains.

Hydrogen sulfide responsive nanoplatforms: Novel gas responsive drug delivery carriers for biomedical applications

Hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S)is a toxic,essential gas used in various biological and physical processes and has been the subject of many targeted studies on its role as a new gas transmitter.These studies have mainly focused on the production and pharmacological side effects caused by H_(2)S.Therefore,effective strategies to remove H_(2)S has become a key research topic.Furthermore,the development of novel nanoplatforms has provided new tools for the targeted removal of H_(2)S.This paper was performed to review the association between H_(2)S anddisease,relatedH_(2)S inhibitory drugs,aswell as H_(2)S responsive nanoplatforms(HRNs).This review first analyzed the role of H_(2)S in multiple tissues and conditions.Second,common drugs used to eliminate H_(2)S,as well as their potential for combination with anticancer agents,were summarized.Not only the existing studies on HRNs,but also the inhibition H_(2)S combined with different therapeutic methods were both sorted out in this review.Furthermore,this review provided in-depth analysis of the potential of HRNs about treatment or detection in detail.Finally,potential challenges of HRNs were proposed.This study demonstrates the excellent potential of HRNs for biomedical applications.