State coordinated voltage control in an active distribution network with on-load tap changers and photovoltaic systems

Decreasing costs and favorable policies have resulted in increased penetration of solar photovoltaic(PV)power generation in distribution networks.As the PV systems penetration is likely to increase in the future,utilizing the reactive power capability of PV inverters to mitigate voltage deviations is being promoted.In recent years,droop control of inverter-based distributed energy resources has emerged as an essential tool for use in this study.The participation of PV systems in voltage regulation and its coordination with existing controllers,such as on-load tap changers,is paramount for controlling the voltage within specified limits.In this work,control strategies are presented that can be coordinated with the existing controls in a distributed manner.The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated through simulation results on a distribution system.

Multi-stage optimum design of magazine type automatic tool changer arm

To enhance machining efficiency,tool change time has to be reduced.Thus,for an automatic tool changer attached to a machining center,the tool change time is to be reduced.Also the automatic tool changer is a main part of the machining center as a driving source.The static attributes of the automatic tool changer using the commercial code,ANSYS Workbench V12,were tried to interpret.And the optimum design of automatic tool changer arm was proposed by performing the multi-stage optimum design.The shape optimization of the automatic tool changer was proposed and the result was verified to obtain acceptable improvements.It is possible to obtain an optimized model in which the maximum deformation,maximum stress,and mass are reduced by 10.46%,12.89% and 9.26%,respectively,compared with those of the initial model.Also,the results between conventional method by the design of experiments and proposed method by the multi-stage optimum design method were compared.

The Design of Heat Exchangers

A relation between heat transferred and energy loss, for turbulent flow. In different tube arrangements, is made. The conditions are determined which decide the dimensions and velocities for a heat exchanger. Also, a reference to the economic dimensioning of heat exchangers is presented. In this study, the conditions which a heat exchanger must satisfy represent the best balance between the amounts of material employed. The investigation is restricted to the case of turbulent flow.

HIVE,游戏规则的改变者——索贝蜂巢内容平台亮相NAB 2016并荣获IABM Game Changer大奖

全球广播和媒体行业的盛会——NAB2016刚刚在美国拉斯维加斯落下帷幕。来自全世界的广播和媒体的从业者汇聚在这里,展示和交流最新的技术、产品和解决方案,共谋未来业务发展。索贝公司与SONY公司合作,向全球客户展示了基于HIVE的全新新闻制播系统Media Backbone HIVE,并一举摘取IABM Game Changer大奖!

索贝HIVE亮相NAB2016,摘取IABM Game Changer大奖

美国·托斯维加斯，全球广播和媒体行业的盛会——NAB 2016，刚刚在这里落下帷幕。来自全世界的广播和媒体的从业者汇聚在这里，展示和交流最新的技术，产品和解决方案，共谋未来业务发展。

快速切换网络配置的好工具IP Changer

我们对网络进行维护时，经常需要改动电脑的网络配置参数，比如IP地址、子网掩码、默认网关、代理服务器、DNS服务器等，尽管在Windows2000／XP下更改P地址不需要重启电脑，但是每次还都要进入“控制面板”→“网络”→“TCP/IP属性”进行修改，实在是麻烦，不过现在好了，有了IP Changer我们就可以快速地切换网络配置了。

Online Education Game Changer

XuetangX, the leading Chinese Massive Open Online Courses （MOOCs） platform created by Beijing-based Tsinghua University, has broken new ground yet again. After having reached more than 7 million users worldwide in May, XuetangX has now become the first Chinese MOOC platform to offer its online education services in Africa.

The Game Changer China Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC）： A SWOT Analysis

China Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC） is dreamed to be the game changer not only for China and Pakistan but other 50 regional, Middle East, Central Asian Republics, and European countries too. It is one of its kind a huge project with billion US$ investment by China. Since its inception, the internal controversies and disputes in Pakistan on the sharing of benefits as well as interests and concerns of the regional and international players are posing threats to it. The review article aims to investigate and analyze the strengths and weakness and opportunities and threats （SWOT） for CPEC. To analyze the qualitative data, a computer based software program ATLAS.ti was used by employing multiple methods like discourse, hermeneutics, and heuristic by Moustakas. The schematic model of the theoretical framework elaborates the association and impact between and on the dependent, independent, and mediating variables of the study. It was found that if the security, political support, internal and external threats, coordination and cooperation and involvement of stakeholders are properly addressed, the CPEC will bear the fruits.

Erosion Characteristics of Oil-immersed On-load Tap Changer Contacts Under Varying Contact Speeds and Pressures

With the growing demand for precise voltage adjustment and reactive regulation,the frequent operation of on-load tap changers(OLTCs)in oil-immersed systems has led to increased erosion of switch contacts by arcs during the switching process.This erosion causes significant wear on the contacts,thereby reducing their lifespan.Therefore,the present study aims to investigate the behavior and mechanism of arc erosion on contact surfaces in oil-immersed OLTCs.To achieve this,a self-designed friction and wear test device for OLTC contacts was utilized to conduct experiments at various sliding speeds and contact pressures.Additionally,finite element analysis was employed to validate the experimental results regarding the influence of sliding speed on arc energy.The surface morphology of the contacts was observed using an optical microscope.The findings revealed that as the sliding speed increased,the arc energy,arc initiation rate,and contact resistance initially exhibited an upward trend,then decreased,and eventually increased again.The minimum values were observed at a sliding speed of 90 mm/s.Moreover,the arc energy,arc initiation rate,and contact resistance decreased gradually as the contact pressure increased.After reaching a contact pressure of 1.5 N,the variation in the arc energy stabilized.At lower contact pressures,arc erosion dominated the wear on the contact surface.However,at higher contact pressures,the wear transitioned from predominantly arc erosion to a combination of mechanical wear and arc erosion.In summary,experimental and analytical investigations provided insights into the effects of sliding speed and contact pressure on the behavior of arc erosion,contact resistance,and surface damage of OLTC contacts in oil-immersed systems.

适配变压器全档位切换暂态分析的有载分接开关电路模型构建

有载分接开关(on-loadtap-changer,OLTC)是换流变压器的核心组件,其可靠切换过程关乎换流变的安全。然而目前国内在运特高压换流变用OLTC完全依赖进口,仿真获取OLTC不同运行状态的暂态特性数据是支撑OLTC关键电气参数设计与国产化制造的基础。经典的OLTC模型仅改变变压器变比或仅模拟单级档位切换过程,难以满足全档位电压调整与各级档位暂态特性数据同步获取的需求,导致OLTC设计优化、参数选型及故障分析缺乏足够的仿真数据支持。该文首先以真空OLTC为研究对象建立切换开关和极性开关等效电路模型,根据OLTC复杂的调压功能建立分层控制系统。其次,在PSCAD中搭建交流仿真系统,获取有载调压过程的暂态特性数据波形,与解析计算得到的电压和电流相比误差小于0.2%,证明该模型满足OLTC电磁暂态仿真研究的精度要求。最后,开展循环调压仿真,获得负载电压数据与波形。结果表明:该文提出的OLTC模型能够接收外部控制信号,进行全档位调压与极性转换仿真分析,能够为OLTC的调压研究、故障溯源分析和过渡电阻设计选型等提供基础模型。

分体分步式换流变有载分接开关研制

特高压直流换流变压器有载分接开关长期承载满负荷运行的方波电流,切换电流di/dt大,熄弧困难,并且动作频繁,基本被国外企业垄断。文中首先针对特高压换流变传统有载分接开关无任何直接有效的电气量监测保护的“黑盒”难题,以及故障极易引起换流变本体损坏,影响特高压直流工程可用率问题,提出了一种分体分步式有载分接开关拓扑,实现换流变有载分接开关核心部件分体布置以及分步闭环控制保护,并分析梳理了工程应用的电气应力;然后进行了切换开关、分接选择器和控制保护装置等关键核心部件的研制;最后搭建基于LC谐振法的切换试验系统,对所研制的分体分步式有载分接开关进行了切换试验、容量试验、温升试验以及绝缘试验。试验结果表明:所研制的分体分步式有载分接开关额定级电压4 kV,最大通过电流1600 A,切换开关外置,无油化设计,内部集成电气测量系统,切换过程能够实现分步操作控制和保护,避免故障扩大化,满足±800 kV/5000 A特高压直流输电换流变压器的工程应用需求。

平板触头小开距高电流密度下真空电弧特性的实验研究

平板触头被广泛应用于真空触发开关和真空有载分接开关中,为研究其在高电流密度下的真空电弧特性及阳极模式的转变,该文针对直径15、20mm的平板触头,在3、6mm开距下进行触发燃弧实验,并依次对电弧电压特性、电弧能量特性、电弧形貌、触头烧蚀情况进行分析研究。结果表明:峰值电流一定时,随着触头直径与开距的比值的增大,电弧电压和电弧能量减小。触头直径与开距的比值越小,电弧出现阳极模式的阈值电流越小,且触头烧蚀越严重。在开距6mm时,直径15mm触头电弧电压在大部分时间比较稳定,阳极羽流在电弧快熄灭之前出现,而直径20mm触头电弧电压在整个燃弧期间频繁波动,电弧模式不断变化,阳极羽流在整个燃弧期间都有出现。研究结果对于大电流真空开断具有理论指导意义。

双芯移相变压器在主动配电网电压和潮流调控中的应用分析

双芯移相变压器可以有效控制线路电压和潮流,优化潮流分布,提高电网电能质量。针对分布式电源的高比例接入造成的主动配电网电压波动和偏差问题,以及对潮流大小、方向和均衡度的影响,文章研究了双芯移相变压器的拓扑结构和工作原理;然后分析了串联变压器和励磁变压器的具体结构和作用,梳理了移相变压器分别应用于电压调节和潮流控制时的档位控制策略;最后基于MATLAB/Simulink建立了详细的仿真模型,研究了双芯移相变压器的电压调节效果,并对双线路并联、两路电源并联供电、多路电源并联供电三种应用场景下的潮流控制效果作了比较。仿真结果表明,双芯移相变压器可以在有限的档位内将线路电压控制在允许范围;与双线路并联、多路电源并联供电应用场景相比,两路电源并联供电时的潮流均衡效果最好,潮流偏差最小,本研究为双芯移相变压器的广泛应用提供了参考。

基于储能有功功率与OLTC协调的配电网电压控制

高比例光伏系统接入配电网会引起电压越限,传统无功电压调整方案在高阻抗比配网中失效,利用储能系统有功功率实现电压控制的技术方案被广泛采用,但现有技术方案中的储能系统在电压控制过程中可能产生过度充放电问题。针对这些问题,提出了一种基于储能有功功率与有载调压变压器(on-loadtapchanger,OLTC)协调的配电网电压控制策略。在分析光伏接入对配电网电压影响的基础上,利用测量得到的电压数据控制储能有功功率,实现对接入节点电压水平的快速调控;同时在OLTC控制环节加入储能荷电状态参考量,利用节点电压信息与储能荷电状态共同控制OLTC分接头动作,实现对配电网整体电压水平调控的同时避免了储能系统过度充放电。最后在IEEE 13节点系统中进行仿真验证,结果表明所提策略能够解决配电网内电压越限问题,避免储能系统过度充放电,从而延长储能系统的使用寿命,实现对配电网内资源的合理利用。

基于换档全过程振动强度的变压器CM型有载分接开关机械故障诊断方法

变压器有载分接开关(on-load top changer,OLTC)的主要故障类型是机械故障,现有大多数研究仅诊断切换开关故障,难以辨识影响换档全过程的传动机构故障。为准确诊断切换开关与传动机构故障,该文提出一种基于换档全过程振动强度的OLTC机械故障诊断方法。首先,将多通道切换开关振动爆发数据转换为时域波形图输入改进的卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN),以获取池化层特征。然后,提出换档全过程振动强度特征,将换档全过程振动信号划分为多个区间,统计各区间中幅值超过阈值的点数,以表征各时间段平均振动强度。最后,提出一种新的特征处理方法改变以上两种特征的相对大小,并融合两种特征训练分类器诊断机械故障类型。实例分析表明:相比于现有OLTC机械故障诊断方法,所提方法能有效辨识传动机构故障,进一步提升对切换开关故障的诊断精度,具有较强的鲁棒性与泛用性,可为OLTC机械故障诊断研究提供新的思路。

有载分接开关绝缘油中金属颗粒运动规律及其对介电性能的影响

高压有载分接开关油室金属微粒放电引发的缺陷超一半以上严重影响长期运行可靠性。研究了有载分接开关断开过程中绝缘油中金属颗粒的运动规律及其对绝缘油介电性能的影响,可为有载分接开关绝缘状态诊断和油隙绝缘裕度设计提供理论基础。首先分别给出了流体场、金属颗粒动力学以及电场的理论分析,并阐述了三者的耦合关系;同时建立有载分接开关触头二维简化仿真模型,得到了流体场中涡流的分布、金属颗粒的运动规律以及带电金属颗粒的运动轨迹;仿真结果表明开关运动过程中,开关间隙中心处颗粒浓度最高,且会形成“小桥”。通过混合物的介电常数和电导率模型计算了金属颗粒浓度分布变化对绝缘油介电性能的影响,提出了按浓度分区计算再并联的方法,提高了介电参数计算的准确性。

油液环境中有载分接开关快速机构切换特性

利用基于移动粒子半隐式方法的Particleworks,分析有载分接开关快速机构在油液环境中的切换特性.介绍有载分接开关快速机构的工作原理,设计有载分接开关快速机构的机械结构,给出快速机构在油液环境下的动力学计算基础.建立该有载分接开关快速机构在油液环境中的动力学仿真模型,对照了该快速机构在有无变压器油液环境中的切换特性差异,得到驱动电机的驱动扭矩要求大于40 N·m.分析油液黏度和储能弹簧刚度对该快速机构切换特性的影响,得到快速机构在油液环境下切换过程中飞轮受到的油液阻力矩的变化规律,通过流场分析揭示了飞轮受到的阻力矩变化和波动的原因.

超临界CO_(2)印刷电路板换热器热工水力特性研究

对于超临界CO_(2)布雷顿循环中的印刷电路板换热器,其复杂结构与工作介质的特殊物理性质将导致集总参数方法出现较大的计算误差。为提升印刷电路板换热器的换热参数的计算精度,本文基于Modelica语言,采取分节点建模方法,开发了印刷电路板换热器的热工水力特性计算程序,对其稳态运行时的换热参数进行了分析。结果表明:印刷电路板换热器的通道内超临界CO_(2)的对流换热系数沿流动方向发生显著变化。与设计值相比,分节点计算程序的最大相对误差小于3%,计算精度相比于集总参数方法显著提升,因此有必要采取分节点计算方法以提高计算精度。研究结果可为超临界CO_(2)布雷顿循环系统中印刷电路板换热器的设计和仿真提供参考。

电弧故障时分体式有载分接开关结构失效风险仿真研究

为研究新型分体式有载分接开关(OLTC)电弧故障时的应力分布并验证其布置可靠性,基于电弧能量和电弧故障的产气特性,计算了电弧故障起始过程的冲击压力与气泡膨胀阶段的压力;进而建立电弧故障的压力波传输模型,采用声固耦合仿真方法对压强场-应力场的耦合作用进行计算,实现了流体压力波与固体弹性波的相互转换;同时构建分体式OLTC内部燃弧故障的压力传播模型,得到了切换油室和分体油箱的内部压强和结构应力分布特征。计算结果表明:电弧故障后油室顶部和底部的压强峰值分别为1.59、2.95 MPa,对应的油室顶部和底部结构的应力峰值分别为90、440 MPa,明显存在油室底部开裂风险;在油室底部泄漏的情况下,油箱顶部应力峰值超过250 MPa会造成油室底部破坏,从而严重威胁油箱结构的可靠性。相关结论可为分析OLTC油室结构破裂故障和完善新型OLTC分体式布置的设计提供理论依据。