First-round design of the flight scenario for Chang’e-2’s extended mission:take off from lunar orbit

Chang＇e-2, Chinese second lunar probe, was inserted into a 100 km altitude low lunar orbit on October 9th, 2010, its purpose is to continuously photograph the lunar surface and possibly chosen landing sites for future lunar missions. The probe will still carry considerable amount of propellant after completing all prescribed tasks in about six months. After the successful launch of Chang＇e-2, we began designing the probe＇s subsequent flight scenario, considering a total impulse of 1 100 m/s for takeoff from low lunar orbit and a maximum 3× 10^6 km distance for Earth-probe telecom- munication. Our first-round effort proposed a preliminary flight scenario that involves consecutive arrivals at the halo orbits around the Earth-Moon L1/L2 and Sun-Earth L1/L2 points, near-Earth asteroid flyby, Earth return, and lunar impact. The designed solution of Chang＇e-2＇s subsequent flight scenario is a multi-segment flight trajectory that serves as a reference for making the final decision on Chang＇e-2＇s extended mission, which is a flight to the Sun-Earth L2 point, and a possible scheme of lunar impact via Earth flyby after remaining at the Sun-Earth L2 point was also presented. The proposed flight trajectory, which possesses acceptable solution accuracy for mission analysis, is a novel design that effectively exploits the invariant manifolds in the circular restricted three-body problem and the patched-manifold-conic method.

Near-Earth asteroid flyby trajectories from the Sun-Earth L2 for Chang’e-2’s extended flight

Driven by curiosity about possible flight options for the Chang＇e-2 spacecraft after it remains at the Sun-Earth L2 point, effective approaches were developed for designing preliminary fuel-optimal near-Earth asteroid flyby trajectories. The approaches include the use of modified unstable manifolds, grid search of the manifolds＇ parameters, and a two-impulse maneuver for orbital phase matching and z-axis bias change, and are demonstrated to be effective in asteroid target screening and trajectory optimization. Asteroid flybys are expected to be within a distance of 2 × 10^7 km from the Earth owing to the constrained Earth-spacecraft communication range. In this case, the spacecraft＇s orbital motion is significantly affected by the gravities of both the Sun and the Earth, and therefore, the concept of the ＂he- liocentric oscillating-Kepler orbit＂ is proposed, because the classical orbital elements of the flyby trajectories referenced in the heliocentric inertial frame oscillate significantly with respect to time. The analysis and results presented in this study show that, among the asteroids whose orbits are the most accurately predicted, ＂Toutatis＂, ＂2005 NZ6＂, or ＂2010 CL19＂ might be encountered by Chang＇e-2 in late 2012 or 2013 with total impulses less than 100 rn/s.

Modeling method and preliminary model of Asteroid Toutatis from Chang'E-2 optical images

Shape modeling is fundamental to the analysis of dynamic environment and motion around asteroid. Chang＇E- 2 successfully made a flyby of Asteroid 4179 Toutatis and obtained plenty of high-resolution images during the mis- sion. In this paper, the modeling method and preliminary model of Asteroid Toutatis are discussed. First, the optical images obtained by Chang＇E-2 are analyzed. Terrain and silhouette features in images are described. Then, the modeling method based on previous radar model and preliminary information from optical images is proposed. A preliminary polyhedron model of Asteroid Toutatis is established. Finally, the spherical harmonic coefficients of Asteroid Toutatis based on the polyhedron model are obtained. Some parameters of model are analyzed and compared. Although the model proposed in this paper is only a preliminary model, this work offers a valuable reference for future high-resolution models.

Auto-compensation of velocity-height ratio for Chang’E-2 satellite CCD stereo camera

The TDI-CCD imaging method using auto-compensation of velocity-height ratio (VHR) was applied to Chang’E-2 satellite CCD stereo camera.Factors that influence the image quality of the camera were discussed,among which the mismatch error in VHR was found to be the main cause.An auto-compensation scheme for VHR was developed.The validity and effectiveness were proved by the on-orbit high quality images.

Positioning reduction in the real-time phase of Chang'E-2 satellite

The precision of VLBI tracking delays and the positioning reduction results during the real-time tracking phase of the Chang'E-2 satellite are statistically analyzed.The application of the positioning reduction to the real-time monitoring of pivotal arcs of the Chang'E-2 satellite is discussed.The technical specifications of the tests of tracking and control systems in X-band are estimated and evaluated via the positioning reduction method.Useful methodology and software are prepared and practical experience in engineering and technology is accumulated for the follow-up lunar and deep space explorations of China.

Dependence of epoch-wise two-way nested ANOVA estimates of variances of unmodeled effects present in relative GPS positioning on satellite elevation cutoff angle and PDOP mask

Impact of satellite elevation cutoff angle and position dilution of precision(PDOP)mask change on epoch-wise variance components of unmodeled effects that accompany relative Global Positioning System(GPS)positioning is presented herein.Data used for this study refer to the winter and summer periods of the years with minimal(2008)and maximal(2013)solar activity.These data were collected every 30 s in static mode,at two permanent GPS stations located in Montenegro,establishing a mediumdistance(116-km-long)baseline with a height difference of approximately 760 m between its endpoints.The study showed that changing satellite elevation cutoff angle,with a fixed PDOP mask,affects epochwise two-way nested ANOVA estimates of variances related to the‘far-field’multipath(considered as the nested factor herein)and the combined unmodeled effect of tropospheric and ionospheric refraction(considered as the nesting factor herein).However,changing of PDOP mask,with a fixed satellite elevation cutoff angle,doesn’t affect epoch-wise two-way nested ANOVA estimate of variance of the combined unmodeled effect of tropospheric and ionospheric refraction,but,generally,affects the estimate of variance of the‘far-field’multipath(possibly mixed with a part of a‘shorter-term’ionospheric refraction),which is especially pronounced for the summer period.It should also be noted that there is a significant influence of satellite elevation cutoff angle change on both epoch-wise horizontal and vertical position accuracy,only for the summer period,especially in the presence of maximal solar activity,while there is no significant impact of PDOP mask change on epoch-wise positional accuracy.

Overall scheme and on-orbit images of Chang’E-2 lunar satellite CCD stereo camera

The goals of engineering and scientific missions for Chang＇E-2 lunar satellite require high detection sensitivity and large imaging dynamic range for the onboard CCD cameras. The TDI CCD image sensor was adopted for the two linear CCD stereo cameras for the first time in the lunar reconnaissance of the world. The design argumentation is described in this paper. The analysis shows that the imagers meet the mission requirements. The satellite was launched on 1 October 2010 at zero window. The cameras obtained images of 7 m resolution on the 100 km orbit for the first time on 24 October 2010, and operated once again on 27 October 2010 to take stereo images of the Sinus Iridum with the resolution better than 1.5 m. On the near-moon-arc of 15 kmxl00 km elliptical orbit, the images are very clear and rich of grey scales, indicating successful completion of the Chang＇E-2 engineering mission. At the present the cameras are acquiring the full lunar surface stereo images with 7 m resolution on the 100 km circular orbit to complete their scientific mission.

Chang’E-2 satellite asymmetric-descent orbit control technology

To accomplish high-resolution imaging of the preselected landing area, it was necessary for the Chang＇E-2 mission to perform orbital maneuvering on the far side of the moon to meet the conditional height requirement of the imaging area. Engine shutdown would be executed invisibly on the back side of the moon if the descent maneuver mode opposite to the target perilune or the fuel optimal maneuver mode was used. To ensure the satellite safety, the project collectivety required that the engine shutdown should be designed to be executed in the domestic segmental arcs and meet the requirement of satellite emergency treatment simultaneously. Accordingly, the asymmetric-descent orbit control technology was adopted by offsetting the ma- neuver point, which obtained the orbit control parameters of finite-thrust mode with an iteration algorithm and modified the results with target perilune drift estimation. The Chang＇E-2 satellite declined to the target of 100 km×l5 km orbit successfully on 26 October 2010, and has been flying for 32 circles in the experimental orbit to accomplish the preselected landing area imaging. This paper describes the mechanism and realization method of the asymmetric-descent orbit control technology and evaluates the maneuver effect with the actual mission data.

由TOPEX/Poseidon和Jason-1/2探测的1993—2012中国海海平面时空变化

海平面变化是社会经济发展和科学研究的重要内容.利用1993年1月至2012年12月共20年的TOPEX/Poseidon、Jason-1和Jason-2卫星测高数据,研究中国海海平面的时空变化.首先通过三颗卫星伴飞阶段数据得到三颗卫星之间的逐点海面高系统偏差,进行逐点海面高改正,建立了20年的中国海海面高异常时间序列.分析了中国海海面高异常空间分布,给出了1月到12月月均平均海平面异常的空间变化规律.分析了中国海海面高异常的时变规律,分别给出了年、季度和月的海面上升速率.利用小波分析研究了中国海海面高异常周期变化规律,分别给出了渤海、黄海、东海和南海的海面高变化周期.讨论了ENSO对海面高异常的影响.

GF-2卫星影像在土地变更监测中的适用性及潜力分析

为进一步推广国产卫星遥感影像数据在国土资源行业中的应用,针对土地利用监测与现状变更调查业务需要,探索"高分二号"(GF-2)卫星数据在土地利用动态监测与现状变更调查工作中的适用性及其潜力。以四川隆昌县金鹅镇为研究区,通过定性、定量评价原始影像数据质量,对比分析同级数据,结合多方法提取变更信息,从不同角度测试其变化监测能力。结果显示,GF-2卫星数据地物清晰,光谱信息丰富,目标解译性较好,影像效果优于"高分一号"(GF-1)和SPOT6数据;主成分分析法和光谱变异法的结合可快速发现影像上的变化信息,GF-2卫星影像能满足土地利用变更监测的需求,具有较大潜力及价值。

基于卫星观测的2003-2013年北极海冰体积变化估算

北极海冰正处于快速减退时期,北极海冰体积变化是全球气候变化的重要指示因子。本文利用两种卫星高度计数据(ICESat和CryoSat-2)反演得到的海冰厚度数据,结合星载辐射计提取的海冰密集度数据以及海冰年龄数据,估算了近期的北极海冰体积以及一年冰和多年冰体积变化。CryoSat-2观测时段(2011-2013年)与ICESat观测时段(2003-2008年)相比,北极海冰体积在秋季(10-11月)和冬季(2-3月)分别减少了1 426 km^3和412 km^3。其中,秋季和冬季的一年冰的体积增加了702 km^3和2 975 km^3。相反,多年冰分别减少了2 108 km^3和3 206 km^3。多年冰的大量流失是造成北极海冰净储量下降的主要原因。

基于多源卫星数据的高邮湖长时序水位变化监测

湖泊水位是湖泊变化的重要指标之一,监测湖泊水位变化能够为水资源合理开发利用和流域水资源调度提供依据。以高邮湖为研究对象,基于T/P卫星和Jason-1/2/3卫星测高数据构建1993~2021年间水位序列,并采用M-K突变检验、滑动t检验等方法,结合气象及社会统计数据讨论高邮湖水位变化特征及影响因素。结果表明:综合利用T/P、Jason-1/2/3系列卫星可以实现高邮湖水位长时序监测,精度在0.22 m左右;综合长时序数据发现,高邮湖水位突变起始点在1997年,2003年年均水位达到峰值,其多年年内水位高峰期在7~10月,年内总体呈单峰分布。

基于Sentinel-2卫星的湖泊水面动态监测——以枫沙湖为例

以枫沙湖为例,研究Sentinel-2卫星遥感数据在湖泊水面动态监测中的应用方法,通过采集处理2017年4月—2020年4月含云量少的70景Sentinel-2卫星数据,利用改进的归一化差异水体指数,对枫沙湖水体面积进行提取,对湖泊水体面积月度、季度等变化特征及面积变化驱动因素进行分析。结果表明,2017—2020年枫沙湖水体面积呈减少趋势,每年减少0.19 km^(2),3周年监测枫沙湖水体面积均值为16.82 km^(2),比2014年水利普查中常年水体面积大0.62 km^(2);最大水体面积为17.76 km^(2),最小水体面积为14.24 km^(2);1月份水体面积均值最小,为15.26 km^(2),7月份水体面积均值最大,为16.99 km^(2),两者相差1.73 km^(2)。

Comparison of variability and change rate in tropospheric NO_(2) column obtained from satellite products across China during 1997–2015

Tropospheric NO_(2) column(TNC)products retrieved from five satellites including GOME/ERS-2(H,1997–2002),SCIAMACHY(S,2003–2011),OMI(O,2005–2015),GOME-2/METOP_A(A,2007–2013)and GOME-2/METOP_B(B,2013–2015)were compared in terms of their spatiotemporal variability and changes over China.The temporal series of H suggested an increasing trend of TNC from 1997 to 2002,those of S,O and A revealed further increasing trends until the highest level of TNC was reached in 2011,but decreasing trends were detected by those of O and B from 2011 to 2015.Seasonally,TNC was the highest in winter and the lowest in summer.Variability and changes from satellite TNC products are also analyzed in different regions of China.Spatially,it was the highest in North China and the lowest in Tibetan Plateau based on five datasets.Overall,TNCs from A,B and S were higher than that from O;and TNC from S was larger than that from A at the country level.The higher TNC the region has,the larger difference satellite products would show.However,different datasets reached a good agreement in the spatial pattern of trends in TNC with highly significant increasing trends detected in North China.

基于FM-UNet++和高分二号卫星影像的露天矿区范围变化检测

利用遥感和深度学习技术实现露天矿区土地利用变化信息的自动提取对于矿区开采监测、生态环境保护具有重要意义。针对复杂异质矿区场景下土地利用类型的变化,构建新型深度学习模型FM-UNet++,利用高分二号(GF-2)卫星影像实现露天矿区的自动变化检测。首先,通过资料调查和目视解译制作露天矿区变化检测数据集,通过数据增强对其进行扩充;其次,通过在UNet++模型中引入特征增强坐标注意力机制FECA(Feature-enhanced Coordinate Attention)和Mish激活函数构建面向露天矿区变化检测的FM-UNet++模型;最后,训练FM-UNet++及7种对比模型进行露天矿区变化检测实验,并比较不同深度学习模型的检测结果。结果表明:特征增强坐标注意力机制FECA和Mish激活函数均提升了UNet++模型的露天矿区变化检测性能。FM-UNet++模型对露天矿区变化检测的精确率(Precision)、召回率(Recall)、F1-Score和交并比(IoU)值分别达到95.6%、89.2%、92.3%和85.7%,相较于FCN、PSPNet、Deeplabv3+、LANet、UNet、UNet++和DA-UNet++等深度学习模型均有显著提升。FM-UNet++模型的变化检测速度与上述7种对比模型保持在同一数量级,且其训练过程稳定,验证了FM-UNet++模型应用于露天矿区变化检测的可行性。

基于激光测高数据的Amery冰架高程变化监测研究

针对传统的花杆测量法、GPS实测法在南极冰架高程变化监测上的覆盖范围小、操作难度大和安全成本高以及基于SAR差分干涉冰雪表面高程测量易失相干等问题。基于亚米级卫星激光测高数据ICESat/GLAS与ICESat-2/ATLAS重叠点法和克里金插值法,对Amery冰架近15年高程变化进行监测。为了纵向比较,本文以2003~2018年、2004~2019年和2005~2020年3组15年周期数据进行高程变化监测。实验结果表明:在近15年里Amery冰架冰雪物质积累区域大于减少区域,高程变化主要分布在0~±2 m之间,在冰架与大洋接壤区域高程显著升高近40 m。从3组数据纵向对比分析发现,Amery冰架中部区域高程变化相对稳定,边缘区域受接壤冰盖影响年际波动相对较大。

Automatic Stitching Method for Chang＇E-2 CCD Images of the Moon

The lunar map is a product of primary scientific objectives of lunar exploration. Aiming at the characteristics of the Chang＇E-2 CCD data, an automatic stitching method used for 2C level CCD data from Chang＇E-2 lunar mission is proposed. Combining with the image registration technique and the characteristics of Chang＇E CCD images, the fast method proposed not only can overcome the contradiction of the high spatial resolution of the CCD images and the low positioning accuracy of the location coordinates, but also can speed up the processing and minimize the utilization of human resources to produce lunar mosaic map. Meanwhile, a new lunar map from 70oN to 70oS with spatial resolution of less than 10 m has been completed by the proposed method. Its average relative location accuracy of the adjacent orbits CCD image data is less than 3 pixels.

同波束干涉测量差分相位计算与DOR时延精度验证

同波束干涉测量可以获取多航天器间高精度相对角位置信息。但对于两航天器间匹配频点少、频点间频差大、观测非连续条件下如何获取高精度的相对角位置观测量仍然是一个尚待解决的问题。我国在嫦娥二号(CE-2)卫星上首次搭载了差分单程测距(DOR)信标,用于测量技术测试验证,如何对DOR信号带宽综合时延进行精度验证也是本文关心的问题。文中提出基于相位补偿的差分相位解算方法,并基于DOR多频点信号测量数据进行了方法验证。给出DOR带宽综合解算方法,分析DOR无模糊解算条件;通过合理设置采样通道,实现了由单通道群时延验证DOR带宽综合时延。嫦娥二号卫星实测数据分析表明,相位补偿法可以得到反映航天器间相对角位置的差分相位观测量;DOR带宽综合时延与单通道时延解算结果一致,且时延解算精度有显著提高。

多源卫星测高数据监测太湖水位变化及影响分析

基于Envisat与Cryosat-2卫星测高数据利用波形重跟踪算法提取2003年1月—2019年4月太湖水位信息,并对测高数据进行粗差剔除、卫星间系统误差消除,结合MODIS光学遥感影像提取太湖边界信息,得到长时间序列太湖水位数据。结合气象观测数据和城市人口变迁数据,讨论太湖水位变化规律及其对气候变化以及人类活动影响的响应。结果表明:2003-2009年期间太湖水位呈上升趋势(0.036 m/a),2009-2019年期间太湖水位呈下降趋势(-0.0144 m/a);地表温度及降水均对太湖水位变化有周期性影响,其中降水的影响更为显著;此外,随着太湖周边城市化进程加快,以2009年为节点,2009年后周边城市人口增长速度加快,城市用水需求加大,导致太湖水位呈下降趋势,表明人类活动对太湖水位变化有整体性影响。

新一代Landsat卫星星座特征及应用前景

Landsat 9是最新发射一颗陆地资源卫星,它将代替Landsat 7与Landsat 8组成新一代Landsat卫星星座,继续长期观测地球的变化。文章主要介绍了新一代陆地观测卫星星座的特征和其在海岸线监测、气候变化与生物多样性研究、极地与冰川监测、全球森林动态监测、水资源监测等领域的应用前景以及下一代Landsat卫星的概况。