Estimating the subsolar magnetopause position from soft X-ray images using a low-pass image filter

The Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager(LEXI)and Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)missions will image the Earth’s dayside magneto pause and cusps in soft X-rays after their respective launches in the near future,to specify glo bal magnetic reconnection modes for varying solar wind conditions.To suppo rt the success of these scientific missions,it is critical to develop techniques that extract the magnetopause locations from the observed soft X-ray images.In this research,we introduce a new geometric equation that calculates the subsolar magnetopause position(RS)from a satellite position,the look direction of the instrument,and the angle at which the X-ray emission is maximized.Two assumptions are used in this method:(1)The look direction where soft X-ray emissions are maximized lies tangent to the magnetopause,and(2)the magnetopause surface near the subsolar point is almost spherical and thus RSis nea rly equal to the radius of the magneto pause curvature.We create synthetic soft X-ray images by using the Open Geospace General Circulation Model(OpenGGCM)global magnetohydrodynamic model,the galactic background,the instrument point spread function,and Poisson noise.We then apply the fast Fourier transform and Gaussian low-pass filte rs to the synthetic images to re move noise and obtain accurate look angles for the soft X-ray pea ks.From the filte red images,we calculate RS and its accuracy for different LEXI locations,look directions,and solar wind densities by using the OpenGGCM subsolar magnetopause location as ground truth.Our method estimates RS with an accuracy of<0.3 RE when the solar wind density exceeds>10 cm-3.The accuracy improves for greater solar wind densities and during southward interplanetary magnetic fields.The method ca ptures the magnetopause motion during southwa rd interplaneta ry magnetic field turnings.Consequently,the technique will enable quantitative analysis of the magnetopause motion and help reveal the dayside reconnection modes for dynamic solar wind conditions.This technique will suppo rt the LEXI and SMILE missions in achieving their scientific o bjectives.

Uncertainties of landslide susceptibility prediction: Influences of random errors in landslide conditioning factors and errors reduction by low pass filter method

In the existing landslide susceptibility prediction(LSP)models,the influences of random errors in landslide conditioning factors on LSP are not considered,instead the original conditioning factors are directly taken as the model inputs,which brings uncertainties to LSP results.This study aims to reveal the influence rules of the different proportional random errors in conditioning factors on the LSP un-certainties,and further explore a method which can effectively reduce the random errors in conditioning factors.The original conditioning factors are firstly used to construct original factors-based LSP models,and then different random errors of 5%,10%,15% and 20%are added to these original factors for con-structing relevant errors-based LSP models.Secondly,low-pass filter-based LSP models are constructed by eliminating the random errors using low-pass filter method.Thirdly,the Ruijin County of China with 370 landslides and 16 conditioning factors are used as study case.Three typical machine learning models,i.e.multilayer perceptron(MLP),support vector machine(SVM)and random forest(RF),are selected as LSP models.Finally,the LSP uncertainties are discussed and results show that:(1)The low-pass filter can effectively reduce the random errors in conditioning factors to decrease the LSP uncertainties.(2)With the proportions of random errors increasing from 5%to 20%,the LSP uncertainty increases continuously.(3)The original factors-based models are feasible for LSP in the absence of more accurate conditioning factors.(4)The influence degrees of two uncertainty issues,machine learning models and different proportions of random errors,on the LSP modeling are large and basically the same.(5)The Shapley values effectively explain the internal mechanism of machine learning model predicting landslide sus-ceptibility.In conclusion,greater proportion of random errors in conditioning factors results in higher LSP uncertainty,and low-pass filter can effectively reduce these random errors.

Performance Analysis of Analog Butterworth Low Pass Filter as Compared to Chebyshev Type-I Filter, Chebyshev Type-II Filter and Elliptical Filter

A signal is the entity that carries information. In the field of communication signal is the time varying quantity or functions of time and they are interrelated by a set of different equations, but some times processing of signal is corrupted due to adding some noise in the information signal and the information signal become noisy. It is very important to get the information from corrupted signal as we use filters. In this paper, Butterworth filter is designed for the signal analysis and also compared with other filters. It has maximally flat response in the pass band otherwise no ripples in the pass band. To meet the specification, 6th order Butterworth filter was chosen because it is flat in the pass band and has no amount of ripples in the stop band.

On low-pass digital filters in oceanography

-Two types of filters are widely used to remove semidirunal and diurnal tidal signals and other high frequency noises in oceanography. The first type of filters uses moving average with weights in time domain, and can be easily operated. Some data will be lost at each end of the time series, especially for the low low-pass filters. The second type of filters uses the discrete Fourier transform filter (DFTF) which operates in the frequency domain, and there are no data loss at the ends for the forward transform. However, owing to the Gibbs phenomenon and the discrete sampling (Nyquist effect) , ringing appears in the inverse transformed data, which is especially serious at each end. Thus some data at the ends are also discarded. The present study tries to find out what causes the ringing and then to seek for methods to overcome the ringing. We have found that there are two kinds of ringings, one is the Gibbs phenomenon, as defined before. The other is the 'Nyquist'ringing due to sampling Nyquist critical frequency. The former is due to the abrupt transition in frequency band. The Gibbs and Nyquist effects show the ringing at each end of the filtered time series. Thus, the use of a cosine taper or a linear taper on the window in the frequency domain makes the transition band smooth, so that the Gibbs phenomenon will be minimized. Before applying the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), the original time series at each end is properly tapered by a split cosine bell that reduces significant ringing since this method limits the energy transfer from outside of the Nyquist frequency. Thus, the DFTF can be a powerful tool to suppress the signals in which we are not interested, with sharp peaks in low frequency variation and less data loss at each end.

Design of low-pass filter based on a novel defected ground structure

A novel defected ground structure （DGS） for the microstrip line is proposed in this paper. The DGS lattice has more defect parameters so that it can provide better performance than the conventional dumbbell-shaped DGS. Selectivity is improved by 97.2% with a sharpness factor of 24.6%. The method is applied to the design of a low-pass filter to confirm validity of the proposed DGS.

Compact Metamaterial Microstrip Low-Pass Filter

Complimentary hexagonal-omega structures are used to design compact, low insertion loss (IL), low pass filter with sharp cut-off. It has been designed for improvement of roll-off performance based on both μ and ε negative property of the complimentary hex-omega structure while maintaining the filter pass-band performance. By properly designing and loading the hexagonal-omega structure in the ground of microstrip line not only improve the roll-off of the low pass filter, but also reduced the filter size. The simulated results indicate that the proposed filter achieves a flat pass band with no ripples as well as selectivity of 19.68 dB/GHz, corresponding to 5-unit cells hex-omega structures. This significantly exceeds the 5.6 dB/GHz selectivity of the conventional low pass filter design, due to sub-lambda dimensions of the hex-omega structure. A prototype filter implementing area is: 0.712λg x 0.263λg, λg being the guided wavelength at 3-dB cut-off frequency (fc). The proposed filter has a size smaller by 36.2%.

Microstrip Low-Pass Elliptic Filter Design Based on Implicit Space Mapping Optimization

It is a time-consuming and often iterative procedure to determine design parameters based on fine, accurate but expensive, models. To decrease the number of fine model evaluations, space mapping techniques may be employed. In this approach, it is assumed both fine model and coarse, fast but inaccurate, one are available. First, the coarse model is optimized to obtain design parameters satisfying design objectives. Next, auxiliary parameters are calibrated to match coarse and fine models’ responses. Then, the improved coarse model is re-optimized to obtain new design parameters. The design procedure is stopped when a satisfactory solution is reached. In this paper, an implicit space mapping method is used to design a microstrip low-pass elliptic filter. Simulation results show that only two fine model evaluations are sufficient to get satisfactory results.

A Hybrid Nonlinear Active Noise Control Method Using Chebyshev Nonlinear Filter

Investigations into active noise control(ANC)technique have been conducted with the aim of effective control of the low-frequency noise.In practice,however,the performance of currently available ANC systems degrades due to the effects of nonlinearity in the primary and secondary paths,primary noise and louder speaker.This paper proposes a hybrid control structure of nonlinear ANC system to control the non-stationary noise produced by the rotating machinery on the nonlinear primary path.A fast version of ensemble empirical mode decomposition is used to decompose the non-stationary primary noise into intrinsic mode functions,which are expanded using the second-order Chebyshev nonlinear filter and then individually controlled.The convergence of the nonlinear ANC system is also discussed.Simulation results demonstrate that proposed method outperforms the FSLMS and VFXLMS algorithms with respect to noise reduction and convergence rate.

Comparative Study of Low-Pass Filter and Phase-Locked Loop Type Speed Filters for Sensorless Control of AC Drives

High quality speed information is one of the key issues in machine sensorless drives,which often requires proper filtering of the estimated speed.This paper comparatively studies typical low-pass filters(LPF)and phase-locked loop(PLL)type filters with respect to ramp speed reference tracking and steady-state performances,as well as the achievement of adaptive cutoff frequency control.An improved LPF-based filter structure with no ramping and steady-state errors caused by filter parameter quantization effects is proposed,which is suitable for applying LPF for sensorless drives of AC machines,especially when fixed-point digital signal processor is selected e.g.in mass production.Furthermore,the potential of adopting PLL for speed filtering is explored.It is demonstrated that PLL type filters can well maintain the advantages offered by the improved LPF.Moreover,it is found that the PLL type filters exhibit almost linear relationship between the cutoff frequency of the PLL filter and its proportional-integral(PI)gains,which can ease the realization of speed filters with adaptive cutoff frequency for improving the speed transient performance.The proposed filters are verified experimentally.The PLL type filter with adaptive cutoff frequency can provide satisfactory performances under various operating conditions and is therefore recommended.

广义Chebyshev最优滤波器设计

本文论证了等波纹广义Chebyshev函数滤波器的最优化特性 ,提出了由设计指标得到广义Chebyshev函数的方法 ,并且引入信号流图非常简便的得到了对应网络的拓扑结构 ,最终完成滤波器的设计 .

全差分可调频率四阶Chebyshev滤波器的实现

提出了一种新的全差分运算放大器,该运算放大器在具有电压共模负反馈的同时还具有电流共模负反馈,能较好地稳定其工作点。通过利用MOS管工作在线性区便能作可变电阻之用的特性,设计实现了基于R-MOSFET-C运放的全差分频率连续调节的四阶Chebyshev低通滤波器。该滤波器采用台湾联电(UMC)2层多晶硅、2层金属(2P2M)5V电源电压、0.5μm CMOS工艺生产制造。其芯片面积大小为0.36mm^2,截止频率调节范围为20kHz到420kHz,输入信号频率在100kHz,2.5Vpp时的失真小于-65dB,功耗仅为16mW。

Chebyshev逼近滤波器在位场分离中的应用

在对经典FIR数字滤波器的设计方法进行研究的基础上,提出了一种可以用于位场分离的基于Chebyshev最佳一致逼近原理的FIR滤波器的设计方法。在理论模型实验中,采用基于Hanning窗的低通滤波器计算出的区域异常最大误差为6.266×10-6m/s2,均方差为2.115×10-6m/s2,最大百分比误差为22.2%,而且计算点在±9km以外的误差均大于10.1%。而利用最佳一致逼近原理分离出的区域场和局部场与理论异常值拟合得较好,曲线基本重合。分离出的区域异常最大误差为3.101×10-6m/s2,均方差为0.989×10-6m/s2,最大百分比误差仅在边部的几个数据上,为7.76%,其余各点的误差均小于4.1%。实例检验中将该方法用于孙吴—嘉荫剖面布格重力异常场的分离,分离出的区域场中局部场残留少,分离彻底,效果较为理想。

广义Chebyshev滤波器传输零点的确定

传输零点的确定是交叉耦合滤波器综合的最基本要素.本文利用广义Chebyshev函数的极值特性以及滤波器阶数与传输零点最大值的关系,提出了一种根据滤波器特性指标同时确定广义Chebyshev滤波器的阶数和传输零点位置的方法,弥补了传统方法中传输零点确定的人为随意性,在满足技术指标条件下,实现了广义Chebyshev滤波器阶数最少,传输零点位置最佳.几个数值实验显示了该方法的过程和有效性.

埋地管道检测中的窄带通滤波器设计与仿真

埋地金属管道铺设环境错综复杂,在管道定位过程中,接收机需要从管道辐射的多频信号中有效分离出128 Hz定位信号,滤除高频信号和50 Hz工频信号。针对埋地管道检测的现实需求,设计了9种不同类型和拓扑结构的四阶128 Hz窄带通滤波器,并通过Multisim14进行仿真分析。结果表明,同种拓扑结构不同电路结构的滤波器幅频特性曲线相同,输入输出增益稍有不同。这9种滤波器的中心频率均在128 Hz附近,其中1 dB切比雪夫型MFB滤波器带宽最窄,为36.803 Hz,Q值最大,为3.473。进一步分析表明,1 dB切比雪夫型MFB滤波器能够有效提取128 Hz信号并滤除干扰信号,在-3 dB带宽(108~145 Hz频率范围)内,滤波器噪声不超过0.132μV·Hz^(-1/2)。另外该滤波器在温度和电容容差等因素的影响下,表现出较小的幅频特性变化,具有良好的稳定性。

4阶Chebyshev有源滤波器的设计与实现

提出了一种设计4阶Chebyshev有源滤波器的新方法。采用Pspice仿真软件对Chebyshev 4阶有源滤波器进行了仿真分析,结果表明该电路具有较高的稳定性。

基于Matlab的Chebyshev数字滤波器设计

文章分析了Chebyshev滤波器的特性,并用Matlab语言中的信号处理工具箱所提供的相关函数设计了Chebyshev数字低通滤波器,使Chebyshev滤波器的设计变得非常简单、直观。

用迭代Chebyshev方法设计密集型波分复用窄带滤光片

提出了一种简单而有效的设计方法 ,即迭代Chebyshev方法 .通过对Chebyshev带通滤光片设计过程的研究 ,指出由于多层λ0 / 4反射堆与原型滤光片的相位特性差异 ,造成最终带宽显著变窄 .从某个给定的比较大带宽初值出发 ,经过一系列简单的迭代过程 ,即可得到满足要求的最终结构 ,从而避免对反射膜堆相位特性的计算 .同时 ,文中还讨论了在优化过程中加入对干涉级次即间隔层厚度和波纹因子进行迭代的结果 ,最后给出了用迭代Chebyshev方法设计波分复用窄带滤光片的过程、框图及实际设计结果 ,并指出通过不同的迭代过程实现方向受控的优化过程 。

可调频率跨导电容Chebyshev滤波器的设计及仿真

首先提出了一种新的跨导运放,其输入级采用了工作在线性区的MOS管作源极负反馈有源电阻实现其良好的线性度,输出级采用折叠式结构,并在电路中引入电压共模负反馈(CMFB)稳定其静态工作点。接着提出了一种新的利用开关电容技术调节跨导运放偏置电流值大小的电路,应用该电路可以精确调节跨导运放Gm值的大小,应用这些电路设计得到了四阶Chebyshev低通滤波器,并实现其频率的精确可调,0.35μm2层多晶硅,4层金属CMOS工艺Spicemodel仿真结果表明设计正确、有效。

一种基于Chebyshev正交多项式的卡尔曼滤波器

针对卡尔曼滤波器滤波非线性系统做了改进,提出了一种基于Chebyshev正交多项式的卡尔曼滤波器.非线性系统经Chebyshev正交多项式分解后,再利用标准卡尔曼算法求解,理论上可以无限逼近此系统,使其达到理想精度.为了验证算法的有效性,本文对此作了理论推导,并将算法应用于混沌系统,实验中传输信号与理想信号之间的误差由白噪声产生,仿真结果表明,其性能优于Unscented卡尔曼滤波器.

Chebyshev过渡型滤波器设计和分析

传统的Chebyshev滤波器具有较差的相位特性,其阶跃响应具有较大的过冲和较长的调节时间。本文从传递函数的极点角度,对Chebyshev滤波器进行了改进,改进后的滤波器表现出典型的过渡特性,在对幅度特性影响较小的情况下,改善了传统Chebyshev滤波器的相位特性和阶跃响应。通过对滤波器极点的调整,消除了传统Chebyshev滤波器过冲和传统偶数阶Chebyshev滤波器的稳态误差。