Hungary＇s accession to the European Union in 2004 marked the start of a new era. The completion of legal harmonization brought in new emission standards and thresholds, and this was followed by EU-assisted projects t...Hungary＇s accession to the European Union in 2004 marked the start of a new era. The completion of legal harmonization brought in new emission standards and thresholds, and this was followed by EU-assisted projects to build and reconstruct wastewater treatment plants. The utilization of sludge after it leaves the wastewater treatment plant is now a solely private-sector operation. There are new political priorities： increasing state involvement, buying out of major--formerly privatized--service providers, reintegration of isolated service providers, legally-imposed reduction of public utility charges. As a result, a demand has arisen for a greater central, i.e. government role in sludge utilization.展开更多
The current increase in the number of electric vehicles in Germany requires an adequately developed charging infrastructure.Large numbers of public and semi-public charging stations are necessary to ensure sufficient ...The current increase in the number of electric vehicles in Germany requires an adequately developed charging infrastructure.Large numbers of public and semi-public charging stations are necessary to ensure sufficient coverage of charging options.In order to make the installation worthwhile for the mostly private operators as well as public ones,a sufficient utilization is decisive.This paper gives an overview of the differences in the utilization across the public charging infrastructure in Germany.To this end,a dataset on the utilization of 21164 public and semi-public charging stations in Germany is evaluated.The installation and operating costs of various charging stations are modeled and economically evaluated in combination with the utilization data.It is shown that in 2019-2020,the average utilization in Germany was rather low,albeit with striking regional differences.We consider future scenarios allowing the regional development forecasting of economic viability.It is demonstrated that a growth in electric mobility of 20%-30%per year leads to a large number of economically feasible charging parks in urban agglomeration areas.展开更多
Recently, triboelectric generator(TEG) has attracted a lot of attention due to its high output voltage and low-cost fabrication process. Here, a novel cubic TEG box is designed, which has separated electrodes on diffe...Recently, triboelectric generator(TEG) has attracted a lot of attention due to its high output voltage and low-cost fabrication process. Here, a novel cubic TEG box is designed, which has separated electrodes on different surfaces. Thanks to the specially designed structure, it can scavenge vibration energy from all directions. Firstly the device is investigated through finite element method(FEM) simulation. Then the device is evaluated by experiments. The measuremental results show that this device can generate an amount of 25 n C charge during once shake by charging a 10 n F capacitor. Besides, an output voltage about 100 V is obtained, which is able to directly light up several light-emitting diodes(LEDs) simultaneously. At last, the device is utilized as a self-powered orientation sensor, which shows explicit directivity. This work extends the applications of TEG for ambient vibration energy harvesting techniques and the self-powered orientation sensor.展开更多
文摘Hungary＇s accession to the European Union in 2004 marked the start of a new era. The completion of legal harmonization brought in new emission standards and thresholds, and this was followed by EU-assisted projects to build and reconstruct wastewater treatment plants. The utilization of sludge after it leaves the wastewater treatment plant is now a solely private-sector operation. There are new political priorities： increasing state involvement, buying out of major--formerly privatized--service providers, reintegration of isolated service providers, legally-imposed reduction of public utility charges. As a result, a demand has arisen for a greater central, i.e. government role in sludge utilization.
基金supported by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy(No.01MZ18006G).
文摘The current increase in the number of electric vehicles in Germany requires an adequately developed charging infrastructure.Large numbers of public and semi-public charging stations are necessary to ensure sufficient coverage of charging options.In order to make the installation worthwhile for the mostly private operators as well as public ones,a sufficient utilization is decisive.This paper gives an overview of the differences in the utilization across the public charging infrastructure in Germany.To this end,a dataset on the utilization of 21164 public and semi-public charging stations in Germany is evaluated.The installation and operating costs of various charging stations are modeled and economically evaluated in combination with the utilization data.It is shown that in 2019-2020,the average utilization in Germany was rather low,albeit with striking regional differences.We consider future scenarios allowing the regional development forecasting of economic viability.It is demonstrated that a growth in electric mobility of 20%-30%per year leads to a large number of economically feasible charging parks in urban agglomeration areas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61176103,91323304)the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China("863"Project)(Grant No.2013AA041102)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.4141002)
文摘Recently, triboelectric generator(TEG) has attracted a lot of attention due to its high output voltage and low-cost fabrication process. Here, a novel cubic TEG box is designed, which has separated electrodes on different surfaces. Thanks to the specially designed structure, it can scavenge vibration energy from all directions. Firstly the device is investigated through finite element method(FEM) simulation. Then the device is evaluated by experiments. The measuremental results show that this device can generate an amount of 25 n C charge during once shake by charging a 10 n F capacitor. Besides, an output voltage about 100 V is obtained, which is able to directly light up several light-emitting diodes(LEDs) simultaneously. At last, the device is utilized as a self-powered orientation sensor, which shows explicit directivity. This work extends the applications of TEG for ambient vibration energy harvesting techniques and the self-powered orientation sensor.
