Application of channel-belt scaling relationship to Middle Jurassic source-to-sink system in the Saishiteng area of the northern Qaidam Basin,NW China

Palaeodrainage basin,as an important component of the source-to-sink system,contains critical information on provenance and palaeoenvironment.Previous studies indicate that the scaling relationships of source-to-sink system components generally follow power laws,and channel-belt thickness represents a reliable first-order proxy for the drainage area.In this study,a database of borehole cores and geophysical well logs of the Jurassic coal measures from Saishiteng area in the northern Qaidam Basin was used to reconstruct the palaeogeography,and to identify single-story channel-belts.Three palaeochannels,namely,River A,River B and River C,were identified which were persistent throughout the Dameigou and Shimengou Formations during the Middle Jurassic.The mean channel-belt thicknesses of River A,River B and River C in the Dameigou Formation were 9.8 m,8.9 m and 7.9 m,respectively,and those in the Shimengou Formation were 7.4 m,6.2 m and 5.4 m,respectively.We estimate the drainage area of three major rivers by using scaling relationships between drainage area and channel-belt thickness.The drainage areas of River A,River B and River C in the Dameigou Formation were 63.0×10~3 km^2,50.1×10~3 km^2 and 37.7×10~3 km^2,respectively,and those in the Shimengou Formation were 32.3×10~3 km^2,21.2×10~3 km^2 and15.3×10~3 km^2,respectively.The drainage basin lengths of River A,River B and River C in the Dameigou Formation were 300.4 km,239 km and 180.2 km,respectively,and those in the Shimengou Formation were 154.3 km,101.3 km and 73.1 km,respectively.For both the Dameigou and Shimengou Formations,River A showed the largest scale,followed by River B and River C succeedingly,which was mainly determined by the stretch direction of provenance in the southern Qilian Mountains.The variations of channel-belt thickness,drainage area and drainage basin length between Dameigou and Shimengou Formations are the response of source-to-sink system to the transformation from extension to compression depression during the Middle Jurassic in the northern Qaidam Basin.

Generating highly active oxide-phosphide heterostructure through interfacial engineering to break the energy scaling relation toward urea-assisted natural seawater electrolysis

Urea-assisted natural seawater electrolysis is an emerging technology that is effective for grid-scale carbon-neutral hydrogen mass production yet challenging.Circumventing scaling relations is an effective strategy to break through the bottleneck of natural seawater splitting.Herein,by DFT calculation,we demonstrated that the interface boundaries between Ni_(2)P and MoO_(2) play an essential role in the selfrelaxation of the Ni-O interfacial bond,effectively modulating a coordination number of intermediates to control independently their adsorption-free energy,thus circumventing the adsorption-energy scaling relation.Following this conceptual model,a well-defined 3D F-doped Ni_(2)P-MoO_(2) heterostructure microrod array was rationally designed via an interfacial engineering strategy toward urea-assisted natural seawater electrolysis.As a result,the F-Ni_(2)P-MoO_(2) exhibits eminently active and durable bifunctional catalysts for both HER and OER in acid,alkaline,and alkaline sea water-based electrolytes.By in-situ analysis,we found that a thin amorphous layer of NiOOH,which is evolved from the Ni_(2)P during anodic reaction,is real catalytic active sites for the OER and UOR processes.Remarkable,such electrode-assembled urea-assisted natural seawater electrolyzer requires low voltages of 1.29 and 1.75 V to drive 10 and600 mA cm^(-2)and demonstrates superior durability by operating continuously for 100 h at 100 mA cm^(-2),beyond commercial Pt/C||RuO_(2) and most previous reports.

Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Energy Conversion and Storage: Design Strategies Under and Beyond the Energy Scaling Relationship

The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the essential module in energy conversion and storage devices such as electrolyzer,rechargeable metal–air batteries and regenerative fuel cells.The adsorption energy scaling relations between the reaction intermediates,however,impose a large intrinsic overpotential and sluggish reaction kinetics on OER catalysts.Developing advanced electrocatalysts with high activity and stability based on non-noble metal materials is still a grand challenge.Central to the rational design of novel and high-efficiency catalysts is the development and understanding of quantitative structure–activity relationships,which correlate the catalytic activities with structural and electronic descriptors.This paper comprehensively reviews the benchmark descriptors for OER electrolysis,aiming to give an in-depth understanding on the origins of the electrocatalytic activity of the OER and further contribute to building the theory of electrocatalysis.Meanwhile,the cutting-edge research frontiers for proposing new OER paradigms and crucial strategies to circumvent the scaling relationship are also summarized.Challenges,opportunities and perspectives are discussed,intending to shed some light on the rational design concepts and advance the development of more efficient catalysts for enhancing OER performance.

Exploring landslide erosion volume-area scaling relationships by slip depth using changes in DTMs for basin sediment volume estimation

Landslides produce large quantities of sediment deposits and reduce reservoir life. This study investigated landslides at the Shihmen Reservoir basin in Taiwan that were induced by Typhoon Sinlaku and Typhoon Jangmi in 2008. We formulate scaling relationships between landslide erosion volume and area and conclude that sediment budget can be estimated based on the easier-todetermine landslide erosion area. The methodologies applied for the investigation were geomorphological analysis through 5 m × 5 m digital terrain models(DTMs) of the basin created before and after the landslide events and spatial analysis through a geographic information system. The erosion area and volume of landslides were measured through the subtraction of DTMs produced before and after the events. Statistical analysis revealed that the landslide erosion frequency–magnitude distribution exhibited power-law behaviors with a scaling exponent of 2.15 for the frequency–area distribution and 1.66 for the frequency–volume distribution. This paper proposes different scaling relationships for different moving depths, and landslide erosion volumes were estimated on the basis of depth; thus, landslides of different scales can be distinguished to avoid errors in volume estimation. Two different scaling exponents are proposed: 1.21 for landslide erosions with depths of less than 2 m and 1.01 for landslide erosions with depths of more than 2 m. The proposed scaling relationships are practical for landslide erosion volume estimation by different depths according to the landslide area, and they can provide preliminary results for sediment budget planning in a reservoir basin.

The scaling relationship of leaf area and total mass of sample plots across world trees

The scaling relationship between leaf area and total mass of plant has important implications for understanding resource allocations in the plant.The model of West,Brown and Enquist(WBE model)considers that a 3/4 scaling exponent of metabolic rate versus total mass to be optimal for each plant and has been confirmed numerous times.Although leaf area is a better proxy of the metabolic rate than leaf mass,few studies have focused on the scaling exponent of leaf area versus total mass and even fewer have discussed the diversification of this scaling exponent across different conditions.Here,I analyzed the scaling exponent of leaf area versus total mass of sample plots across world plants.I found that as the plant grows,it allocates fewer resources to photosynthetic tissues than expected by the WBE model.The results also empirically show that this scaling exponent varies significantly for different plant leaf habit,taxonomic class and geographic region.Therefore,leaf strategy in response to environmental pressure and constraint clearly plays a significant role.

Using Quantile Regression to Detect Relationships between Large-scale Predictors and Local Precipitation over Northern China

Quantile regression（QR） is proposed to examine the relationships between large-scale atmospheric variables and all parts of the distribution of daily precipitation amount at Beijing Station from 1960 to 2008. QR is also applied to evaluate the relationship between large-scale predictors and extreme precipitation（90th quantile） at 238 stations in northern China.Finally, QR is used to fit observed daily precipitation amounts for wet days at four sample stations. Results show that meridional wind and specific humidity at both 850 h Pa and 500 h Pa（V850, SH850, V500, and SH500） strongly affect all parts of the Beijing precipitation distribution during the wet season（April–September）. Meridional wind, zonal wind, and specific humidity at only 850 h Pa（V850, U850, SH850） are significantly related to the precipitation distribution in the dry season（October–March）. Impacts of these large-scale predictors on the daily precipitation amount with higher quantile become stronger, whereas their impact on light precipitation is negligible. In addition, SH850 has a strong relationship with wet-season extreme precipitation across the entire region, whereas the impacts of V850, V500, and SH500 are mainly in semi-arid and semi-humid areas. For the dry season, both SH850 and V850 are the major predictors of extreme precipitation in the entire region. Moreover, QR can satisfactorily simulate the daily precipitation amount at each station and for each season, if an optimum distribution family is selected. Therefore, QR is valuable for detecting the relationship between the large-scale predictors and the daily precipitation amount.

Scaling Relationships for Input Energy in Electromagnetic Welding of Similar and Dissimilar Metals

In Electromagnetic Welding (EMW) process, the capacitive energy is the source of input energy. The tool that is used for welding comprises of an electromagnetic coil. The job piece to be welded is placed in close proximity with the coil. The welding is achieved by impact, when the colliding job pieces are accelerated towards each other by the Lorentz force. The electromagnetic and mechanical properties/ parameters of the equipment, tool and the job govern the overall welding process. We have described a procedure to calculate the capacitive input energies for jobs of different sizes. Data is given for welding of strips of aluminium, copper and S.S. in similar and dissimilar combinations. Since the EMW technique is used in limited applications, this type of data is not available. We have validated our model with some data available in the literature. It is hoped that, this information will help the designer, to select and standardize the system and process parameters.

Multi-scale spatial relationships between soil total nitrogen and influencing factors in a basin landscape based on multivariate empirical mode decomposition

The relationships between soil total nitrogen(STN)and influencing factors are scale-dependent.The objective of this study was to identify the multi-scale spatial relationships of STN with selected environmental factors(elevation,slope and topographic wetness index),intrinsic soil factors(soil bulk density,sand content,silt content,and clay content)and combined environmental factors(including the first two principal components(PC1 and PC2)of the Vis-NIR soil spectra)along three sampling transects located at the upstream,midstream and downstream of Taiyuan Basin on the Chinese Loess Plateau.We separated the multivariate data series of STN and influencing factors at each transect into six intrinsic mode functions(IMFs)and one residue by multivariate empirical mode decomposition(MEMD).Meanwhile,we obtained the predicted equations of STN based on MEMD by stepwise multiple linear regression(SMLR).The results indicated that the dominant scales of explained variance in STN were at scale 995 m for transect 1,at scales 956 and 8852 m for transect 2,and at scales 972,5716 and 12,317 m for transect 3.Multi-scale correlation coefficients between STN and influencing factors were less significant in transect 3 than in transects 1 and 2.The goodness of fit root mean square error(RMSE),normalized root mean square error(NRMSE),and coefficient of determination(R2)indicated that the prediction of STN at the sampling scale by summing all of the predicted IMFs and residue was more accurate than that by SMLR directly.Therefore,the multi-scale method of MEMD has a good potential in characterizing the multi-scale spatial relationships between STN and influencing factors at the basin landscape scale.

壳源氦气成藏主控因素及资源评价方法研究

当前国内外尚无系统的氦气资源评价方法以及针对性的参数取值标准。通过天然气和氦气的成藏要素对比,明确了载体气和壳源氦气的异源同储、同源同储和同源异储3类共生关系,以及壳源氦气成藏的8个关键因素。构建了4类10种氦气资源分级分类评价方法,其中含量法包括5个亚类,统计法包括1个亚类,类比法包括3个亚类,成因法1个亚类,初步解决了氦气资源定量计算的难题。结果表明:高氦气含量的气藏一般为常压及低压气藏,氦气含量与氦源岩类型、铀钍含量和氦源岩规模3个参数呈正向关系,而与离主断裂距离、埋深和生烃强度3个参数呈负相关,适度的基底构造活动有利于氦气释放及富集。基于8类氦气成藏主控因素与氦气含量的定量关系,建立了氦气含量类比法。基于异源同储不同序的原理,构建了氦气资源规模序列法;基于放射性元素衰变释氦机理,建立了氦气成因法。氦气资源评价方法在国内外得到了较为广泛的应用,研究成果将为我国氦气储量规模发现提供了有效支撑。

基于深度学习的塑性变形理论建模研究进展

传统塑性理论模型由于引入了适当的假设和简化,面对复杂变形机制和复杂变形条件时具有局限性。基于深度学习的理论建模作为数据驱动的建模新范式,具有精度高、通用性强的特点,是塑性理论建模的重要方向。介绍了深度学习的建模方法,如传统神经网络模型、物理启发式神经网络模型和神经算子网络,分析了各个模型的特点。总结了近年来基于深度学习的塑性理论建模方法在本构关系、损伤断裂模型、微观组织模型和多尺度模型等方面应用的研究进展,并分析了提高模型精度、泛化能力和可解释性的方法。最后提出了基于深度学习的塑性理论建模方法面临的挑战和未来发展方向。

闽江流域多时间尺度降雨—径流关系变化与成因

为进一步揭示闽江流域降雨—径流关系的时空变化规律,识别主要驱动因子,基于1960—2019年降雨和径流数据,应用TFPW—MK方法,按照年以及年内的汛期与非汛期、前汛期和后汛期、最大月和最小月等不同时间尺度,检测闽江上游三大支流、干流及全流域等空间尺度的降雨—径流演变趋势;结合Sen trend方法,从气候变化、土地利用和水库工程建设3方面,分析影响降雨—径流关系变化的成因。结果表明:1)闽江流域及各支流年降雨—径流均呈不显著上升,趋势变化一致;2)除支流建溪流域,闽江及其他支流非汛期降雨—径流上升趋势显著;汛期内部趋势变化分化明显,前汛期降雨—径流略减少,后汛期降雨—径流大部分显著增加;3)极端降雨—径流的变化趋势不一致,主要受大型水库工程建设的影响。基于多时间尺度的分析,更深入揭示闽江流域降水、径流的演变及气候变化与人类活动的影响,对区域水资源管理与水土保持具有重要参考价值。

岩石多尺度损伤研究进展

岩石损伤破裂是一个从微观到细观到宏观的多尺度链动损伤破裂过程。明确岩石不同尺度损伤特征并建立多尺度损伤的定量化关系对复杂环境下岩石多尺度损伤劣化机理研究至关重要。近年来,研究人员针对复杂环境下岩石多尺度损伤机理开展大量的研究工作,并取得了一定的研究成果。本文从岩石多尺度损伤特征、不同尺度损伤识别与定量化表征、多尺度损伤量效关系3个方面系统评述了岩石多尺度损伤研究进展。首先,总结了岩石微观、细观、宏观损伤特征,分析了岩石多尺度累积损伤破裂过程;其次,基于岩石多尺度损伤特征,系统评述岩石微观、细观和宏观损伤的识别方法以及不同尺度损伤的定量化表征方法,分析了岩石微观-细观-宏观损伤量效关系确定方法;最后,从多尺度损伤识别、定量化表征、量效关系确定方面分析了岩石多尺度损伤研究中存在的不足,提出了从:开发适用于多场耦合环境的岩石微细观损伤实时识别设备,建立岩石三维空间多尺度损伤协同智能化定量表征方法,构建完善的岩石微-细-宏观多尺度损伤量效关系研究体系,丰富创新岩石多尺度损伤理论几方面开展岩石多尺度损伤研究。

基于长短期时间关系网络的视频行人重识别

行人重识别是计算机视觉领域中的一个重要研究方向,其目的是在不同的监控摄像头中识别并跟踪同一行人.由于视频帧间存在多种时间关系,从这些关系中可以获取到对象的运动模式以及细粒度特征,因此视频重识别相比图像重识别拥有更丰富的时空线索,也更接近实际应用.问题的关键是如何挖掘这些时空线索作为视频重识别的特征.本文针对视频行人重识别问题,提出了一种基于Transformer的长短期时间关系网络(Long and Short Time Transformer,LSTT).该网络包含长短期时间关系模块,提取重要时序信息并强化特征表示.长期时间关系模块利用记忆线索存储每帧信息,并在每一帧建立全局联系;短期时间关系模块则考虑相邻帧之间交互,学习细粒度目标信息,提高特征表示能力.此外,为了提高模型对不同目标特征的适配性,本文还设计了一个包含不同规格卷积核的多尺度模块.该模块具有多种卷积感受野,能够更全面覆盖目标区域,从而进一步提高模型的泛化性能.在MARS、MARS_DL和iLIDS-VID 3个数据集上的实验结果表明,LSTT模型性能最优.

凉水保护区红松与主要伴生树种的空间关系

空间关系是影响森林生长与群落演替的重要因素,种间关系是其重要组成部分,研究空间关系有利于了解森林群落的生长更新、功能作用与演替进程。利用移动窗口法对凉水自然保护区10.4 hm^(2)样地不同径级的红松与主要伴生树种做空间相关性研究,并进行多尺度比较,得到不同尺度下不同径级红松与主要伴生树种个体的空间关系特征。研究结果表明:(1)红松与伴生树种的相互关系复杂多样,多种相互关系并存,表现出阔叶红松林群落结构的复杂性与稳定性。大径级红松压制同径级伴生树种,二者呈极显著负相关,但其对小径级伴生树种有庇荫作用,二者呈极显著正相关。(2)红松与主要伴生树种的相互关系在不同尺度、径级上均有极显著差异。尺度越大,红松与主要伴生树种的相关系数变化速率越小;伴生树种的径级越大,红松与主要伴生树种的相关系数变化速率越大。(3)红松与伴生树种的相关性具有尺度特征,主要表现在大尺度(≥60 m)范围上,在小尺度(<60 m)上相关性较弱。红松与伴生树种在相同径级与不同径级的结合方式上表现出不同的空间关系。同径级的红松与伴生树的种间关系多表现为负相关,不同径级的红松与伴生树种种间关系多表现为正相关。(4)以种间关系确定样方最小面积,凉水保护区临界样地面积为60 m×60 m。该研究集中于不同尺度下不同径级的红松与伴生树种的种间关系,解释优势种红松与伴生树种在森林的空间关系以及群落结构特征,为东北地区阔叶红松林的森林管理提供参考意见。

Size hierarchy of gold clusters in nanogold-catalyzed acetylene hydrochlorination

Size hierarchy is a distinct feature of nanogold-catalysts as it can strongly affect their performance in various reactions. We developed a simple method to generate Au n S m nanoclusters of different sizes by thermal treatment of an Au144(PET)60 (PET: phenylethanethiol) parent cluster. These clusters, deposited on activated carbon, exhibit excellent catalytic performance in the hydrochlorination of acetylene. In-situ ultraviolet laser dissociation high-resolution mass spectrometry of the parent cluster in the presence of acetylene revealed a remarkable cluster size-dependence of acetylene adsorption, which is a crucial step in the hydrochlorination. Systematic density functional theory calculations of the reaction pathways on the differently-sized clusters provide deeper insight into the cluster size dependence of the adsorption energies of the reactants and afforded a scaling relationship between the adsorption energy of acetylene and the co-adsorption energies of the reactants (C_(2)H_(2) and HCl), which could enable a qualitative prediction of the optimal Au n S m cluster for the hydrochlorination of acetylene.

基于矿业权数据的空间关系压覆智能比对关键技术研究及实现

为解决传统矿业权空间关系压覆查询比对效率低下、易产生遗漏错误、审批时效长等问题,进一步提升政务服务审批效率,本文探索基于自然资源数据“一张图”,利用高性能IGServer等信息技术,建设矿业权数据空间压覆智能比对“数字员工”系统,研究智能比对分析和动态调整比例尺、动态注记等关键技术,输出图文分析报告。研究结果表明,相比于传统的人工比对分析方式,由大数据支持的“数字员工”自动化空间压覆智能比对方法,有效提高了分析效率和结果的精准度,快速精准支撑政务服务审批,合理保护矿产资源和保障建设项目顺利实施。

基于数据挖掘算法的精准营销方法

以标准化流程为基础,抽取营销数据中的关键性指标;采用无量纲转换方式,对关键指标的精准营销尺度进行统一转化;通过数据挖掘算法标定尺度关系,基于数据之间的逻辑关系实现精准营销。实验结果表明:以不同类型用户作为营销变量,通过新方法可以实现不同需求的精准匹配,具有应用价值。

基于可解释机器学习的大型活动场馆周边路网运行状态影响研究

举办大型活动会导致周边受影响区域在短时间内集中大量人群和车辆,场馆周边路网与常态交通具有差异化特征.为探究大型活动对场馆周边路网运行状态的影响机理,解析活动规模、路段与活动场馆的空间距离等因素的影响特征,构建融合XGBoost算法与部分依赖图的可解释机器学习模型,以捕捉不同因素的非线性效应与协同影响.以北京市为例开展了实证研究,单因素的异质性影响表明:路段与活动场馆的空间距离及活动规模对场馆周边路网运行状态的影响较大,其相对重要度分别达到27.1%和25.4%,距离活动开始/结束的时间对场馆周边路网运行状态存在明显非线性特征,在活动开始前30~60 min,以及活动结束后30 min内,场馆周边3 km以内的路段将受到显著影响.二维因素的协同影响表明:当活动规模大于3万人时,节假日和不利天气对场馆周边路网运行状态呈负面影响,而在降雨和雾霾天气下,场馆周边路网运行状态受时空影响较大,影响范围为活动开始前60 min与结束后40 min内距离活动场馆2.5 km内的路段.相关研究结论可为大型活动期间道路拥堵致因辨别及制定科学有效的路网管控策略提供定量化的决策依据.

粤港澳大湾区4种生态系统调节服务的互馈关系及机制

调节服务是生态系统为维持或改善人类生存环境提供的惠益。各种调节服务相互作用或存在互馈关系,并在不同时空尺度上呈现一定规律性或分异性,厘清不同尺度下生态系统调节服务间的关系及其影响因子对优化生态系统区域管理具有重要意义。以粤港澳大湾区为例,计算了2000、2010、2020年碳储量、氮输出量、土壤保持量和授粉者丰度等4种生态系统调节服务,在千米格网和二级流域尺度下分析生态系统服务时空格局变化,利用Spearman相关指数和地理回归模型分析了粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务间关系的时空异质性,最后通过最优地理探测器识别生态系统调节服务的主要影响因子及其交互作用力。结果表明:1)研究区生态系统调节服务的分布格局在时间上保持稳定,在空间上呈现异质性,但因调节服务的类型不同,其空间分布模式有所不同;2)研究区20年间生态系统调节服务间权衡/协同关系存在显著变化,且彼此存在不同程度的互馈关系,这些关系的作用强度随时空尺度的变化而变化。该研究确定了最佳互馈组合,包括碳储量-氮输出量、碳储量-土壤保持量、碳储量-授粉者丰度、氮输出量-土壤保持量和授粉者丰度-土壤保持量,这些组合中的后者服务因子对前者服务因子的解释力更强;3)生态系统中存在复杂的相互作用和非线性关系,这些关系对生态系统空间格局有显著影响,且调节服务因子与自然-社会经济影响因子的交互作用随着尺度的增大而增强。该研究可为区域差异化生态系统管理政策提供重要的科学参考。

基于集成多尺度注意力的图像篡改定位

近年来,基于卷积神经网络图像拼接篡改检测算法取得了相当的进展.然而,由于篡改对象的大小和类型不同,现有的大多数模型仍然不能取得令人满意的效果.针对这些问题,提出一种集成多尺度注意力的网络进行图像篡改定位算法.首先在编码器中添加多尺度的双注意力模块——位置注意力和通道注意力,其中,位置注意力模块通过捕捉任意2个特征图的位置关系获取特征图在空间维度上的语义信息依赖关系,使每个像素点均能感知其余位置像素点的信息;通道注意力模块采用与位置注意力相似的自注意力操作捕捉任意2个通道映射之间的关系,使像素点感知到其余通道像素点的信息.考虑到篡改目标大小不同,多尺度注意力模块将特征图划分为多个子区域,在捕获长程语义信息依赖关系的同时也能适应各种形状大小的篡改区域,可以更好地处理不同尺度的拼接篡改图,降低高分辨率特征图的计算开销.在公开数据集CASIA上进行实验的结果表明,所提算法得到的F1和IoU值分别达到62.3%和61.2%,比其他现有算法有明显提升.