Electric field and force characteristic of dust aerosol particles on the surface of high-voltage transmission line

High-voltage transmission lines play a crucial role in facilitating the utilization of renewable energy in regions prone to desertification. The accumulation of atmospheric particles on the surface of these lines can significantly impact corona discharge and wind-induced conductor displacement. Accurately quantifying the force exerted by particles adhering to conductor surfaces is essential for evaluating fouling conditions and making informed decisions. Therefore, this study investigates the changes in electric field intensity along branched conductors caused by various fouling layers and their resulting influence on the adhesion of dust particles. The findings indicate that as individual particle size increases, the field strength at the top of the particle gradually decreases and eventually stabilizes at approximately 49.22 k V/cm, which corresponds to a field strength approximately 1.96 times higher than that of an unpolluted transmission line. Furthermore,when particle spacing exceeds 15 times the particle size, the field strength around the transmission line gradually decreases and approaches the level observed on non-adhering surface. The electric field remains relatively stable. In a triangular arrangement of three particles, the maximum field strength at the tip of the fouling layer is approximately 1.44 times higher than that of double particles and 1.5 times higher compared to single particles. These results suggest that particles adhering to the transmission line have a greater affinity for adsorbing charged particles. Additionally, relevant numerical calculations demonstrate that in dry environments, the primary adhesion forces between particles and transmission lines follow an order of electrostatic force and van der Waals force. Specifically, at the minimum field strength, these forces are approximately74.73 times and 19.43 times stronger than the gravitational force acting on the particles.

An Improved Description of Characteristics Length in Substrate Current Model for Submicron and Deep-Submicron LDD MOSFET's

A novel substrate current model is proposed for submicron and deep-submicron li ghtly-doped-drain (LDD) n-MOSFET,with the emphasis on accurate description of the characteristics length by taking the effects of channel length and bias int o account.This is due to that the characteristics lenth significantly affects th e maximum lateral electric field and the length of velocity saturation region,bo th of which are very important in modeling the drain current and the substrate c urrent.The comparison between simulations and experiments shows a good predictio n of the model for submicron and deep-submicron LDD MOSFET.Moreover,the analyti cal model is suitable for descgn of devices as it is low in computation consumpt ion.

Load Cluster Characteristic Analysis and Modeling of Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicle, as a clean energy industry, is an important branch. Electric vehicles not only are the energy of the electric user, but also can be used as mobile and distributed energy storage unit to the grid. As a precondition of safety operation for power grid, studies of EVs’ charging load characteristics is also the theoretical basis of intelligent scheduling EVs charging orderly. This paper assesses the future of the electric vehicles development prospects, and secondly establishes a charging model of a single EV. Then, considering stochastic distribution of the initial state-of-charge (SOC0) and the arriving time of the vehicles, a cluster model of the charging station is proposed. Meanwhile, the paper from the types and charging mode of electric vehicles analyzes the behavior of EV. Finally, an example simulation is validated.

Three-dimensional forward modeling and inversion of borehole-to-surface electrical imaging with different power sources

Borehole-to-surface electrical imaging （BSEI） uses a line source and a point source to generate a stable electric field in the ground. In order to study the surface potential of anomalies, three-dimensional forward modeling of point and line sources was conducted by using the finite-difference method and the incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient （ICCG） method. Then, the damping least square method was used in the 3D inversion of the formation resistivity data. Several geological models were considered in the forward modeling and inversion. The forward modeling results suggest that the potentials generated by the two sources have different surface signatures. The inversion data suggest that the low- resistivity anomaly is outlined better than the high-resistivity anomaly. Moreover, when the point source is under the anomaly, the resistivity anomaly boundaries are better outlined than when using a line source.

Dynamic behavior of a rotating gliding arc plasma in nitrogen:effects of gas flow rate and operating current

The effects of feed gas flow rate and operating current on the electrical characteristics and dynamic behavior of a rotating gliding arc （RGA） plasma codriven by a magnetic field and tangential flow were investigated.The operating current has been shown to significantly affect the time-resolved voltage waveforms of the discharge,particularly at flow rate =21 min^-1.When the current was lower than 140 mA,sinusoidal waveforms with regular variation periods of 13.5-17.0 ms can be observed （flow rate =21 min^-1）.The restrike mode characterized by serial sudden drops of voltage appeared under all studied conditions.Increasing the flow rate from 8 to 121 min^-1 （at the same current） led to a shift of arc rotation mode which would then result in a significant drop of discharge voltage （around 120-200 V）.For a given flow rate,the reduction of current resulted in a nearly linear increase of voltage.

Electrical characteristics of new three-phase traction power supply system for rail transit

A novel three-phase traction power supply system is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects caused by electric phase separation in catenary and accomplish a unifying manner of traction power supply for rail transit.With the application of two-stage three-phase continuous power supply structure,the electrical characteristics exhibit new features differing from the existing traction system.In this work,the principle for voltage levels determining two-stage network is dissected in accordance with the requirements of traction network and electric locomotive.The equivalent model of three-phase traction system is built for deducing the formula of current distribution and voltage losses.Based on the chain network model of the traction network,a simulation model is established to analyze the electrical characteristics such as traction current distribution,voltage losses,system equivalent impedance,voltage distribution,voltage unbalance and regenerative energy utilization.In a few words,quite a lot traction current of about 99%is undertaken by long-section cable network.The proportion of system voltage losses is small attributed to the two-stage three-phase power supply structure,and the voltage unbal-ance caused by impedance asymmetry of traction network is less than 1‰.In addition,the utilization rate of regenerative energy for locomotive achieves a significant promotion of over 97%.

Dynamic Characteristics in Subnanosecond Breakdown and Generation of Supershort Avalanche Electron Beam

In this paper,subnanosecond-pulse and one-nanosecond-pulse generators are used to study the breakdowns in highly overvolted gaps in atmospheric pressure air.With different cathodes,we measured the applied voltage and discharge current to investigate the dynamic characteristics in the subnanosecond breakdown during the generation of a supershort avalanche electron beam.Especially,characteristics of dynamic displacement current are presented in the current paper,which is detected between the ionization wave front and a plane anode.It is shown that during a subnanosecond voltage rise time,the amplitude of the dynamic displacement current can be higher than 4 kA.It is demonstrated that the breakdown in the air gap is assisted by ionization processes between the ionization wave front and a plane anode.

A compact two-dimensional analytical model of the electrical characteristics of a triple-material double-gate tunneling FET structure

This paper presents a compact two-dimensional analytical device model of surface potential,in addition to electric field of triple-material double-gate(TMDG)tunnel FET.The TMDG TFET device model is developed using a parabolic approximation method in the channel depletion space and a boundary state of affairs across the drain and source.The TMDG TFET device is used to analyze the electrical performance of the TMDG structure in terms of changes in potential voltage,lateral and vertical electric field.Because the TMDG TFET has a simple compact structure,the surface potential is computationally efficient and,therefore,may be utilized to analyze and characterize the gate-controlled devices.Furthermore,using Kane's model,the current across the drain can be modeled.The graph results achieved from this device model are close to the data collected from the technology computer aided design(TCAD)simulation.

Reversal current observed in micro-and submicro-channel flow under non-continuous DC electric field

In practical applications of biochips and bio-sensors, electrokinetic mechanisms are commonly employed to manipulate and analyze the characteristics of single bio-molecules. To accurately and flexibly control the movement of single molecule within micro-/submicro-fluidic channels, the characteristics of current signals at the initial stage of the flow are systematically studied based on a three-electrode system. The current response of micro-/submicro-fluidic channels filled with different electrolyte solutions in non-continuous external electric field are investigated. It is found, there always exists a current reversal phenomenon, which is an inherent property of the current signals in micro/submicro-fluidics Each solution has an individual critical voltage under which the steady current value is equal to zero The interaction between the steady current and external applied voltage follows an exponential function. All these results can be attributed to the overpotentials of the electric double layer on the electrodes. These results are helpful for the design and fabrication of functional micro/nano-scale fluidic sensors and biochips.

Electrical properties and electrical field in depletion layer for CZT crystals

Current—voltage (I—V) and capacitance—voltage (C—V) characteristics of Au/p-CZT contacts with different surface treatments on cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) wafer’s surface were measured with Agilent 4339B high resistance meter and Agilent 4294A precision impedance analyzer, respectively. The Schottky barrier height was 0.85±0.05, 0.96±0.05 eV for non-passivated and passivated CZT crystals by I—V measurement. By C—V measurement, the Schottky barrier height was 1.39±0.05, 1.51±0.05 eV for non-passivated and passivated CZT crystals. The results show that the passivation treatment can increase the barrier height of the Au/p-CZT contact and decrease the leakage current. The main reason is that the higher barrier height of Au/p-CZT contacts can decrease the possibility for electrons to pass through the native TeO2 film. Most of the applied voltage appears on the depleted layer and there is only a negligible voltage drops across the nearly undepleted region. Furthermore, the electric field in the depleted layer is not uniform and can be calculated by the depletion approximation. The maximum electric field of CZT crystals is Em1=133 V/cm at x=0 for non-passivated CZT crystal and Em2=55 V/cm for passivated CZT crystal, respectively.

Flux emergence in the solar active region NOAA 11158: the evolution of net current

We present a detailed investigation of the evolution of observed net vertical current using a time series of vector magnetograms of the active region （AR） NOAA 11158 obtained from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager. We also discuss the relation of net current to the observed eruptive events. The AR evolved from the βγ to βγδ3 configuration over a period of six days. The AR had two sub-regions of activity with opposite chirality： one dominated by sunspot rotation producing a strong CME, and the other showing large shear motions producing a strong flare. The net current in each polarity over the CME producing sub-region increased to a maximum and then decreased when the sunspots were separated. The time profile of net current in this sub-region followed the time profile of the rotation rate of the south-polarity sunspot in the same sub-region. The net current in the flaring sub-region showed a sudden increase at the time of the strong flare and remained unchanged until the end of the observation, while the sunspots maintained their close proximity. The systematic evo- lution of the observed net current is seen to follow the time evolution of total length of strongly sheared polarity inversion lines in both of the sub-regions. The observed photospheric net current could be explained as an inevitable product of the emergence of a twisted flux rope, from a higher pressure confinement below the photosphere into the lower pressure environment of the photosphere.

Study on Electrical Potential by Buried Source Electrode within the Horizontally Layered Half-space Model

The paper first studies the analytical expression of electrical potential by a point current source in a uniform half-space medium,and then focuses on the distribution of electrical potential in a horizontally layered half-space model by a point current source within the surface layer or the bottom layer.Finally,the electrical potential by a source electrode in any layer of a layered half-space model is presented.

Electrical Modeling of a Silicon Photovoltaic Solar Cell: Comparative Study of Models Characterizing the Photovoltaic Solar Cell

In this article we make a detailed study and a presentation of the different models of circuit’s equivalent to silicon-based photovoltaic solar cells. Starting from a real solar cell and real phenomena from the manufacture of the cell to the production of current by the cell. A comparison of the models with a real experimental method is carried out. The comparison is based on an overlay of the results. The study allowed us to choose the most suitable model. We are interested in the losses by leaks and the losses due to the development of the cell. In fact, we studied the influence of the shunt resistance on the current-voltage characteristic and the electrical power.

Current-voltage characteristics of light-emitting diodes under optical and electrical excitation

The factors influencing the current-voltage（I-V） characteristics of light-emitting diodes（LEDs） are investigated to reveal the connection of I-V characteristics under optical excitation and those under electrical excitation.By inspecting the I-V curves under optical and electrical excitation at identical injection current,it has been found that the I-V curves exhibit apparent differences in voltage values.Furthermore,the differences are found to originate from the junction temperatures in diverse excitation ways.Experimental results indicate that if the thermal effect of illuminating spot is depressed to an ignorable extent by using pulsed light,the junction temperature will hardly deflect from that under optical excitation,and then the I-V characteristics under two diverse excitation ways will be the same.

电阻性换能元电爆特性与最大不熔断电流特性试验方法研究

针对火工品电阻性换能元作用的可靠性和安全性问题,提出了电阻性换能元电爆特性及最大不熔断电流特性的试验方法,并采用该试验方法进行了桥膜换能元及桥带换能元的相关试验。试验结果表明:桥膜换能元最小爆发电压为20 V,最小爆发电流为1.5 A;桥带换能元最小爆发电压为22 V,最小爆发电流为2.0 A。桥膜换能元的最大不熔断电流为1.6 A,经历1.7~1.9 A的5 min不熔断电流试验后,换能元电阻显著减小;而桥带换能元的最大不熔断电流为1.2 A,在相同条件下未观察到电阻减小现象。

舰艇水下腐蚀静电场计算及影响因素仿真分析

为了进一步分析影响舰船电场的不同因素,提高舰艇水下静电场仿真分析中电偶极子建模方法的准确性,研究产生舰艇水下腐蚀静电场的腐蚀电化学原理和特性,从腐蚀电流密度的角度推导船体-螺旋桨电偶腐蚀电流表达式,并利用镜像法求解出了空气-海水二层模型下水平和垂直电偶极子电场解析式。建立基于舰艇腐蚀电流电偶极子的电场解析模型,在此基础上利用数值仿真对一中型舰艇水下50 m测线上的电场进行分析。结果表明:在设定变化范围内,船体腐蚀电位、螺旋桨腐蚀电位、船体浸水面积、螺旋桨浸水面积、海水温度、海水电导率对舰艇水下腐蚀静电场的影响程度分别约为29%、23%、53%、82%、30%和67%。仿真结果和电场解析模型可以为进一步研究舰艇水下腐蚀静电场特征及防护方法提供有力的理论支撑。

不同驾驶习惯下车用电池电流特征与容量衰退的关联性研究

针对车用锂离子电池在不同驾驶习惯下的电池衰退差异性的问题,提出了一种与容量衰退相关的驾驶习惯差异性特征提取方法。不同分段加速过程及其占比是不同驾驶习惯下影响电池衰退的关键因素,并设计了一种差异性特征提取方法。首先,基于最小时间为0.1 s的CLTC-P及实车测试数据,从平均车速和分段加速过程占比量化驾驶习惯,分析不同驾驶习惯的差异性。然后,利用主成分分析法提取电流关键影响因素,借助BI-KMEANS聚类方法分析脉冲电流,结合不同驾驶习惯下电流的差异性提取相关特征。最后,通过实验探究差异性特征与容量衰退的关联性。实验结果表明,不同分段加速过程带来的不同极化次数和极化强度是不同驾驶习惯下影响电池衰退差异的主要原因。

高速列车移动接地回流系统研究综述

列车移动接地系统通过接地轮对与钢轨间的滚动电接触实现电能的泄放。其中,车载接地系统可分为工作接地与保护接地两种方式。但由于工作接地轮对与保护接地轮对共用钢轨并将其作为泄流渠道,通过工作接地泄放至钢轨的电流易通过周边的保护接地轮对再次回窜至铝合金车体上,从而在车-轨间形成环流,长期存在车-轨环流将导致牵引电机轴承、齿轮箱齿轮电蚀,抬高车体电位,严重影响列车上搭载的乘客与设备的安全。伴随着高速铁路运行速度及牵引功率不断提升,列车牵引电流的不断增加,将导致车-轨环流现象越加严重,亟需对车-轨环流的产生机制、影响因素及抑制措施开展研究。首先调研车-轨环流造成的相关事故,并梳理产生车-轨环流的根本原因。通过调研目前已构建的移动接地系统仿真模型,探究车-轨环流机理与接地回流的动态变化特性,并收集目前已提出的车-轨环流的抑制措施,提出解决问题的思路。

基于负荷准线的用户需求响应潜力评估

需求响应是挖掘电力需求侧灵活性的有效手段。准线型需求响应因其规模化推广受到关注,但缺乏用户潜力评估方法,而传统的分时评估方法存在不足,难以量化跨时段的响应效果。因此,提出一种新的评估方法。首先,建立面向聚合商的评估框架,输入数据为历史负荷曲线和电网发布的负荷准线。其次,基于负荷准线分段,采用主成分分析和谱系聚类挖掘用电模式。然后,利用逼近理想解排序-熵权算法计算特征指标得分,结合特征得分与综合得分进行潜力评估。最后,通过测试算例直观展示不同用户的响应潜力。所提方法为聚合商参与准线型需求响应提供了全面信息,指导用户高效实施需求响应,并为资源互补聚合提供准确量化依据。

异面结构雪崩GaAs光导开关的制备及特性测试

雪崩砷化镓光导开关(PCSS)因其超快开关速度、低触发抖动、光电隔离、高功率容量、高重复频率以及器件结构灵活的特点,得到广泛应用。制备封装了电极间隙为5 mm的异面结构GaAs光导开关,对不同偏置电场下(36~76 kV/cm)开关的暗态和开态的电学特性进行了测试分析,结果表明其具有百皮秒~纳秒量级的上升沿、低暗态泄漏电流(0.15~6.61μA)、高耐压(18~38 kV)的特点。实验探究了开关工作次数与输出电压峰值的关系,结果表明随着工作次数的增大,输出电压幅值呈台阶型降低趋势,在20 kV、2 Hz条件下,开关寿命达4.0×10^(4)次。