Nonlinear Impact Damage Evolution of Charpy Type and Analysis of Its Key Influencing Factors

The current research of Charpy impact mainly focuses on obtaining the ductile brittle transition temperature of materials by experiments.Compared with experiments,numerical simulation can study many problems with harsh conditions.However,there are still few studies on the influence of geometric factors such as side grooves.In this paper,the geometry of standard Charpy impact test is designed.Specimens with different widths and side grooves are tested.The finite element model of Charpy impact was established by ABAQUS software.Use test results and simulation results to verify each other.The effects of sample width,side groove depth and side groove bottom fillet on the impact fracture resistance of the sample were studied.The results show that the specimen width is positively correlated with the impact toughness of the specimen.The side groove greatly reduces the impact toughness of the material;the toughness of side groove decreases with the increase of depth;the fracture toughness of side groove decreases with the increase of fillet at the bottom of side groove.The proportion of toughness energy to impact energy of samples was analyzed.The results show that the toughness energy accounts for about 70%of the impact energy of the sample,which has little to do with the geometric characteristics of the sample.This study presents a reliable method for studying Charpy impact tests.The influence of geometric parameters is obtained,which provides a reference method for the study of impact toughness of high toughness materials.

Value of Charpy impact test results with sub-and half-size specimens extracted from overage steel bridge members

For the maintenance of steel bridges,the mechanical properties of steel used in the bridges must be elucidated.When enough dimensions of specimens cannot be extracted from the actual members,miniaturized specimens are used for evaluation.In the case of the Charpy impact test,sub-and half-size specimens are specified instead of full-size specimens of which the thickness is 10 mm.The value of absorbed energy and energy transient temperature obtained by Charpy impact tests with sub-size and half-size specimens were investigated from the viewpoint of maintenance of bridges in this study.The absorbed energy was not in proportion to the thickness of specimens of steel used in the actual overage bridges.The tendency of energy transient temperature obtained by thin specimens of the overage steel differed from that of the present steel.A method for evaluating the performance against brittle fracture occurrence based on the WES3003 criterion was examined.The results show the significance of evaluation based on the energy transient temperature for reasonable maintenance of bridges.

用小尺寸R－CT试样研究核压力容器钢断裂韧性及与Charpy试样的比较

提出了一种用双边带深侧槽的小尺寸圆形紧凑拉伸试样评定核压力容器（ＲＰＶ）钢断裂韧性的单试作试验方法，给出了用该方法测定的两个厂家生产的核压力容器用Ａ５０８ＣＬ３钢的断裂韧性参数，还与Ｃｈａｒｐｙ试样的试验结果及大尺寸标准试样的试验结果进行了比较。研究结果表明：用双边带深侧槽的小尺寸Ｒ－ＣＴ试样测得的断裂韧性值比相同恻槽深度预制疲劳裂纹Ｃｈａｒｐｙ试样的测试值更接近有效断裂韧性值，所以，用于核压力容器断裂韧性的监测是可行的。

核监测用断裂韧性Charpy尺寸试样的合理设计

预制疲劳裂纹侧槽Charpy尺寸试样是一种经济、方便的评价核压力容器用钢弹塑性断裂韧性的单试样方法。本文就几种常用压力容器用钢详细研究了侧槽相对深度对断裂韧性及相应的稳定裂纹扩展量的影响,并和满足GB2038要求的大尺寸试样的试验结果进行了对比。研究结果表明,采用预制疲劳裂纹、侧槽相对深度为30%的Charpy尺寸试样及三点弯曲试验曲线上最大载荷前的能量,可以偏安全地评价裂纹开始扩展时材料的弹塑性断裂韧性,建立了核监测用断裂韧性试验Charpy尺寸试样的合理设计。此外,还研究了侧槽的拘束效应和对试样的加厚作用,对试验结果进行了理论解释。

用Charpy试样研究核压力容器钢的韧性转变温度曲线

用一个标准Ｃｈａｒｐｙ试样及试验过的该试样的两个半截试样所获得的８个“再造Ｃｈａｒｐｙ复合试样”评定核压力容器用Ａ５０８ＣＬ３钢冲击韧性或断裂韧性的温度转变曲线。研究结果表明，用这种方法可得到一条较为可靠而完整的核压力容器钢的冲击韧性或断裂韧性随温度的转变曲线。这相当于在核监测计划中，只需取出一个Ｃｈａｒｐｙ试样即可得到完整的材料性能曲线，这对于提高核压力容器中子辐照脆化监测的可靠性很有价值，特别是对于运行时间较长（堆芯内监测试样数量已经不多）的核容器寿命预测和安全监视尤为重要。

Behavior of Aramid Fiber/Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Hybrid Composites under Charpy Impact and Ballistic Impact

The aramid fiber礥HMWPE (ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene) fiber hybrid composites (AF礑F) were ma-nufactured. By Charpy impact, the low velocity impact behavior of AF礑F composite was studied. And the high velocity impact behavior under ballistic impact was also investigated. The influence of hybrid ratio on the performances of low and high velocity impact was analyzed, and hybrid structures with good impact properties under low velocity impact and high velocity were optimized. For Charpy impact, the maximal impact load increased with the accretion of the AF layers for AF礑F hybrid composites. The total impact power was reduced with the decrease of DF layers and the delamination can result in the increase of total impact power. For ballistic impact, the DF ballistic performance was better than that of the AF and the hybrid ratio had a crucial influence. The failure morphology of AF礑F hybrid composite under Charpy impact and ballistic impact was analyzed. The AF礑F hybrid composites in suitable hybrid ratio could attain better performance than AF or DF composites.

Charpy冲击试验结果分析

对某种容器用钢横向和纵向两种试样的冲击功Ak值进行了分析。得到的结果说明两种取向试样的Ak值呈正态分布。

METHOD TO CALCULATE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR OF V-NOTCH IN BI-MATERIALS

Based on Zak＇s stress function, the eigen-equation of stress singularity ofbi-materials with a V-notch was obtained. A new definition of stress intensity factor for a perpendicular interfacial V-notch of bi-material was put forward. The effects of shear modulus and Poisson＇s ratio of the matrix material and attaching material on eigen-values were analyzed. A generalized expression for calculating/（i of the perpendicular V-notch of bi-materials was obtained by means of stress extrapolation. Effects of notch depth, notch angle and Poisson＇s ratio of materials on the singular stress field near the tip of the V-notch were analyzed systematically with numerical simulations. As an example, a finite plate with double edge notches under uniaxial uniform tension was calculated by the method presented and the influence of the notch angle and Poisson＇s ratio on the stress singularity near the tip of notch was obtained.

Transferability of Charpy Absorbed Energy to Fracture Toughness Based on Weibull Stress Criterion

The relationship between Charpy absorbed energy and the fracture toughness by means of the (crack tip opening displacement (CTOD)) method was analyzed based on the Weibull stress criterion. The Charpy absorbed energy and the fracture toughness were measured for the SN490B steel under the ductile-brittle transition temperature region. For the instrumented Charpy impact test, the curves between the loading point displacement and the load against time were recorded. The critical Weibull stress was taken as a fracture controlled parameter, and it could not be affected by the specimen configuration and the loading pattern based on the local approach. The parameters controlled brittle fracture are obtained from the Charpy absorbed energy results, then the fracture toughness for the compact tension (CT) specimen is predicted. It is found that the results predicted are in good agreement with the experimental. The fracture toughness could be evaluated by the Charpy absorbed energy, because the local approach gives a good description for the brittle fracture even though the Charpy impact specimen or the CT specimen is used for the given material.

Evaluating instrumented Charpy impact strain signals using curve fitting equations

An effective and simple way to develop equations from impact strain signals was proposed.Little research has been performed in this area,but this equation is very important for evaluating input signals in finite element analysis impact tests and for obtaining additional information on material deformation and fracture processes under impact loading.For this purpose,dynamic impact responses were examined through signals obtained from a strain gauge installed on an impact striker connected to a data acquisition system.Aluminium 6061-T6 was used to extract strain responses on the striker during Charpy impact testing.Statistical analysis was performed using the I-kaz method,and curve fitting equations based on the equation for vibration response under a non-periodic force were used to evaluate the Charpy impact signals.The I-kaz coefficients and curve fitting equations were then compared and discussed with related parameters,such as velocities and thicknesses.Velocity and thickness were found to be related to the strain signal patterns,curve fitting equations and I-kaz coefficients.The equations developed using this method had R2 values greater than 97.7%.Finally,the constructed equations were determined to be suitable for evaluating Charpy impact strain signal patterns and obtaining additional information on fracture processes under impact loading.

HIGHER ORDER ASYMPTOTIC FIELDS AT THE TIP OF A SHARP V-NOTCH IN A POWER-HARDENING MATERIAL

The higher order asymptotic fields at the tip of a sharp V-notchin a power-hardening material for plane strain problem of Mode I arederived. The order hierarchy in powers of r for various hardeningexponents n and notch angles β is obtained. The angulardistributions of stress for several cases are plotted. Theself-similarity behavior between the higher order terms is noticed.It is found that the terms with higher Order can be neglected for theV-notch angle β>45°.

Application of Charpy Impact Absorbed Energy to the Safety Assessment Based on SINTAP

The European Structural Integrity Assessment Procedure（SINTAP） was applied to the assessment of welded joints of the API 5L X65 pipeline steel with an assumed embedded flaw and surface flaw at the weld toe. At default level（ level 0）, the assessment point was established by esti- mating fracture toughness value K1c conservatively from Charpy energy test data. At the same time, the analysis level 1 （basic level）was applied based on the fracture toughness CTOD. Then the two assessment levels were compared. The assessment results show that all assessment points are located within the failure lines of analysis levels 0 and 1. So the welded joint of the pipeline is safe. It can be concluded that the assessment based on Charpy absorbed energy is practicable when other fracture toughness data are not available, or cannot be easily obtained. The results are conservative.

Comparative Study of Tensile and Charpy Impact Properties of X70 and X80 Linepipe Steels After Ultra Fast Cooling Processing

Ultra fast cooling（UFC） processing after hot deformation was conducted on X70 and X80 linepipe steels. Tensile and charpy impact properties of both steels have been investigated in this work. The results have shown that the mechanical properties satisfy all the standard requirements of the X70 and X80 steels. UFC results in a presence of microstructure containing quasi polygonal（QF）, acicular ferrite（AF） and granular bainite（GB）. The alloying elements and UFC enhance the strengthening contribution caused by solid solution, dispersion, dislocation and precipitation strengthening. The size and distribution of precipitates in the linepipe steels are fine and dispersed. MA is also homogeneously dispersed due to UFC. Average grain size in the X80 steel is finer than that in the X70 steel. The volume fractions of secondary phases in the X80 steel are greater than those in the X70 steel. The X80 steel remains finer and more dispersed precipitates compared to the X70 steel. As a result, the tensile properties of X80 steel are higher than those of X70 steel. The Charpy absorbed energies of X70 and X80 steels at-10 ℃ reached 436 and 460 J, respectively. They reached 433 and 461 J at-15 ℃, respectively. This is mainly attributed to the presence of larger amounts of AFs in the X80 steel. A microstructure of AF for the X80 steel results in combining high strength and high toughness.

A modified single edge V-notched beam method for evaluating surface fracture toughness of thermal barrier coatings

The surface fracture toughness is an important mechanical parameter for studying the failure behavior of air plasma sprayed(APS)thermal barrier coatings(TBCs).As APS TBCs are typical multilayer porous ceramic materials,the direct applications of the traditional single edge notched beam(SENB)method that ignores those typical structural characters may cause errors.To measure the surface fracture toughness more accurately,the effects of multilayer and porous characters on the fracture toughness of APS TBCs should be considered.In this paper,a modified single edge V-notched beam(MSEVNB)method with typical structural characters is developed.According to the finite element analysis(FEA),the geometry factor of the multilayer structure is recalculated.Owing to the narrower V-notches,a more accurate critical fracture stress is obtained.Based on the Griffith energy balance,the reduction of the crack surface caused by micro-defects is corrected.The MSEVNB method can measure the surface fracture toughness more accurately than the SENB method.

超临界CO_(2)管道止裂韧性预测模型研究

碳中和目标下,超临界态CO_(2)管道输送已成为碳捕集利用与封存(CCUS)技术发展的必然趋势。然而,目前超临界CO_(2)管道止裂控制体系尚未构建,管材止裂韧性难以预测,成为限制其广泛应用的瓶颈问题之一。针对该问题,通过归纳国内外相关文献及规范标准,对超临界CO_(2)管道止裂控制研究进展及最新标准体系进行了简要综述;在系统收集已开展CO_(2)管道全尺寸爆破试验信息及数据的基础上,对现有止裂韧性预测模型适用性进行了讨论,由此确定了CO_(2)管道止裂韧性预测模型修正形式,并对不同模型适用范围及预测结果进行了讨论。研究结果表明,建立的修正模型解决了传统止裂预测模型过于激进的问题,同时降低了DNV推荐方法的保守性。建议将修正模型与DNN预测方法相结合,以使管材韧性值处于止裂区域;同时开展高效准确的CO_(2)管道裂纹动态扩展数值模拟。所得结果可为我国CO_(2)管道止裂设计提供指导。

Failure mechanisms of roadways with non-coplanar axial direction and stress space:True triaxial test and mechanical analysis

The axial direction of a roadway often forms a certain spatial angle with the in-situ stress field.Variations in the spatial angles can lead to differences in the stress environment in which the roadway is exposed.Different forms of failure characteristics occur in the roadway.In order to study the failure mechanism with different spatial characteristics,rock-like material specimens with holes in 9 different horizontal and vertical angles were designed.The true triaxial test system was used to carry out the test with the same loading path.The results show that the horizontal angle a and vertical angle β have a significant effect on the specimen strength,specimen rupture angle,and the form of spalling failure in the hole.The spatial angle leads to the formation of asymmetric heterotype V-notches in both sides within the hole.The asymmetry is evident in both the depth and extent of spalling.The strength of the specimen increases and then decreases with increasing vertical angle β.The rupture angle increases and then decreases with increasing horizontal angle a and increases with the increase of the vertical angle β.The stress analytical model of the specimen under three-dimensional compression was established.The distribution of principal stresses around the holes was theoretically analyzed.It is found that the presence of spatial angle changes the distribution of principal stresses around the hole from symmetric to asymmetric distribution.The shift of the principal stresses is responsible for the change from a V-notch to a heterotype V-notch.

压力管道延性断裂止裂可靠性分析

为保证压力管道的安全平稳运行,结合正态分布概率密度函数建立了单根钢管止裂概率的计算方法。基于BTC法和CSM公式对管道止裂韧性值进行了修正,在腐蚀速率的影响下考察了整条管道的裂纹止裂可靠性,并分析了不同裂纹扩展范围下的管道失效年限,最后将延性断裂风险和应力失效风险结果进行了对比。结果表明:增大夏比冲击功的均值,可提高单根钢管的止裂概率;在腐蚀速率为0.38 mm/a时,满足8根钢管可靠性标准的管道失效年限为15.2年,满足5根钢管可靠性标准的管道失效年限为15.8年;裂纹延性断裂比应力失效带来的风险更大,应重点关注高腐蚀区域管道的裂纹扩展。该研究可为制管技术指标的制定和在役管道运行的失效分析提供实际参考。

夏比冲击试验方法应用发展现状与展望

夏比冲击试验是一种常用的力学性能测试方法,通过测试在冲击载荷作用下金属材料断裂过程吸收的能量,来快速评估材料抵抗断裂的能力。回顾了世界各国夏比冲击试验的研究历史,总结了在试验结果的不确定度、试验机器的验证、处理数据的拟合模型以及建立断裂韧性的转换关系等方面的发展现状及存在问题,对夏比冲击试验方法未来研究方向进行了展望。

含有初始裂纹的低碳贝氏体钢的冲击韧性

通过热处理改变低碳贝氏体钢中的奥氏体及其转变物(M/A)分布形态,调整了钢的微观应力集中位置,并用弹塑性力学理论揭示了初始裂纹状态下提高贝氏体钢冲击韧性的力学机理.研究了相同化学成分的薄膜状M/A贝氏体和粒状M/A贝氏体的冲击韧度,结果表明:不论初始裂纹直接切过M/A或是绕过M/A,粒状M/A贝氏体的应力最大值集中于初始裂纹尖端,降低了材料抵抗冲击载荷的能力;杆状、薄膜状M/A贝氏体初始裂纹尖端处的应力集中位置不利于裂纹继续扩展,具有较高的冲击韧度.

应变强化奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头冲击试验研究

为了研究9%应变强化工艺对焊接接头冲击性能的影响,给应变强化奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头冲击试验指标的制定提供依据,以奥氏体不锈钢S30408为研究材料,对9%应变强化前、后焊接接头焊缝区和热影响区的标准尺寸和5mm厚小尺寸夏比V型缺口试样进行-196℃低温冲击试验.研究结果表明:9%应变强化对冲击功与侧向膨胀量在统计学上无影响;试样的冲击功与侧向膨胀量均保持线性关系,且线性关系在应变强化前、后在统计学上无明显差异;除焊缝区标准试样外,其余试样在冲击功满足指标要求时,对应的侧向膨胀量也能满足指标要求;应变强化前、后小尺寸试样冲击功与标准尺寸试样冲击功比值在焊缝区内均大于0.5,在热影响区内均等于0.5.