Characterisation of Hydrological Drought and Implications for Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Sokoto-Rima River Basin (SRRB), Nigeria

Hydrological drought is usually characterised by water loss over time from both underground and surface supplies. Thus for this study, the assessment of hydrological drought was carried out by employing Cumulative Rainfall/Streamflow Anomaly as preliminary tools for the presence of drought signatures while detailed characterisation was via Streamflow Drought Index (SDI). The results revealed that hydrological drought was observed in all the stations;however, though in general, the stations could be classified as experiencing near normal drought conditions with mild drought signatures. The findings also revealed that the average streamflow deficit volume and durations of the hydrological drought severity were 1.780 Mm3 and 192 months, 1.444 Mm3 and 252 months, 3.148 Mm3 and 252 months, and 0.159 Mm3 and 372 months for Bakolori, Goronyo (pre dam construction era), Goronyo (post dam construction era) and Zobe stations, respectively. The results also revealed the relevance of flow duration curve and analysis of frequency of drought state transition for the development of scenario-based basin water resources management protocol. The coefficient of determination (R2) statistic of the developed regression models indicate that 73.3% and 86.5% variation in streamflow dynamics across the Basin can be explained by climate change variables. However, for sustainable management of water resources in the Basin, it is imperative that characterisation of hydrological drought and monitoring should employ robust indices which use improved monthly precipitation estimates under global warming scenario in addition to ensuring that there is a shift from reactive to proactive approach in order to combat hydrological risk. Hence, a robust framework that finds application both for planning mitigation actions which embody strategic, tactical and emergency components should be designed;to this end, analysis of persistence and recurrence of drought in time and determination of possible recurrent patterns are necessary.

Indigenous People’s Contribution to the Mitigation of Climate Variation, Their Perception, and Organizing Strategy for Sustainable Community Based Forest Resources Management in <i>Caraballo</i>Mountain, Philippines

The focus of the study is to measure the level of awareness of Indigenous People on Climate Variation. It inquired into their observations and organizing strategy to cope with the early impacts of climate change on their socio-economic and cultural beliefs. The organization’s adaptation and mitigation practices to protect the environment are also discussed using as basis of analysis the multi-stakeholders framework of forest protection. The study documented and recognized the Indigenous Peoples contributions to the preservation and protection of forest resources in Caraballo mountain and a shift in paradigm to Indigenous People’s centered forest resources management is recommended.

Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources Management in the Lower Chao Phraya Basin, Thailand

Climate change and associated rising in sea water level have affected the salinity in many rivers around the world. It has an effect on the embouchure adjacent with the sea, which is called the salinity intrusion problem. This study investigated the effects of climate change on sea water level that affects the hydraulic conditions, salinity, water supply and agricultural areas in the lower Chao Phraya River by MIKE 11 model has been used. The study covered the area from Chao Phraya Dam (barrage), Chai Nat Province to the river estuary, Samut Prakan Province. The model was divided into two parts, hydrodynamic module and advection-dispersion model. Calibration of each part was done by adjusting its important coefficients. It was observed that the Manning’s coefficient (n) and coefficient dispersion of mass were in the range of 0.025 - 0.40 and 800 - 1600 m2/s, respectively. The results of comparison between models and observation data revealed order of forecasting error (R2) with the range of 0.76-0.99 for water level and 0.73 - 0.86 for salinity. The RCP 8.5 scenario from IPCC report was simulated. It was found that sea water level rising in was 1.16 m in the year of 2100, and salinity at SamlaePump Station was risen to 0.37 - 0.75 g/l. The value of 0.25 g/l exceeding standard and the pointed tip of salinity was at Koh Rain District, Ayutthaya Province (137 km from Chao Phraya Dam: CPD). For agricultural sectors, the value of 0.20 g/l exceeding standard and the pointed tip of salinity was at Ban Mai District, Ayutthaya Province (123 km from CPD). Results obtained from this study will give the guideline in raw water resources management for water supply and agricultural in Chao Phraya River Basin.

Thoughts on the Emergency Guarantee of Library Electronic Resources in the Post-Pandemic Era

In the post-pandemic era,libraries need to improve the emergency support of electronic resources and establish a relatively perfect electronic resource support system in order to adapt to the construction goal of the national emergency system as well as realize their own transformation and development.It must be realized through enhancing awareness and planning,strengthening policy support and top-level design,realizing rapid response and intelligent response,improving technical support,promoting resource synergy,integration,and sharing,strengthening community integration,as well as providing intelligent management and services.

Investigating the causes of Lake Urmia shrinkage:climate change or anthropogenic factors?

In the current scenario,Lake Urmia,one of the vastest hyper saline lakes on the Earth,has been affected by serious environmental degradation.Using different satellite images and observational data,this study investigated the changes in the lake for the period 1970–2020 based on the effects of climate change and several human-induced processes on Lake Urmia,such as population growth,excessive dam construction,low irrigation water use efficiency,poor water resources management,increased sediment flow into the lake,and lack of political and legal frameworks.The results indicated that between 1970 and 1997,the process of change in Lake Urmia was slow;however;the shrinkage was faster between 1998 and 2018,with about 30.00%of the lake area disappearing.As per the findings,anthropogenic factors had a much greater impact on Lake Urmia than climate change and prolonged drought;the mismanagement of water consumption in the agricultural sector and surface and underground water withdrawals in the basin have resulted in a sharp decrease in the lake's surface.These challenges have serious implications for water resources management in Lake Urmia Basin.Therefore,we provided a comprehensive overview of anthropogenic factors on the changes in Lake Urmia along with existing opportunities for better water resources management in Lake Urmia Basin.This study serves as a guideline framework for climate scientists and hydrologists in order to assess the effects of different factors on lake water resources and for decision-makers to formulate strategies and plans according to the management task.

Changes and development plans in the mountain villages of South Korea:Comparison of the first and second national surveys

Owing to the geographic disadvantages of mountain villages, the social, cultural, and economic conditions of mountain villagers are inferior to those of urban dwellers in South Korea. Thus, in 1995, the The government of South Korea launched a mountain village development support program to promote agriculture and forestry, balance national land development, and preserve cultural heritage. The program was effectively implemented, improving the income, population size, and living conditions of villagers in addition to setting up a system for stable project implementation. However, concerns were raised about long-term development planning, the creation and marketing of specialty brands, facility management/operation, and follow-up support. The government conducted surveys of mountain villagers in 2003 and 2014, obtaining basic data to address these issues. This study evaluates the outcomes of these two surveys, suggesting areas requiring focusedaction, concentrating on village development projects, forest resource distribution and use, demographic trends, the economy, exchange with urban areas, green tourism, and master planning. We find that despite growth in the forest labor force, forest ownership is diminishing in terms of the number and scale of holdings. Consequently, it is necessary to commercialize forest resources, establish favorable settlement conditions, and expand government support for village-run projects. In addition, systematic forest management for older tree age classes would benefit the public and provide assets for future mountain village development. Our results are expected to provide baseline information for the establishment and efficient implementation of mountain village development policy.

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.

Climate change impacts on the streamflow of Zarrineh River,Iran

Zarrineh River is located in the northwest of Iran,providing more than 40%of the total inflow into the Lake Urmia that is one of the largest saltwater lakes on the earth.Lake Urmia is a highly endangered ecosystem on the brink of desiccation.This paper studied the impacts of climate change on the streamflow of Zarrineh River.The streamflow was simulated and projected for the period 1992-2050 through seven CMIP5(coupled model intercomparison project phase 5)data series(namely,BCC-CSM1-1,BNU-ESM,CSIRO-Mk3-6-0,GFDL-ESM2G,IPSL-CM5A-LR,MIROC-ESM and MIROC-ESM-CHEM)under RCP2.6(RCP,representative concentration pathways)and RCP8.5.The model data series were statistically downscaled and bias corrected using an artificial neural network(ANN)technique and a Gamma based quantile mapping bias correction method.The best model(CSIRO-Mk3-6-0)was chosen by the TOPSIS(technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution)method from seven CMIP5 models based on statistical indices.For simulation of streamflow,a rainfall-runoff model,the hydrologiska byrans vattenavdelning(HBV-Light)model,was utilized.Results on hydro-climatological changes in Zarrineh River basin showed that the mean daily precipitation is expected to decrease from 0.94 and 0.96 mm in 2015 to 0.65 and 0.68 mm in 2050 under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5,respectively.In the case of temperature,the numbers change from 12.33℃ and 12.37℃ in 2015 to 14.28℃ and 14.32℃ in 2050.Corresponding to these climate scenarios,this study projected a decrease of the annual streamflow of Zarrineh River by half from 2015 to 2050 as the results of climatic changes will lead to a decrease in the annual streamflow of Zarrineh River from 59.49 m^(3)/s in 2015 to 22.61 and 23.19 m^(3)/s in 2050.The finding is of important meaning for water resources planning purposes,management programs and strategies of the Lake's endangered ecosystem.

Shrinking greenery： Land use and land cover changes in Kurram Agency, Kohi Safid Mountains of north-western Pakistan

Deforestation and other Land Use and Land Cover(LULC) changes, driven by variety of physical and anthropogenic factors, have altered the mountainous environment. Mountains around the world including northern and north western belts of Pakistan are highly sensitive to deforestation and other LULC changes, which have profound impacts on various sectors of bio-physical and socio-economic systems. Assessment of LULC changes has high significance for protection, conservation and monitoring mountainous environment. The present study is an attempt to assess the landscape changes with particular reference to forest cover depletion in Kurram Agency located in the north western mountain belt of Pakistan. For detailed comparative analysis the study area has been divided into three sections, which coincide with the present administrative divisions of the Agency, i.e., Upper,Lower and Central Kurram. Temporal span of this study covers four decades. In this study, land use map of 1970 and land sat satellite imageries of 1987, 2000 and 2014 were used as spatial data sets. The images were processed and classified into six LULC classes through geospatial packages and change detection maps were prepared for each division and time period.Findings of the study reveal two trends in the four major LULC categories. Forest and rangeland have shrunk, on average, by 15% and 7.5% respectively while, bare soil and rocks outcrops have expanded by 89% and agriculture land by 7.2% in Kurram agency.The water bodies and snow cover have minor fluctuation in its land area. Major causes of shrinking greenery is attributed to high influx of Afghan refugees and high energy demand of growing population. However, with outflow of the refugees from Kurram agency the general trend in forest cover has reverted and deforestation rate has slowed down.

Organizational dynamics of an information system: case study from the forestry sector

The Forest Department in the State of Uttar Pradesh, India developed Forest Management Information System (FMIS) for achieving organizational goals of improved financial and human resource management, improvement in the management of forests and wildlife, and for achieving responsive administration. This paper, based on field research, presents an assessment of the dynamics of FMIS in organizational context for a better understanding of such systems in forestry organizations. The paper also investigates the success of FMIS in assisting decision makers in achieving organizational goals. Based on the knowledge developed during the course of the study, key learning elements have been highlighted for the benefit of the stakeholders in information systems in forest sector.

Water Resources of Uganda: An Assessment and Review

Water resources of a country constitute one of its vital assets that significantly contribute to the socio-economic development and poverty eradication. However, this resource is unevenly distributed in both time and space. The major source of water for these resources is direct rainfall, which is recently experiencing variability that threatens the distribution of resources and water availability in Uganda. The annual rainfall received in Uganda varies from 500 mm to 2800 mm, with an average of 1180 mm received in two main seasons. The spatial distribution of rainfall has resulted into a network of great rivers and lakes that possess big potential for development. These resources are being developed and depleted at a fast rate, a situation that requires assessment to establish present status of water resources in the country. The paper reviews the characteristics, availability, demand and importance of present day water resources in Uganda as well as describing the various issues, challenges and management of water resources of the country.

Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) through Surface Infiltration in the Azraq Basin / Jordan

Until the early 1990s the Azraq basin in Jordan was covered by a huge wetland in the central parts representing a source of fresh water for all purposes. The presence of such wetland in the desert created a natural pathway for migratory birds. Man made and natural impacts caused severe depletion of this basin and the oasis disappeared in the early 1990s. Under a GIS environment MAR layers were prepared for the Azraq basin. MAR mapping showed a very high and high potentials over 20.55% and 61.63% of the total basin area respectively;while the low potential areas represent only 4.03% of the total area.

Promotion Standards and Practices across the Business Cycle:Evidence from Korea

Korean employers notoriously practice seniority-based personnel management, rather than one prioritizing workers’ skills or performance, and this has changed only slowly amid the evolving business landscape and advancing labor standards. This study contributes to understanding this phenomenon by assessing Korean firms’ promotion criteria and practices over the past decade across distinct phases of industry business cycles, and between the economy’s primary and secondary sectors. Primary-sector firms are shown to be less likely than secondary-sector firms to base their promotion decisions on the analysis of workers’ achievements and colleague ratings, but rather on their performance of core job duties. Primary-sector firms have more advancement steps within their management ranks, and longer wait time until promotion at all ranks. Secondary-sector firms are flatter hierarchically, featuring shorter time to promotion at all ranks and fewer advancement steps, but also a lower fraction of promotions based on special merit. Firms’ promotion practices change over the business cycle. During expansionary years, the hierarchical dispersion of workers within organizations widens, particularly among primary-sector firms, with more workers remaining as regular staff but more managers promoted to senior management. As firms recruit more regular staff, years to promotion to managerial positions, and the count of advancement steps increase. Business expansion induces firms to streamline promotions to management based on colleague ratings subject to lesser review of workers’ own achievements. Over the past decade, promotions by special merit have receded while those by colleague ratings have gone up. Firms are thus apparently not transitioning toward merit- and achievement-based promotions, and continue relying on subjective colleague ratings and job-content analysis in their stagnant hierarchical structures. This has implications for workers and for policymakers tasked with ushering in more inclusive, objective and meritocratic personnel management practices.

云计算环境下的电子设计协同工作流程与资源管理

文中总结了云计算环境下的电子设计协同工作流程与资源管理。首先,对云计算环境进行了概述,包括云计算的定义、特点和服务模型。其次,探讨了在云计算环境中的电子设计协同工作流程以及协同工具和平台在资源管理中的应用。随后,分析了云计算环境下电子设计协同工作面临的挑战,如安全性、数据管理、资源利用优化和网络性能。最后,提出了改进策略,包括建立安全可靠的数据存储和传输通道,引入数据管理和协同工具,优化网络拓扑和使用SDN技术等。这些改进策略有望帮助研究人员更好地管理资源,提高工作效率,解决工作中存在的难题。

危机情境下领导意义给赋对下属变革担当行为的影响研究——基于意义建构理论视角

员工变革担当行为在提高员工工作绩效,提升其工作满意度和情感承诺,激励员工工作投入,促进其职业发展等方面具有积极作用。危机情境中下属变革担当行为可能是通过“领导意义给赋→下属意义重构→下属变革担当”的机制产生的。领导角色榜样是领导意义给赋对下属变革担当行为作用机制的边界条件。文章以有调节的双中介模型为基础,通过对288份领导—下属配对问卷的统计分析发现,领导意义给赋对下属变革担当行为具有促进作用;下属的建设性责任知觉及组织贡献期望感知在二者关系中起中介作用;领导角色榜样对领导意义给赋与建设性责任知觉的关系具有调节作用,同时调节了建设性责任知觉的中介效应。具体而言,领导展现的角色榜样越强,领导意义给赋行动就越能激发下属的建设性责任知觉,让他们更愿意进行主动变革担当。

隧道施工扰动下排水水质及环境影响初探

从环境科学的角度对中国安能集团第三工程局有限公司成都分公司在进行类似西气东输工程的隧道施工排水过程中水质变化及其环境影响进行了初步探讨。研究指出,隧道施工排水活动显著改变了排水区域的水质参数,包括但不限于pH值的变化、悬浮物的增加以及重金属的潜在释放。此外,排水对地下水流动模式造成的改变可能对周边生态系统和地下水资源产生长远影响。针对上述问题,提出了一系列施工排水管理措施,包括水质处理、水量控制、生态保护和监测预警系统的建立,以及预防和应急响应机制的制定,旨在减少环境影响并促进施工活动与环境保护的协调发展。通过综合性的管理措施,可有效缓解施工排水对环境的不良影响,保护水资源和生态环境,同时确保工程建设的顺利进行。

悖论式领导对员工主动变革行为的影响研究

在具有易变性的环境下的组织对改革的需求越发强烈,而组织的改革依赖于员工的主动变革行为。文章引入角色宽度自我效能感作为中介变量,内在动机作为调节变量,探讨悖论式领导影响员工主动变革行为的过程,进一步揭示其影响机制的边界条件。对284份企业员工的问卷进行层次回归分析和Bootstrap分析,结果显示,悖论式领导显著促进员工主动变革行为,角色宽度自我效能感在悖论式领导与主动变革行为中起部分中介作用;员工内在动机对角色宽度自我效能感的中介效应产生积极影响,即在高水平内在动机的作用下,这一间接效应的显著性更强。

企业绩效对高管变更的影响研究

以2013-2021年的沪深A股上市公司的相关数据为样本,研究高管变更和企业绩效的关系。研究结果表明,企业绩效越低时,发生高管变更的概率越大,两者呈显著的负相关关系。与此同时,高管的教育背景等个人特质对高管变更也有影响。