Commercial Risks Arising from Chartering Vessels

This paper constitutes a review of the most important aspects of commercial risks arising from charterparties, operations and claims issues. That means the risks allocated between the shipowner and the charterer throughout the chartering process （pre-fixture, fixture, execution of charter, post-fixture, claims handling）, from a financial, operational and legal perspective. The interpretation of the above mentioned matters is considered of critical importance in chartering practice. The analysis is seen from a commercial stand point. Therefore, it is mostly addressed to the shipping practitioners, maritime economists, academics, students and researchers who seek to form a comprehensive view on the subject. It may also form a basis for further study on chartering aspects （legal, economic, managerial and practical）.

Chartering Strategy in Liner Shipping Companies

In recent years, the world economic situation and container shipping industry has been fluctuated drastically, which has complicated the liner shipping companies＇ operation. The conventional issue of overcapacity due to the ＂equipment battle＂, and the destructive competition have further stimulated the operating intricacy within the container sector. That would be interesting to explore the chartering strategies of CMA CGM （Compagnie Maritime d＇Affretement Compagnie Generale Maritime） in such a volatile market as any capacity adjustment dictates a line＇s profit line. Nevertheless, the usefulness of ship chartering is not only confined to the operational level but also the strategic level. Throughout the analysis of CMA CGM＇s fleet trend, fleet deployment as well as chartering activities, it can illustrate the above concepts and observe a little bit further about the strategic movement of CMA CGM.

What to Consider When Chartering Your Jet?

Putting an aircraft on a charter operator’s certificate may incur expenses for the initial inspections that are required to demonstrate its compliance with FAA standards for commercial service.Both the aircraft and crew must conform to the charter operator’s approved operating limitations.

Charter机制在气象灾害监测中的应用

近年来在气象灾害和衍生灾害的业务监测中,高分辨率卫星遥感影像和雷达卫星数据的作用越来越重要。虽然中国的环境减灾卫星和资源卫星已在业务中得到应用,但是仍不能满足对高分辨率卫星影像和雷达卫星数据的需求。国际减灾宪章机制(Charter机制)是目前运行最成功的政府间减灾机制之一,通过授权用户向遭受灾害的地区无偿提供及时的卫星遥感数据,用于灾害的监测和评估。中国气象局作为中国的授权用户,已启动两次针对气象灾害的Charter机制,通过获取各类高分辨光学影像和雷达卫星影像分别对2010年8月7日甘肃舟曲泥石流灾害和2013年8月东北洪涝灾害的监测显示,国际减灾宪章提供的高分辨率卫星影像是对中国气象卫星及陆地观测卫星数据监测气象灾害和衍生灾害的有效补充,在业务应用中起到了重要的作用。

A Review of Shipowner＇s ＆ Charterer＇s Obligations in Various Types of Charter

The charterparty is a legal contract of employing a vessel. In shipping matters, it is a highly important document since it allocates obligations, rights, duties, liabilities, risks, earnings, costs and profits between the contracted parties, namely, the shipowner and the charterer. The interpretation of the above mentioned matters, as well as the understanding of charterparty terms, is considered of critical importance in chartering practice. Therefore, this paper constitutes a review of the most important aspects arising from charterparties in the main types of charter. The present study is based on shipping practices followed in accordance with the English Common Law throughout the chartering process （pre-fixture, fixture, execution of the charter, post fixture）. This is a synopsis about the distribution of the liabilities and expenses between the shipowner and the charterer in the most representative types of charter. The analysis is seen from a commercial stand point. Therefore, it is mostly addressed to the shipping practitioners, maritime economists, academics, students and researchers who seek to form a comprehensive view on the subject. It may also form a basis for further study on chartering aspects （legal, economic, managerial and practical）.

灾害事件和灾害过程驱动下Charter数据获取机制研究

通过回顾"空间与重大灾害"国际宪章(Charter)的发展历程、启动方式、运行机制及数据政策等情况,深入分析了Charter启动情况和中国应用案例。在此基础上,总结了目前Charter机制存在的主要问题,包括多灾并发及重灾频发时,Charter机制中存在启动条件缺乏、专题数据服务范围有限、统一调度系统尚未建立以及智能空间数据库管理系统需要优化等问题,因此造成了遥感数据的获取时效低、类型单一和自动化程度不高等问题。据此,提出了一种灾害事件和灾害过程驱动下的针对特定目标、解除时间窗口约束的动态自动化数据获取优化方案。结果表明:该方案能统筹用户需求、加强卫星调度,保障了多源数据获取的时效性和准确性,避免了数据冗余。

Geography Education for Sustainable Development

Increased pressure on the earth’s resources has led to what is increasingly referred to as the climate crisis.While a whole range of environmental parameters have been transformed through such pressures,the effect of human activities on the climate is symbolic of the nature of the human footprint upon our planet and makes the lack of any coherent political leadership in most countries even more alarming.The discipline of Geography has a distinct advantage in developing a more holistic understanding of global environmental challenges in that it reaches across all the sciences(including social sciences and humanities).Geographical education therefore represents an important vehicle for citizens of all ages to help them understand the complexity of the sustainability goal and what can(and should)be done to achieve a more sustainable future.In this essay,I reflect on three approaches that are available to individuals and communities towards taking the steps to sustainability.The philosophy embodied by the International Year of Global Understanding(IYGU)is suggested as a particularly valuable tool for geography educators.The activities of the International Geographical Union(IGU)offer important opportunities for geographers to learn from each other and promote best practice in geographical education.As‘the science for sustainability’,Geography has an increasingly important role to play in developing the knowledge and the skills to equip future generations with the tools to adapt to and mitigate potentially catastrophic global environmental change.

Damage and geological assessment of the 18 September 2011 M_w 6.9 earthquake in Sikkim,India using very high resolution satellite data

Post-disaster very high resolution（VHR） satellite data are potential sources to provide detailed information on damage and geological changes for a large area in a short time.In this paper,we studied landslides triggered by the M_w 6.9 earthquake in Sikkim,India which occurred on 18 September 2011 using VHR data from Cartosat-1,GeoEye-1,QuickBird-2 and WorldView-2 satellites.Since the earthquake-affected area is located in mostly inaccessible Himalayan terrain,VHR data from these satellites provided a unique opportunity for quick and synoptic assessment of the damage.Using visual change analysis technique through comparison of pre- and post-earthquake images,we assessed the damage caused by the event.A total of 123 images acquired from eight satellites,covering an area of4105 km2 were analysed and 1196 new landslides triggered by the earthquake were mapped.Road blockages and severely affected villages were also identified.Geological assessment of the terrain highlighted linear disposition of landslides along existing fault scarps,suggesting a reactivation of fault.The landslide inventory map prepared from VHR images also showed a good correlation with the earthquake shake map.Results showed that several parts of north Sikkim,particularly Mangan and Chungthang,which are close to the epicentre,were severely affected by the earthquake,and that the event-based landslide inventory map can be used in future earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility assessment studies.

Analysis of the French Tourist Proposals for People With Disabilities： From 1970s to Present

For two decades, in France, an increasing number of activities and tourist services have been increasingly designed and structured to meet the needs and expectations of people with disabilities. This is as a result of initiatives taken by many tourism and leisure operators, as well as actors from the medico-social worker＇s sector. There has also been the establishment of a national campaign, entrusted by the delegated Ministry of Tourism to the Tourism and Handicaps Association （ATH）. The campaign aims firstly, to make tourism accessible to customers with special needs, and secondly, to promote accessibility through the awarding of a certification label. Recently, a new label which defends accessibility in a specific area called ＂destination for all＂ has been created. This new label shows the evolution of accessibility from an ecological and systemic perspective which seems more practical and operational to respond to the daily needs and life of people with disabilities.

Following the Charter of the United Nations: The Basic Guarantee for the Realization of the Right to Development——From the Perspective of Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

This study discusses the basic guarantee of the Charter of the United Nations to realize the right to development from the angle of Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The concepts regarding the people as the focal point, the dignity, the worth of the human being, as well as larger aspects of freedom, and other basic concepts within the Charter of the United Nations, guide the right direction of action for the realization of the right to development. The purpose and principles of the United Nations establishment in the Charter constitute the basic legal protection of the right to development. Values of peace, international dialogue, and international cooperation show the right path to the realization of the right to development.

A Co-integration Approach to Forecasting Container Carriers' Time Charter Rates

A vector autoregressive model was developed for a sample of container carrier time charter rates. Although the series of time charter rates are themselves found non-stationary, thus precluding the use of many modeling methodologies, evidence provided by co-integration tests points to the existence of stable long-term relationships between the series. An assessment of the forecasts derived from the model suggests that the spec-ification of these long-term relationships does not improve the accuracy of long-term forecasts. These results are interpreted as a corroboration of the efficient market hypothesis.

长期租船(Long-term Charter)

与短期租船相反,租期一般在1年以上。在日本,为了有计划地进行造船,如果是油轮,都要事先得到石油公司运油的保证,签订长期租船合同,船只建成后即交给公司使用。因为油轮行情变动剧烈,加上长期预测困难。

Informed Consent under the Ghana Health Service Patients Charter: Practice and Awareness

Background: Every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his/her own body. Patient autonomy and the practice of informed patient consent are now pivotal in medical practice. Aim: To assess patient’s knowledge of Patients’ Rights Charter and whether patients receive adequate information to enable them make an informed consent to a particular treatment. Methodology: Patients who were undergoing elective surgery from selected surgical departments of Komfo Anokye teaching hospital in Kumasi were randomly selected and assisted to answer structured questionnaire without the knowledge of their doctors. The study period was in June to December (2014). Descriptive analysis was done using SPSS (II) of the results. Results: 84.7% (144) had no idea about the Patients’ Rights Charter of the Ghana Health Service. 75% (128) did not know or had not heard of informed patient consent. Of those who knew of the charter, 85% (37) had ever stayed in a developed country. 60% (102) did not know of their diagnosis. 79% (134) said the doctor only asked them to either sign or thumb print the consent document without giving them treatment options or possible complications. Conclusion: Most of respondents undergoing various surgical procedures at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital were not aware of the existence of the Patients’ Rights Charter of the Ghana Health Service. Again, practitioners did not provide sufficient information to patients for them to make an informed decision about their health.

Inspirations from the Charter of Machu Picchu

Through studies of the practical reasons for the Charter of Machu Picchu, this paper interprets the core ideas of the Charter, analyzes its historical limitations and proposes several suggestions for current urban and rural planning.

From the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to Building a Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings--The Past, Present, and Future of International Human Rights Protection

The UN Charter first of all affirmed the basic concept of international protection of human rights and opened up a broad space for international protection of human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an important document in the development of the international human rights cause. It established a set of international standards for basic human rights, represents the world’s most important consensus on human rights, and contributes greatly to the creation of an international human rights legal system. The important theory put forward by President Xi Jinping to build a Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings, as a Chinese program for today s global major issues, also outlines a new blueprint for national human rights protection and will play a major role in promoting the development of China’s human rights and international human rights protection.

Analysis of CHARTER Applied for Yushu Earthquake Relief

Natural disasters are common threats to all human beings. With the background of global climate change, major natural disasters have occurred frequently in the last few years and caused heavy casualties with high property losses. Satellite Earth ob-servation has been playing a more and more important role in monitoring

The development of the concept of architectural heritage conservation and its inspiration

Over recent decades,heritage conservation has developed in concept and scope.This paper uses a systematic literature review approach to collect charters and documents on heritage conservation issued by UNESCO and ICOMOS,divided into two periods,before 2000 and from 2000 to the present,for analysis from a qualitative perspective.The study results show that the scope of architectural heritage is expanding,and the definition of conservation is changing from individual to holistic conservation and from holistic to sustainable conservation.The focus of conservation has evolved from tangible to intangible attributes.The changing scale of conservation,from object to landscape,incorporates a more comprehensive range of heritage values,and the status of conservation has changed from static to living conservation.This study systematically structures the development of the concept of architectural heritage conservation,providing insight in the international field of architectural heritage conservation and encouraging reflection on the conservation of architectural heritage in historic cities.

Charter刷牙法对桥体下牙槽嵴黏膜健康的影响

目的 : 评价Charter刷牙法局部口腔卫生维护对Co -Cr合金、Vita95瓷两种材料桥体下牙槽嵴黏膜健康的影响。方法 :采用随机分组对照试验 ,要求实验组每天采用Charter刷牙法对桥体进行局部卫生维护 ,评价并分析实验组和对照组 3个月后桥体下牙槽嵴黏膜炎症状况的差异。结果 :实验组的炎症程度明显低于对照组 ,统计学相差显著。烤瓷和金属材料之间比较 ,在对照组两者对牙槽黏膜的影响有显著差异。结论 :局部口腔卫生维护有利于保持桥体下黏膜的健康 ,而不同桥体材料对黏膜健康的影响在短期内并不显著。