Comparative Nutritional Analysis on Fish Meal and Meat and Bone Meal of Harmless Treatment of Dead Pig Carcass

In order to explore the resource utilization of the harmless treatment product(pork meat and bone meal,abbreviated PM)of pigs died of non-communicable diseases,the general nutritional components and amino acid composition of PM and fish meal were determined and compared.The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash in PM and fish meal were 3.25%and 8.92%,66.65%and 66.67%,13.52%and 8.23%,18.25%and 21.50%,respectively.The contents of essential amino acids(EAA)in PM and fish meal were 19.94%and 22.35%,respectively.For PM and fish meal,the first limiting amino acid was Met(methionine)+Cys(cysteine),and the second limiting amino acid was Lys(lysine);their essential amino acid indexes(EAAI)were 66.60 and 77.04,respectively;and their delicious amino acid(DAA)contents were 26.89%and 23.15%,respectively.In summary,the meat and bone meal of pigs died of non-communicable diseases has the characteristics of high protein and low ash contents,and has certain development and utilization potential as a recycled waste resource,especially in aquatic feed to replace fish meal.

Effect of Dehulling and Hydrothermal Treatment on the Amino Acid Content of Soriz (<i>Sorghum oryzoidum</i>)

Cereals are the basic element in ensuring the food security of the population through the significant intake of carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. The processing of cereals leads to changes in their nutritional quality, which could lead to both reduced nutrients and anti-nutrients. Gluten-free cereal varieties attract attention as raw materials to improve the nutritional quality of food and to diversify the product range. Sorghum (Sorghum oryzoidum) is a hybrid of sorghum, obtained at the Institute for Scientific Research for Corn and Sorghum in the Republic of Moldova, by crossing Sudan grass (S. sudanense) and bicolor sorghum (S. bicolor). The research aimed to determine the impact of dehulling and hydrothermal treatment on the amino acid content of soriz. The obtained results reported that the dehulling and hydrothermal treatment led to the uneven modification of the amino acid content in the investigated samples. As a result of dehulling, the total amount of essential amino acids decreased by 19.8% compared to the native grain. Boiling whole grains without prior hydration led to 34% loss of essential amino acids compared to native grains, and pre-hydration of the grains and subsequent boiling reduced essential amino acid losses by 8% compared to cooked grains without hydration. Boiling grains with pre-hydration had a positive effect on the chemical index of lysine, methionine and cysteine, leucine and tryptophan. However, the nutritional quality of sorghum grain proteins and derivatives obtained, evaluated according to the chemical index, is low. The results obtained reported that dehulling and hydrothermal treatment unevenly altered the amino acid content, and the method of boiling grains with pre-hydration had a positive effect on the CSI of lysine, methionine and cysteine, leucine and tryptophan.

Next generation per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances:Status and trends,aquatic toxicity,and risk assessment

Widespread application of poly-and per-fluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)has resulted in some substances being ubiquitous in environmental matrices.That and their resistance to degradation have allowed them to accumulate in wildlife and humans with potential for toxic effects.While specific substances of concern have been phased-out or banned,other PFAS that are emerging as alternative substances are still produced and are being released into the environment.This review focuses on describing three emerging,replacement PFAS:perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulphonate(PFECHS),6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate(6:2 Cl-PFAES),and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid(HFPO-DA).By summarizing their physicochemical properties,environmental fate and transport,and toxic potencies in comparison to other PFAS compounds,this review offers insight into the viabilities of these chemicals as replacement substances.Using the chemical scoring and ranking assessment model,the relative hazards,uncertainties,and data gaps for each chemical were quantified and related to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid(PFOS)and perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)based on their chemical and uncertainty scores.The substances were ranked PFOS>6:2 Cl-PFAES>PFOA>HFPO-DA>PFECHS according to their potential toxicity and PFECHS>HFPO-DA>6:2 Cl-PFAES>PFOS>PFOA according to their need for future research.Since future uses of PFAS remain uncertain in the face of governmental regulations and production bans,replacement PFAS will continue to emerge on the world market and in the environment,raising concerns about their general lack of information on mechanisms and toxic potencies.