Characterization of three-dimensional channel reservoirs using ensemble Kalman filter assisted by principal component analysis

Ensemble-based analyses are useful to compare equiprobable scenarios of the reservoir models.However,they require a large suite of reservoir models to cover high uncertainty in heterogeneous and complex reservoir models.For stable convergence in ensemble Kalman filter(EnKF),increasing ensemble size can be one of the solutions,but it causes high computational cost in large-scale reservoir systems.In this paper,we propose a preprocessing of good initial model selection to reduce the ensemble size,and then,EnKF is utilized to predict production performances stochastically.In the model selection scheme,representative models are chosen by using principal component analysis(PCA)and clustering analysis.The dimension of initial models is reduced using PCA,and the reduced models are grouped by clustering.Then,we choose and simulate representative models from the cluster groups to compare errors of production predictions with historical observation data.One representative model with the minimum error is considered as the best model,and we use the ensemble members near the best model in the cluster plane for applying EnKF.We demonstrate the proposed scheme for two 3D models that EnKF provides reliable assimilation results with much reduced computation time.

Study on the Fine Configuration of Reservoir in River Facies Oilfield in Bohai Sea Area

The geological conditions of offshore shallow water delta oil reservoirs were complex, with limited well data and large well spacing. Taking A Oilfield in the Bohai Sea Area, China as an example, the target sand body was formed in a shallow water delta sedimentary environment, with well-developed underwater distributary channels and frequent branching and diversion. The reservoir was strong non-uniformity and uneven plane water cut pressure. To this end, based on the existing work of predecessors, combined with seismic, logging, and production dynamics data, and based on the genesis mechanism of shallow water delta reservoirs, the boundary of composite river channels was identified through seismic facies, and logging facies were used to subdivide them into single river levels within the composite river channels. Then, seismic waveform characteristics were applied to track and characterize the plane distribution of single river channels, guiding the efficient development of offshore shallow water delta oil fields and achieving increased storage and production in Bohai Oilfield, China.

Turbidite Dynamics and Hydrocarbon Reservoir Formation in the Tano Basin: A Coastal West African Perspective

This study examines the turbidite dynamics and hydrocarbon reservoir formation in Ghana’s Tano Basin, which is located in coastal West Africa. Through an exploration of geological processes spanning millions of years, we uncover key factors shaping hydrocarbon accumulation, including source rock richness, temperature, pressure, and geological structures. The research offers valuable insights applicable to exploration, management, and sustainable resource exploitation in coastal West Africa. It facilitates the identification of exploration targets with higher hydrocarbon potential, enables the anticipation of reservoir potential within the Tano Basin, and assists in tailoring exploration and management strategies to specific geological conditions of the Tano Basin. Analysis of fluvial channels sheds light on their impact on landscape formation and hydrocarbon exploration. The investigation into turbidite systems unveils intricate interactions involving tectonics, sea-level fluctuations, and sedimentation patterns, influencing the development of reservoirs. An understanding of sediment transport and depositional settings is essential for efficient reservoir management. Geomorphological features, such as channels, submarine canyons, and distinct channel types, are essential in this situation. A detailed examination of turbidite channel structures, encompassing canyons, channel complexes, convex channels, and U-shaped channels, provides valuable insights and aids in identifying exploration targets like basal lag, channel levees, and lobes. These findings underscore the enduring significance of turbidite systems as conduits for sediment transport, contributing to enhanced reservoir management and efficient hydrocarbon production. The study also highlights how important it is to examine the configuration of sedimentary layers, stacking patterns, and angular laminated facies to identify turbidites, understand reservoir distribution, and improve well design. The dynamic nature of turbidite systems, influenced by basin characteristics such as shape and slope, is highlighted. The research provides valuable insights essential for successful hydrocarbon exploration, reservoir management, and sustainable resource exploitation in coastal West Africa.

A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CHANNEL RESERVOIRS CONTAINING VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL WELLS

In this article, the bounding surfaces of channels were modeled by Bayesian stochastic simulation, which is a boundary-valued problem with observed valley erosion thickness at the locations of wells （hard data）. In this study, it was assumed that the cross-section of the channel shows a parabolic shape, and the case that the vertical well and the horizontal well are located in the channel was considered. Peaceman＇s equations were modified to simultaneously solve both the vertical well problem and the horizontal well problem. In porous media, a 3D fluid equation was solved with iteration in the spatial domain, which had channels, vertical wells, and horizontal wells. As an example, the spatial distributions of pressure were calculated for channel reservoirs containing vertical and horizontal wells.

Iterative static modeling of channelized reservoirs using history-matched facies probability data and rejection of training image

Most inverse reservoir modeling techniques require many forward simulations, and the posterior models cannot preserve geological features of prior models. This study proposes an iterative static modeling approach that utilizes dynamic data for rejecting an unsuitable training image(TI) among a set of TI candidates and for synthesizing history-matched pseudo-soft data. The proposed method is applied to two cases of channelized reservoirs, which have uncertainty in channel geometry such as direction, amplitude, and width. Distance-based clustering is applied to the initial models in total to select the qualified models efficiently. The mean of the qualified models is employed as a history-matched facies probability map in the next iteration of static models. Also, the most plausible TI is determined among TI candidates by rejecting other TIs during the iteration. The posterior models of the proposed method outperform updated models of ensemble Kalman filter(EnKF) and ensemble smoother(ES) because they describe the true facies connectivity with bimodal distribution and predict oil and water production with a reasonable range of uncertainty. In terms of simulation time, it requires 30 times of forward simulation in history matching, while the EnKF and ES need 9000 times and 200 times, respectively.

Channel Evolution of Sandy Reservoir Sediments Following Low-Head Dam Removal, Ottawa River, Northwestern Ohio, U.S.A.

Dozens of low-head dams are removed annually for reasons of obsolescence, financial liability, public safety, or as part of aquatic ecosystem restoration. Prior to removing a dam, hydrologic and sedimentologic studies are used to predict channel changes that would occur after the proposed dam removal. One commonly used predictive approach is a channel evolution model (CEM). However, most CEMs assume that the reservoir has trapped cohesive silts and muds. This study looks at the effects of low-head dam removal on a reservoir in filled with sand-rich sediment. The Secor Dam (2.5 m tall, 17 m wide) was constructed on the Ottawa River in northwestern Ohio (USA) during 1928 and was removed in 2007. High resolution channel cross-sections were measured at 17 locations prior to dam removal and re-measured every approximately 30 days for 6 months following the removal. Sediment sampling, sediment traps, substrate sampling, differential GPS tracking of channel bed forms and sediment coring were also used to characterize the channel sediment response to dam removal. Breaching of the dam produced a diffuse nickzone which was the width of the channel and about 10 m in length. One initial response was downstream migration of a sediment wave at rates up to 0.5 m/hr. The overall effect was erosion of the former reservoir to a distance of 150 m upstream of the former dam. Portions of the former reservoir were incised >1 m. Within the first 6 months after removal, approximately 800 m3 of sand had been mobilized from the former reservoir, transported downstream past the former dam, and had primarily in-filled pre-existing pools within a reach approximately 150 m downstream of the former dam. This behavior significantly differs from the predicted results of current CEMs which anticipate a first flush of suspended sediment and minor deposition of bed load materials in the channel downstream of the former dam.

Distribution Patterns of Remaining Hydrocarbons Controlled by Reservoir Architecture of Distributary Channel with Different Channel Style: S2 Formation of Songliao Basin, China

1 Introduction Reservoir architecture analysis of distributary channel of Daqing oilfield has drawn consistent interest among development geologists and petroleum engineers over the last decade(Lv et al.,1999;Zhou et al.,2008;Zhang et

The analysis on reservoir sediment deposition and downstream river channel scouring after impoundment and operation of TGP

According to the measured data after impoundment and operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir,the reservoir sediment deposition and downstream river channel scouring are described briefly and compared with the research results achieved in the demonstration stage.It is indicated through analysis that the reservoir sediment deposition and downstream river channel scouring during 8-year impoundment and operation are still within the original forecast,so the original forecasting results are feasible.The further observation and comparison should be conducted because the comparison between the observed data and the original forecast is not so sufficient in time and the prototype observation and related research work should be strengthened in the future.

Seismic Imaging and Reservoir Architecture of Sub-Marine Channel Systems Offshore West Nile Delta of Egypt

Offshore Nile Delta gas reservoirs are dominated by slope-channel systems of Plio-Pleistocene age. High-quality, three-dimensional seismic imaging has significantly helped in defining the geomorphology and architectures of these channels. Integrating seismic, logs and core data from four wells resulted in understanding of different stages of channel development and reservoir quality. The studied reservoirs that are largely controlled by episodes of transgressive-regressive events resulted in deposition of fine grained sediment and shale. Sienna channel complex consists of unconfined channel system with clearly defined development stages. The stages include amalgamated or stacked channels followed by channel abandonment phases and local flooding events. The depositional pattern continued through the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene. SimSat-P1 and SimSat-P2 reservoirs are characterized by isolated sand bodies, most probably relics of fan depositional setting. The depositional scenario that is largely controlled by successive transgression and flooding events resulted in deposition of interbedded, sheet-like, fine grained sediment and shale.

胜利油田GF84区块CCUS气窜封堵技术及其应用

胜利油田GF84区块为低渗透油藏,采出程度较低,CO_(2)驱是提高该区块采收率的有效措施之一。在前期开发中注采井之间已形成明显的气窜通道,现阶段亟需进行气窜封堵,提高CO_(2)驱波及系数,实现均衡驱替。通过分析GF84区块气窜特征与开发矛盾,将气窜类型划分为“裂缝型气窜”和“基质型气窜”,并制定了“裂缝封堵”和“基质调剖”的治理策略。在明确气窜特征的基础上,通过室内实验研发了硅盐树脂堵剂、CO_(2)气溶性发泡剂和高温冻胶堵剂,并形成了“硅盐树脂裂缝封堵+CO_(2)气溶性发泡剂、高温冻胶基质调剖”化学封堵分级调控技术。结果表明,该技术在GF84区块成功应用4口井,其中硅盐树脂裂缝封堵2口井,CO_(2)气溶性发泡剂基质调剖2口井,措施有效率100%,有效期在0.5 a以上。研究成果可为低渗透油田CO_(2)驱开发提供技术支撑。

黄河下游花园口以上河段滞沙能力分析

黄河下游河床调整主要取决于来水来沙和河床边界条件,河床调整沿程不均衡特征明显,花园口以上河段床演变对水沙条件的变化响应尤为突出,泥沙冲淤调整幅度最大。基于河道冲淤及水沙演进特性、滞沙可行性、河槽几何特性等分析,提出了花园口以上河段可作为泥沙天然反调节“库”概念,结合黄河下游实测洪水资料,采用水力计算方法,计算了花园口以上河段的河槽排洪能力及不同河槽规模条件下河槽允许滞沙量,提出了反调“库”滞沙能力,可为小浪底水库排沙指标的确定提供依据,对维持小浪底水库有效库容、弥补后续清水河床沙源不足、改善黄河下游河槽冲淤不均衡现象具有重要意义。

致密油气窜波及控制体系适用性评价

我国致密油藏分布广泛,储量占比大,开发潜力巨大。此类油藏目前注气开发较多,基质渗透率、孔隙度均较低,油气流动通道主要为裂缝。但油藏裂缝跨尺度发育,受储层非均质性和黏性指进的影响,注气提高采收率技术受限,在裂缝及高渗条带存在时易形成气窜,对地层能量补充带来了诸多问题。选择泡沫和CO_(2)响应性凝胶配制气窜波及控制体系,并通过物理实验模拟评价其性能和在致密油藏的适用性;利用商业数值模拟软件表征CO_(2)注气吞吐及地下成胶反应。经过对国内某致密油藏的数值模拟研究,证明CO_(2)响应性凝胶对注气吞吐有明显的增产效果,采收率增加3.1%,验证了CO_(2)响应性凝胶体系在致密油藏开发中具有良好的应用前景。

Reservoir history matching and inversion using an iterative ensemble Kalman filter with covariance localization

Reservoir inversion by production history matching is an important way to decrease the uncertainty of the reservoir description. Ensemble Kalman filter （EnKF） is a new data assimilation method. There are two problems have to be solved for the standard EnKF. One is the inconsistency between the updated model and the updated dynamical variables for nonlinear problems, another is the filter divergence caused by the small ensemble size. We improved the EnKF to overcome these two problems. We use the half iterative EnKF （HIEnKF） for reservoir inversion by doing history matching. During the H1EnKF process, the prediction data are obtained by rerunning the reservoir simulator using the updated model. This can guarantee that the updated dynamical variables are consistent with the updated model. The updated model can nonlinearly affect the prediction data. It is proved that HIEnKF is similar to the first iteration of the EnRML method. Covariance localization is introduced to alleviate filter divergence and spurious correlations caused by the small ensemble size. By defining the shape and size of the correlation area, spurious correlation between the gridblocks far apart is alleviated. More freedom of the model ensemble is preserved. The results of history matching and inverse problem obtained from the HIEnKF with covariance localization are improved. The results show that the model freedom increases with a decrease in the correlation length. Therefore the production data can be matched better. But too small a correlation length can lose some reservoir information and this would cause big errors in the reservoir model estimation.

水淹水窜油藏的数值模拟开发方案对比分析

随着开发的深入,大多数油田已经进入高含水阶段。以新疆某水淹水窜油藏为研究对象,该区水淹严重,开发效果差。针对上述问题,利用油藏数值模拟手段,对改善开发效果的4种技术方案进行研究。研究结果表明,深层调剖方案增产效果明显,可有效提高日产油量、降低含水率;浅层调剖方案作用范围、受效时间有限,措施效果较差;井网调整方案含水率明显下降,产油量上升,增油效果介于深层调剖与浅层调剖之间;周期注水增油效果最差,呈负增长趋势。经方案对比分析,建议对研究区水窜严重的井实施深层调剖。该研究为同类水淹水窜油藏改善开发效果提供了重要理论指导和借鉴。

利用条件生成对抗网络建立曲流河地质模型

【目的】在传统的河道建模方法中,基于目标的方法难以刻画曲流河点坝且条件化困难,多点地质统计学则难以再现河道的连续形态。条件生成对抗网络可以生成满足一定条件的复杂图形,可解决曲流河地质模型建立过程中点坝、河流形态刻画困难及难以条件化的问题。【方法】以鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田南部地区某气田为例,开展了基于条件生成对抗网络的曲流河三维建模方法研究。在建模过程中,首先采用Alluvsim建模方法根据工区曲流河特征建立了200个曲流河模型;再通过卷积神经网络对200个模型进行深度学习,提取模型的特征矩阵,利用条件生成对抗网络建立可以生成曲流河模型的生成器;最后以工区井点数据作为输入数据,利用生成器建立满足曲流河复杂形态和井点数据的三维模型。【结果与结论】所建立的模型可以很好地展现曲流河中河道与点坝的三维形态及对应关系。为明确影响模型结果的关键因素,通过对比训练次数与输入数据发现,适当的训练次数(160次)与大量地输入样本(200个)是建立满足工区条件模型的前提。另外,通过对比传统地质建模方法,条件生成对抗网络建模方法可以很好地再现河道沉积体的空间形态,克服传统曲流河建模方法在条件化方面的困难,为曲流河沉积环境的河道砂体建模提供了新的解决思路,建立的曲流河模型可为油田开发阶段提供参考。

河道型水库沉积物有机碳空间分布特征及其埋藏效应

【目的】河流筑坝对有机碳具有重要的拦截作用,影响内陆水体碳循环。目前,河道型水库沉积物有机碳空间分布特征和自生有机碳埋藏通量仍不明确。【方法】采用沉积物柱芯法、沉积物物理化学参数和碳同位素二元混合模型,对河道型水库(银盘水库)沉积物有机碳埋藏开展了调研。【结果】结果显示:银盘水库沉积物有机碳含量变化范围为0.99%~1.32%,库中和坝前沉积柱有机碳含量均值分别为1.12%和1.16%;内源有机碳与总磷呈现显著正相关;有机碳埋藏速率变化范围为98.7~348.9 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),平均值为223.8 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),有机碳埋藏通量和内源有机碳埋藏通量分别为2.5×10^(9)g C·a^(-1)和1.8×10^(9)g C·a^(-1);内源有机碳对沉积物总有机碳的贡献比例为69.0%~75.2%,平均值为71.5%。【结论】结果表明:河道型水库沉积柱有机碳含量从库中到坝前没有明显变化;水库内源有机质的生成与营养盐输入和水体滞留时间密切相关;银盘水库有机碳埋藏通量相当于全球水库有机碳埋藏通量的0.04‰,河道型水库是个重要的潜在碳汇。研究结果能够为河道型水库碳埋藏研究和水电清洁型评估提供参考依据。

基于SSOM的流动单元划分方法及生产应用——以渤海湾盆地F油田古近系沙三中亚段湖底浊积水道为例

在储层构型级次划分的基础上,归纳总结了渤海湾盆地F油田古近系沙三中亚段湖底浊积水道各级渗流屏障与构型界面的关系,并采用监督模式下的自组织映射神经网络算法开展流动单元定量评价,明确了构型模式控制下的流动单元分布规律。研究结果表明:(1)渤海湾盆地F油田沙三中亚段储层可划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ等4类流动单元。(2)基于SSOM算法的流动单元识别结果表现出较高的预测准确率,其中,256组训练样本的整体回判准确率为82.81%,110组测试样本的识别准确率为80.91%,能够满足地质油藏研究的需求。(3)垂向上,不同类型的单一水道内部发育的流动单元类型不同,造成流动单元垂向分布的差异性。Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类优质流动单元发育在浊积水道体系演化的中期,主要分布在二类单一水道;Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类流动单元发育在浊积水道体系演化的早期和晚期,其中,Ⅲ类流动单元分布广泛,在一类、二类、三类单一水道均有分布,Ⅳ类流动单元发育在一类、三类单一水道。侧向上,受水道体系不同沉积演化阶段的影响,流动单元的侧向分割方式不同。流动单元与非渗透层接触样式发育在浊积水道体系早期沉积旋回中,接触界面明显,属于一类水道沉积砂体;流动单元间的相互接触样式则发育在水道体系中晚期沉积旋回中,属于二类、三类水道沉积砂体。(4)平面上,受单一水道侧向迁移和垂向加积作用的影响,复合水道内部流动单元平面展布差异性明显。Ⅲ类流动单元在单砂体内部广泛发育,井间连续性好,在浊积主水道、浊积水道及水道漫溢沉积砂体处均有发育;渗流能力较好的Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类流动单元分布局限、连续性差,仅在浊积水道主流线方向及主水道砂体处有分布,呈不连续的点状或带状分布;Ⅳ类流动单元呈环带状分布在Ⅲ类流动单元的外缘,在浊积水道漫溢沉积砂体处发育。

裂缝性低渗透/致密油藏泡沫封窜机理与新进展

针对我国裂缝性砂砾岩油藏窜漏问题及致密油藏超低的孔隙度与基质渗透率,多采用注气以保持地层能量,但由于存在裂缝,致使气窜严重,因此需要进行防气窜措施以抑制气窜。通过梳理国内外的研究,从气液分异和黏性指进的角度分析了泡沫驱见气特征。泡沫主要通过降低气相相对渗透率、调剖作用、气体上浮驱油作用、对原油的选择性、流度控制作用和乳化作用进行封窜。在综合分析泡沫驱见气特征和泡沫封窜机理的基础上,详细论述了国内外深部封窜技术,包括泡沫防气窜技术和泡沫封窜体系。从渗透率范围、起泡剂浓度、注入方式、注入速度、含油饱和度、体系组成6个方面分析了防气窜措施的影响因素,介绍了低渗透致密储层中泡沫封堵的施工效果。最后,对该类油层封窜技术未来的发展方向提出了建议。泡沫体系在油藏深层封闭领域具有重要意义,尤其在低渗透/致密油藏中,其性能评价指标和封堵能力均有明显改善,并且对高渗透、裂缝和非均质油藏也有较好的适应性。

断溶体油藏井洞垂向窜流试井解释模型

断溶体油气藏储层类型多样,非均质性极强,常规多重孔隙介质模型以及简单溶洞等势体模型难以广泛应用。文中针对断溶体油藏复杂的地质特征,考虑大溶洞向井筒的垂向窜流以及小尺度缝洞储集体分别向井筒和大溶洞的径向供给作用,建立了双层双重孔隙介质井洞垂向窜流试井解释模型;利用Laplace变换方法获得井底压力解,绘制井底压力典型曲线并划分流动段,对窜流通道传导率、大溶洞半径、裂缝传导系数比等参数进行了敏感性分析。结果表明:窜流通道传导率主要影响早期窜流“下凹”特征,数值过大或过小均会导致早期窜流“下凹”特征减弱甚至消失;大溶洞半径与大溶洞储容比也主要影响早期窜流“下凹”特征,数值越大,“下凹”特征越明显;裂缝系统传导系数比和裂缝储容比主要影响中、晚期的窜流“下凹”特征。该研究结果对复杂断溶体油藏储集体参数评价具有重要意义。

封汽窜用栲胶冻胶研制及其流变性能研究

海上稠油油藏地层温度低,蒸汽驱开采期间容易发生汽窜。文中使用6%杨梅栲胶、0.2%乌洛托品、3%黏土制成的栲胶冻胶在55℃的低温下成胶时间可控,300℃热处理后强度高,热处理一个月后脱水率小于5%。流变实验分析表明,在几乎不增加成胶液黏度的情况下,黏土的加入显著增强了栲胶成胶液的触变性、成胶后冻胶的强度。此外,黏土强化形成的栲胶冻胶在较大应变剪切下可以保持冻胶结构的稳定性。使用Cryo-SEM对冻胶分析结果表明,微米级黏土颗粒的加入可以与栲胶分子的多活性羟基形成多基团交联的多重网络结构,使得冻胶锁水能力增强,微观上是冻胶高温下稳定性增加的原因。实验结果表明,由黏土颗粒强化形成的栲胶冻胶强度高、热稳定性好,适用于低温油藏蒸汽驱过程中封堵汽窜的实际需求。