Characteristics and control factors of feldspar dissolution in gravity flow sandstone of Chang 7 Member,Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,NW China

To clarify the formation and distribution of feldspar dissolution pores and predict the distribution of high-quality reservoir in gravity flow sandstone of the 7^(th) member of Triassic Yanchang Formation(Chang 7 Member)in the Ordos Basin,thin sections,scanning electron microscopy,energy spectrum analysis,X-ray diffraction whole rock analysis,and dissolution experiments are employed in this study to investigate the characteristics and control factors of feldspar dissolution pores.The results show that:(1)Three types of diagenetic processes are observed in the feldspar of Chang 7 sandstone in the study area:secondary overgrowth of feldspar,replacement by clay and calcite,and dissolution of detrital feldspar.(2)The feldspar dissolution of Chang 7 tight sandstone is caused by organic acid,and is further affected by the type of feldspar,the degree of early feldspar alteration,and the buffering effect of mica debris on organic acid.(3)Feldspars have varying degrees of dissolution.Potassium feldspar is more susceptible to dissolution than plagioclase.Among potassium feldspar,orthoclase is more soluble than microcline,and unaltered feldspar is more soluble than early kaolinized or sericitized feldspar.(4)The dissolution experiment demonstrated that the presence of mica can hinder the dissolution of feldspar.Mica of the same mass has a significantly stronger capacity to consume organic acids than feldspar.(5)Dissolution pores in feldspar of Chang 7 Member are more abundant in areas with low mica content,and they improve the reservoir physical properties,while in areas with high mica content,the number of feldspar dissolution pores decreases significantly.

Microfacies and diagenetic alteration in a semi-deep to deep lacustrine shale: The Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, China

The mineralogical development and diagenetic sequence of lacustrine shales in the Chang 7 Member of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin are detailed studied.A model of their depositional system and a diagenetic diagram are proposed in this study.Through detailed petrographic,mineralogical,and elemental analyses,four distinct shale types are identified:argillaceous shale,siliceous shale,calcareous shale,and carbonate,clay,and silt-bearing shale.The main diagenetic process in argillaceous shale is the transformation of illite to smectite,negatively impacting shale porosity.Siliceous shale undergoes carbonate cementation and quartz dissolution,contributing to increased porosity,particularly in mesopores.Calcareous shale experiences diagenesis characterised by carbonate formation and dissolution,with a prevalence of siderite.In carbonate,clay,and silt-bearing shale,the dissolution of K-feldspar contributes to illitization of kaolinite.Argillaceous shale,characterised by more clay minerals and lower mesopore volume,is identified as a potential hydrocarbon seal.Siliceous shale,with the highest pore volume and abundant inter-mineral pores,emerges as a promising shale oil reservoir.These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of shale properties,aiding in the prediction of shale oil exploration potential in the studied area.

Oderly accumulation theory of shale system petroleum resource and its prospecting significance-A case study of Chang 7 Member of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin

1 Introduction Shale formations bear abundant mineral resource and*unconventional petroleum resource,and the unconventional petroleum resource that contain in the shale formation should be integrated and researched.

Geological characteristics and exploration of shale oil in Chang 7 Member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China

A set of shale-dominated source rocks series were deposited during the heyday of lake basin development in the Member 7 of Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,and the thickness is about 110 m.Aimed at whether this layer can form large-scale oil enrichment of industrial value,comprehensive geological research and exploration practice have been carried out for years and obtained the following important geologic findings.Firstly,widely distributed black shale and dark mudstone with an average organic matter abundance of 13.81%and 3.74%,respectively,lay solid material foundation for the formation of shale oil.Secondly,sandy rocks sandwiched in thick organic-rich shale formations constitute an oil-rich"sweet spot",the average thickness of thin sandstone is 3.5 m.Thirdly,fine-grained sandstone and siltstone reservoirs have mainly small pores of 2–8μm and throats of 20–150 nm in radius,but with a large number of micro-pores and nano-throats,through fracturing,the reservoirs can provide good conductivity for the fluid in it.Fourthly,continued high-intensity hydrocarbon generation led to a pressure difference between the source rock and thin-layer reservoir of up to 8–16 MPa during geological history,driven by the high pressure,the oil charged into the reservoirs in large area,with oil saturation reaching more than 70%.Under the guidance of the above theory,in 2019,the Qingcheng Oilfield with geologic oil reserves of billion ton order was proved in the classⅠmulti-stage superimposed sandstone shale reservoir of Chang 7 Member by the Changqing Oilfield Branch through implementation of overall exploration and horizontal well volume fracturing.Two risk exploration horizontal wells were deployed for the classⅡthick layer mud shale interbedded with thin layers of silt-and fine-sandstones reservoir in the Chang 73 submember,and they were tested high yield oil flows of more than 100 tons per day,marking major breakthroughs in petroleum exploration in classⅠshale reservoirs.The new discoveries have expanded the domain of unconventional petroleum exploration.

Formation patterns of Chang 9 oil reservoir in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China

Based on analysis of main controlling factors of Chang 9, the source rock, driving force of migration, migration and accumulation modes, reservoir forming stages and model and enrichment law of Chang 9 reservoir were examined. The study showed that the oil of Chang 9 reservoir in the Jiyuan and Longdong(Eastern Gansu) areas came primarily from the source rock of Chang 7 Member, but the oil of Chang 9 reservoir in the Zhidan area came primarily from the source rock of Chang 9 Member. There developed lithologic-structural oil reservoirs in Gufengzhuang-Mahuangshan area in northwest Jiyuan, structural-lithologic oil reservoirs in east Jiyuan, and lithologic reservoirs in Huachi–Qingcheng area and Zhidan area. The overpressure of Chang 7 Member was the driving force of oil migration. The burial history showed that Chang 9 Member experienced two stages of reservoir forming, the reservoir formed in the Late Jurassic was smaller in charging scope and scale, and the Early Cretaceous was the period when the source rock generated oil and gas massively and the Chang 9 reservoir came into being. Along with the tectonic movements, Chang 7 bottom structure turned from high in the west and lower in the East in the sedimentary stage to high in the east and lower in the west in the hydrocarbon accumulation stage and at last to gentle western-leaning monoclinal structure at present. In Early Cretaceous, the Chang 7 bottom structure was the lowest in the west of Huanxian-Huachi-Wuqi-Dingbian areas, so the oil migrated laterally towards the higher positions around after entering the reservoir. In the main reservoir forming period, Chang 7 bottom had an ancient anticline in Mahuangshan-Hongjingzi area of west Jiyuan, controlling the oil reservoir distribution in west Jiyuan.

Factors controlling the reservoir accumulation of Triassic Chang 6 Member in Jiyuan-Wuqi area,Ordos Basin,NW China

In the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Jiyuan-Wuqi area, Ordos Basin, the Chang 6 reservoir is contacted to the Chang 7 high-quality source rock, but the oil pools are unevenly distributed, and complex in oil and water distribution. Through cores observation and fracture statistics, combined with comprehensive analyses of physical property, mercury injection, logging and geochemical data, and comparisons of the sandbodies scales, reservoir physical properties, argillaceous laminae and fractures between source and reservoir in the eastern and western oil-bearing areas and in the central water producing area, it is found that the hydrocarbon accumulation patterns are different in the eastern, central and western areas, and the characteristics of hydrocarbon migration under the background of double-provenance were sorted out. The study results show that the crude oil in the eastern area has different Pr/Ph and sterane distribution from that in the western area. The oil and gas primarily migrated vertically. The high-quality source rocks and favorable source-reservoir-cap combinations lay the foundation for large-scale oil and gas accumulations. Vertically, the oil and gas enrichment is controlled by the scale of sandbody and the difference of physical properties, while on the plane, it is controlled by the connectivity of sandbodies, the argillaceous laminae between source rock and reservoir, the reservoir physical property and the fractures. The sandbodies of oil-rich zones in the eastern and western areas have large thickness, low shale content, good physical properties, weak heterogeneity, few argillaceous laminae and abundant fractures, all of which are favorable for the vertical migration and accumulation of oil and gas. In contrast, in the middle area with converging provenances, the reservoirs, composed of thin sandbodies, features rapid variation in lithology and physical properties, strong heterogeneity, poor continuity of sandbodies, abundant argillaceous laminae between source rock and reservoir, and few fractures, makes it difficult for the oil and gas to migrate vertically, and results in low oil enrichment degree ultimately. For the exploration of continental multiple-provenance tight reservoirs, not only the good-property source rocks and reservoirs, but more importantly the source-reservoir contact relationship and the effect of fractures on the hydrocarbon migration and accumulation should be considered.

鄂尔多斯盆地南梁地区延长组长6沉积特征

为了研究南梁地区延长组重力流沉积特征,利用钻井岩芯、轻重矿物和测井解释等对鄂尔多斯盆地南梁地区三叠系延长组长6沉积体系特征与沉积模式进行分析。结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地长6以K2、K3、K4这3套泥岩作为标志层,根据测井分析方法将延长组长6划分为3个小层;依据轻、重矿物数据资料分析,明确了南梁地区延长组长6发育有东北、西南2个物源,主要受东北物源的控制,东北部母源来自于大青山、阴山一带的太古界高级变质岩和火山岩;南梁地区延长组长6主要以陆源湖泊、三角洲沉积为主,不同的沉积相的类型控制着砂体的展布形状,长6期发育的砂体自北东向西南方向呈现出条带状展布;延长组在长6期湖盆面积逐渐减小盆地边缘的三角洲沉积范围向湖盆中心收缩。长6期自北东向西南发育了三角洲前缘亚相、深湖亚相、浅湖亚相,由于三角洲前缘斜坡地带沉积物发生了滑塌,在重力作用下形成了浊流沉积。

延长油田双河西区北部长6油藏注水开发效果评价

延长油田双河西区北部长6油藏自2000年投入开发以来,由于开采时间久,油井产量递减快、含水上升块、关停井较多等问题逐渐凸显,需对研究区进行注水开发效果综合评价,剖析问题存在的具体原因,从而指导该地区长6油藏科学高效开发,为下一步精细注水开发及调整措施提供理论依据。

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部长6段致密砂岩孔喉结构及演化

通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、全岩与黏土矿物X射线衍射、高压压汞、CT扫描等分析测试手段,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部长6段非均质致密砂岩储集层的成岩-孔隙动态演化开展研究,在此基础上,讨论不同储集空间的成岩-孔喉演化特征。研究区长6段储集层的储集空间分为残余原生粒间孔主导型、溶蚀孔主导型和混合孔型3种;矿物成分和结构成熟度制约储集层的初始孔喉结构;胶结作用及其强度影响储集层的致密程度;溶蚀作用产生的孔喉影响储集性能。若储集层主要受压实作用和绿泥石胶结作用影响,则残余原生粒间孔占主导,孔隙孤立,多表现为中孔-疏网状喉道型储集空间,孔隙度较高,但连通性较差;若受浊沸石胶结和强溶蚀作用影响,则浊沸石溶蚀孔占主导,连通性好,多表现为中孔-类树状喉道型储集空间,为最佳储集空间;储集层经历绿泥石胶结、浊沸石胶结—弱溶蚀作用后,受浊沸石溶蚀孔与残余原生粒间孔共同影响,连通性较好,多表现为微孔、中孔-密网状喉道型储集空间,储集性能介于前两者之间。

鄂尔多斯盆地长7段重力流砂岩长石溶蚀特征及控制因素

基于岩心薄片、扫描电镜、能谱分析、X射线衍射全岩分析及溶蚀实验,研究鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组7段(简称长7段)重力流砂岩中长石溶孔发育特征及控制因素,明确长石溶孔的形成与分布,为预测优质储集层分布提供依据。研究表明:(1)研究区长7段砂岩中的长石经历3类成岩作用:长石次生加大、黏土以及方解石的交代、长石碎屑的溶蚀作用。(2)长7段致密砂岩中的长石溶蚀主要源于有机酸溶蚀,此外还受长石类型、长石早期蚀变程度以及砂岩中云母碎屑对有机酸的缓冲作用影响。(3)不同长石的溶蚀程度不同,表现为钾长石较斜长石易溶蚀,钾长石中正长石较微斜长石易溶,未蚀变的长石较早期高岭土或绢云母化的长石易溶蚀。(4)溶蚀实验显示云母的存在会抑制长石溶蚀,相同质量的云母对有机酸的消耗能力明显强于长石。(5)在云母含量低的情况下,长7段砂岩长石溶孔较为发育,储集层物性得以改善,而云母含量较高的地区长石溶孔则明显减少。

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系延长组长7页岩油特征及其主控因素

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系延长组长7页岩段具有埋深浅、油质轻、油井产能变化大、资源潜力大的特点,明确油藏的富集主控因素是进行高效勘探的关键。根据富县地区长7页岩段铸体薄片、物性、扫描电镜等测试分析结果,结合岩心、测井、地震等资料,对该区长7段地层特征进行了研究,并对其主控因素展开讨论。研究区长7段广泛发育灰色—深灰色—灰黑色烃源岩,其岩性为泥岩和泥页岩,有机质类型主要为Ⅰ—Ⅱ_(2)型,源岩的镜质体反射率(R_(o))值为0.81%~1.1%,生烃能力强。砂岩储层以细粒长石砂岩为主,孔隙类型以粒内孔、残余粒间孔、溶蚀孔隙和原生粒间孔为主;储层致密,孔隙度主要分布在2.0%~16.0%之间,渗透率主要分布在(0.01~1.20)×10^(-3)μm^(2)之间。砂岩夹层的物性以及距离断裂的远近影响储层的含油性:储层粒度越粗、物性越好,含油气性也越好。储层物性受控于两方面因素:一是沉积微相,水下分流河道微相物性最好,河口坝微相次之;二是成岩作用,早成岩期绿泥石强胶结及方解石弱胶结有助于物性甜点的形成。断层的发育和断层性质对富县地区长7页岩油的富集至关重要。统计发现,当断层断距超过10 m且井筒距断裂在1 km以内时,难以获得工业油流;当断距小于7 m且井筒距离大断裂超过1 km以上时,容易获得工业油流。

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部长7段页岩油气富集主控因素

为明确鄂尔多斯盆地东南部长7段页岩油气富集主控因素,综合钻井、测井、岩心分析化验等资料,对研究区长7段页岩油气富集程度及其机理进行研究。页岩解析气量与烃源岩总有机碳含量呈正比,有机质含量控制页岩油气的总含量,有机质发育大量孔隙,页岩油气以吸附态和游离态赋存于有机孔隙中。储集层孔隙结构和孔隙度影响页岩油气的含量及赋存状态,吸附油气主要赋存于微孔中,游离油气主要赋存于中孔和大孔中,但中孔中游离气含量高于大孔,而孔隙度越大,页岩中油气绝对含量越高。砂岩夹层和富有机质页岩的配置关系控制着页岩油气的富集部位,根据粉砂岩、细砂岩与页岩的关系,延长组长7段页岩油气可划分为近源和源内2类,源内又可分为砂岩与页岩互层型、页岩夹砂岩型和页岩型;下伏于富有机质页岩中的砂体和透镜状砂体油气含量最高,其次是上覆于富有机质页岩的砂体和呈舌状或指状与富有机质页岩接触的砂体。

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8、长6油层组的沉积体系与物源方向

野外露头剖面的岩石学与岩相组合,沉积特征与相标志,古流向测定,室内砂岩的骨架矿物、重矿物组合及其平面分布规律的研究结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8油层组是以线状或点状物源为特征的一套近源快速堆积的冲积扇与扇三角洲沉积体系,形成于盆地由快速拗陷转入逆冲负荷沉降期间。长8沉积期盆地西南部的古水流与物源主要来自盆地西南方向,其次为西北和东南方向。长6油层组沉积期,盆地内部底床下沉作用减缓,湖盆开始收缩,湖盆西岸除北部有少量扇三角洲沉积外,主要为辫状河三角洲沉积;而盆地东北部与东部的沉积作用大大加强,致使在盆地东部形成一系列大型曲流河三角洲沉积体系,至盆地西南部相变为半深湖—深湖相与浊流相沉积。长6沉积期古水流除来自西南、西北和东南方向外,还有来自北东和正东方向的次要物源,它们在盆地西南部悦乐—玄马—板桥—固城—合水一带汇合,使该地带成为混合物源区。

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区上三叠统延长组长6油层组的成岩相与储层分布

利用室内铸体薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射、图像粒度、压汞分析等现代测试技术和数理统计、储层综合评价方法研究了陕北延长组长6油层组成岩相与储层分布的关系。研究结果表明,压实作用和胶结作用分别造成砂岩中24.9%和12.0%的原生孔隙丧失,溶解作用使孔隙间的连通性得到改善、渗透性提高。沉积相、埋藏条件和碎屑成分的不同导致地区之间成岩作用的差异。可划分出5种成岩相带:浊沸石胶结溶蚀相是储层发育的最有利区,绿泥石薄膜胶结粒间孔相是次有利成岩相带,碳酸盐+自生粘土充填微孔相在一定条件下可形成良好的储层,压实压溶致密相和浊沸石/碳酸盐胶结致密相不利于储层的发育。

鄂尔多斯盆地白豹地区长6砂岩成岩作用与成岩相研究

上三叠统延长组6段是鄂尔多斯盆地白豹地区重要的勘探目的层,也是典型岩性-地层油藏。文章在岩心和沉积相分析基础上,结合铸体薄片、扫描电镜和电子探针等分析化验资料,对长6砂岩的成岩作用进行系统研究,确定对储层起破坏作用的成岩作用主要有压实-压溶作用、胶结作用和充填作用,起建设性成岩作用的主要有早期绿泥石和白云石的环边胶结作用、溶蚀作用和破裂作用。综合成岩作用方式的组合类型和演化序列,认为长6砂岩的成岩演化主体已进入中成岩阶段B期。在建立成岩演化模式的基础上,对成岩相组合特征进行了初步研究,划分出压实-胶结成岩相组合、压实成岩相组合和胶结-溶蚀成岩相组合,分析了成岩相组合与储层发育的关系及其区域分布规律,为进一步的岩性-地层油藏的成藏规律分析和储层预测提供了依据。

鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡中部长6油层组沉积微相及其含油性研究

研究区位于鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡中部,延长组长6油层是研究区主要目的油层,因此了解其沉积相类型及平面展布,探讨沉积微相与油气分布的关系,对勘探开发有指导意义。以岩芯及野外剖面观察为基础,通过岩石相、测井相、粒度和薄片鉴定资料的综合分析,揭示出研究区长6油层为三角洲前缘亚相,并可以细分为水下分流河道、河口坝、水下分流间湾、席状砂、水下决口扇和水下天然堤6个沉积微相,分析了各小层沉积微相的平面展布规律;在此基础上,首次将定量统计学方法应用于含油砂体沉积微相的分析,研究表明,长6油层的油气主要赋存在水下分流河道砂体及水下分流河道与河口坝组合砂体中,在层位上又以长61为主,是下一步主要勘探目标。

安塞油田延长组长6油层组沉积微相特征

根据野外露头、岩芯、测井及相关测试资料,分析了鄂尔多斯盆地安塞油田晚三叠世延长组长6油层组的沉积微相。结果表明,长6油层组属三角洲前缘亚相沉积,水下分流河道、水下分流间湾及前缘席状砂构成其主要微相,缺少河口坝微相。水下分流河道砂为储集层骨架砂体。同时对长6油层组各小层沉积微相的时空展布特点进行了分析,认为油气的聚集受沉积微相的控制,水下分流河道微相为长6油层组良好的储集层,是研究区油气开发的方向。

安塞油田长6油层组精细地层划分与对比

目的 在油田开发中、后期,为研究砂体展布、沉积微相、储层非均质性以及最终预测有利含油区块提供基础数据。方法 利用测井曲线和岩心资料,分析了研究区近200口探井长6油层组的岩、电特征,对安塞油田延长组长6油层组进行了精细划分与对比,并利用该成果分析了长61-21小层的沉积微相及砂体展布特点。结果 长6油层组自上而下划分为长61-11、长61-21、长1、长61-3621、长62和长63等6个不同级别的小层,各小层厚度不等;其中,长61-21小层砂体发育,属水下分流河道微相,为安塞油田延长组长6油层组的主力产层。结论 长6油层组精细地层划分与对比对油田开发具有重要意义。

鄂尔多斯盆地环县地区长6沉积体系展布特征

岩矿资料表明,鄂尔多斯盆地西部环县地区延长组长6三角洲沉积体系物源来自西部。进一步的地震相研究表明,该三角洲沉积体系在虎洞一带分为两支,一支沿环县—樊家川一线呈东西方向展布,另一支顺洪德方向呈北东向延展,并在耿湾—罗卜塬附近与东北物源体系的安边三角洲交汇。

鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区延长组长6储层成岩相及微观孔隙结构

鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区延长组长6储层物性差、非均质性强。利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射、物性、高压压汞等分析测试手段,深入分析了超低渗储层成岩作用、成岩相及其微观孔隙结构特征。结果表明:发育的优势储集成岩相主要有水云母胶结-残余粒间孔+长石溶蚀相、长石溶蚀+水云母胶结-残余粒间孔相、长石溶蚀+绿泥石膜胶结-残余粒间孔相等。不同类型成岩相的微观孔隙结构特征不同,孔喉比和配位数与最大进汞饱和度和退汞效率有很好的对应关系,即孔喉比越小,配位数越大,则最大进汞饱和度和退汞效率越大,如水云母胶结-残余粒间孔+长石溶孔相;反之,孔喉比越大,配位数越小,最大进汞饱和度和退汞效率越小,如长石溶孔+绿泥石膜胶结-残余粒间孔相。