Simultaneous Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) in Wastewater by Near-Infrared Spectrometry

To rapidly determine the pollution extent of wastewater, the calibration models were established for deter-mination of Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biological Oxygen Demand in wastewater by partial least squares and near infrared spectrometry of 120 samples. Spectral data preprocessing and outliers’ diagnosis were also discussed. Correlation coefficients of the models were 0.9542 and 0.9652, and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 25.24 mg?L-1 and 12.13 mg?L-1 in the predicted range of 28.40~528.0 mg?L-1 and 16.0~305.2 mg?L-1 for Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biological Oxygen Demand, respectively. By statistical significance test, the results of determination were compared with those of stan-dard methods with no significant difference at 0.05 level. The method has been applied to simultaneous de-termination of Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biological Oxygen Demand in wastewater with satisfactory results.

Electrochemical Degradation of Indigocarmine Dye at Ni/Graphite Modified Electrode in Aqueous Solution

Nickel Graphite modified electrode (Ni/GME) was prepared by electrochemical method and degradation of Indigocarmine (IC) dye was carried out. An investigation between the efficiency of degradation by graphite electrode and the Ni/graphite modified electrode has been carried out. The different effects of concentration, current density and temperature on the rate of degradation were studied. This study shows that the rate of the degradation is more for Ni doped modified graphite electrode. UV-Visible spectra before and after degradation of the dye solution were observed. The thin film formation of Ni or encapsulated in graphite rod is observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM & EDAX). The instantaneous current effectiveness values of different experimental conditions are evaluated. The anodic oxidation by Ni/ graphite modified electrode showed the complete degradation of aqueous solution indigocarmine, which is confirmed by UV-Visible and chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements. The dye is converted into CO2, H2O and simpler inorganic salts. The results observed for reuse of modified electrodes indicate that the Ni/graphite modified electrode would be a promising anode for electrochemical degradation of indigocarmine. This method can be applied for the remediation of waste water containing organics, cost-effective and simple.

Chemical oxygen demand reduction in coffee wastewater through chemical flocculation and advanced oxidation processes

The removal of the natural organic matter present in coffee processing wastewater through chemical coagulation-flocculation and advanced oxidation processes （AOP） had been studied. The effectiveness of the removal of natural organic matter using commercial flocculants and UV/H202, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 processes was determined under acidic conditions. For each of these processes, different operational conditions were explored to optimize the treatment efficiency of the coffee wastewater. Coffee wastewater is characterized by a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and low total suspended solids. The outcomes of coffee wastewater treatment using coagulation-flocculation and photodegradation processes were assessed in terms of reduction of COD, color, and turbidity. It was found that a reduction in COD of 67% could be realized when the coffee wastewater was treated by chemical coagulation-flocculation with lime and coagulant T-1. When coffee wastewater was treated by coagulation-flocculation in combination with UV/H2O2, a COD reduction of 86% was achieved, although only after prolonged UV irradiation. Of the three advanced oxidation processes considered, UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3, we found that the treatment with UV/H2O2/O3 was the most effective, with an efficiency of color, turbidity and further COD removal of 87%, when applied to the flocculated coffee wastewater.

Environmental capacity of chemical oxygen demand in the Bohai Sea: modeling and calculation

A three-dimensional advection-diffusion model coupled with the degradation process is established for describing the transport of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Comparison of the simulated distribution of COD at the surface in the Bohai Sea in August, 2001 with field observations, shows that the model simulates the dataset reasonably well. The Laizhou Bay, Bohai Bay, and Liaodong Bay were contaminated heavily near shore. Based on the optimal discharge flux method, the Environmental Capacity (EC) and allocated capacities of COD in the Bohai Sea are calculated. For seawater of Grades I to IV of the Chinese National Standard, the ECs of COD in the Bohai Sea were 77×104 t/a, 116×104 t/a, 154×104 t/a and 193×104 t/a, respectively. The Huanghe (Yellow) River pollutant discharge accounted for the largest percentage of COD at 14.3%, followed by that of from the Liugu River (11.5%), and other nine local rivers below 10%. The COD level in 2005 was worse than that of Grade II seawater and was beyond the environmental capacity. In average, 35% COD reduction is called to meet the standard of Grade I seawater.

Spatial distribution and diurnal variation of chemical oxygen demand at the beginning of the rainy season in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary

A field observation was carried out in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary from May 19 to 26, 2003. A total of 29 stations, including 2 anchored stations, were occupied through almost the whole salinity gradient. Based on the observation data, biogeochemistry of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was examined. Spatial distribution pattern of COD shows that it decreased downstream. The COD concentration varied generally within a narrow range of 1.24–1.60 mg/L in the zone around the river mouth, beyond which it decreased rapidly to 0.20 mg/L. In the mixed water zone, the fluctuation in COD was smaller at 2 m above the bottom layer than at the surface layer in 48 h. In the seawater zone, the 48-h fluctuation at the surface was the largest, followed by that of 5 m below the surface and 2 m above the bottom layers in a range of from 2.50 to 0.55 mg/L. Freshwater discharge was the dominant source of COD in the estuary. The average COD beyond the river mouth was 2.7 mg/L, which accorded with the Chinese seawater quality Grade I. Relationships between dissolved oxygen and biogeochemical parameters such as suspended particulate matter, dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll-a were also discussed.

On-Line Measurement of the Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater in a Pulp and Paper Mill Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Although near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been evaluated for numerous applications, the number of actual on-line or even on-site industrial applications seems to be very limited. In the present paper, the attempts to produce online predictions of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater from a pulp and paper mill using NIR spectroscopy are described. The task was perceived as very challenging, but with a root mean square error of prediction of 149 mg/l, roughly corresponding to 1/10 of the studied concentration interval, this attempt was deemed as successful. This result was obtained by using partial least squares model regression, interpolated reference values for calibration purposes, and by evenly distributing the calibration data in the concentration space. This work may also represent the first industrial application of online COD measurements in wastewater using NIR spectroscopy.

PVDF/PVA共混膜的制备及其在去除污水COD中的应用

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为原料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为溶剂,制备了PVDF/PVA共混膜。将该膜应用于膜生物反应器处理污水,测试化学需氧量(COD)去除率和膜的使用性能。结果表明:膜的水通量随PVA加入量的增加而逐渐增加,在牵伸比为1.7时,膜的水通量达到最大值;平板膜用清水清洗后,膜的水通量恢复率较高,膜的运行周期经第一次清洗后下降了18 h,经第二次和第三次清洗后,膜的运行周期基本稳定在6~8 h,COD去除率高于90%,表明该膜具有良好的使用性能。

基于PIWT-IPSO-BP的污水厂出水COD含量的预测模型

在农业灌溉的领域中,化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)的测定是衡量水体中有机物污染程度的一个重要指标。当COD浓度超过60mg/L时,其对土壤质量和农作物的生长产生的负面影响成为不容忽视的问题。这一现象可能会严重影响农作物的产量和质量,进而对农作物生产的可持续性构成挑战。因此,有必要精确预测污水处理厂出水COD浓度的变化趋势,从而促进其在农业灌溉中的有效应用。研究结合了改进的小波变换、改进的粒子群优化(Improved Particle Swarm Optimization,IPSO)算法和反向传播BP(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络作为预测模型。鉴于COD受到众多因素的影响,这些因素之间存在复杂的耦合关系,采用PCA进行特征提取。考虑到数据采集的过程中不可避免的噪声干扰,应用小波降噪对原始数据进行处理,以确保数据质量,提高模型准确性。在此基础上,基于BP神经网络算法构建污水处理厂出水COD的预测模型。为了解决BP神经网络参数选择可能遇到的盲目性问题,引入改进的粒子群算法对模型进行参数优化,以提高预测精度。实验结果表明,提出的PIWT-IPSO-BP模型预测效果良好,其平均绝对误差、均方根误差和决定系数分别为0.222、0.386和0.984。该模型在一定程度上改善了数据噪声、多因子制约等问题,为污水循环利用技术应用于农业灌溉方面提供了参考依据。

近红外光谱污水COD分析系统设计

为了解决利用近红外光谱技术测定污水中的化学需氧量技术中样本数据集参数存在数据过拟合、干扰因素大、检测界面不直观等问题,本文采用一维卷积神经网络技术,建立水样近红外特征与污染指标成分含量之间的关系模型,并利用MATLAB的图形用户界面设计分析界面。实验结果表明,该方法预测结果良好,可实现水质污染的定性及定量的快速检测。

高岭土-尿素改性玉米秸秆生物炭去除污水中COD研究

以固体废弃物资源玉米秸秆为原料,并使用尿素与高岭土对其进行化学改性,通过管式炉高温制备改性玉米秸秆生物炭(NKBC),该材料制备工艺简便,成本低,对环境友好。研究了NKBC对污水中化学需氧量(COD)的吸附性能,包括吸附等温线、吸附动力学等。结果表明:NKBC对COD的吸附平衡投料量为0.50g/L,去除率为68%~70%,吸附平衡时间为1h,且pH对NKBC去除COD影响较小。通过分析可知,此吸附拟合模型遵循Langmuir模型与Freundlich模型以及准二级动力学模型,说明NKBC的吸附过程既涉及单层吸附,又涉及多层吸附。循环使用5次后,NKBC对COD的去除率依然保持在较高水平。实验证明,NKBC具有出色的去除和循环性能。

近红外光谱的水体污染指标COD定量预测模型

针对传统化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)检测存在检测成本高、耗时、易造成二次污染,以及现有检测模型泛化性较差等不足,难以满足水环境实时监测需求的问题,提出基于近红外光谱技术的COD快速无损定量预测模型.实验结果表明,本模型在污水COD光谱数据集上的预测性能,相较于传统机器学习算法和现有其他深度学习算法更优.测试的决定系数(R^(2))和均方根误差(E_(RMS))分别达到0.992 1和27.47 mg·L^(-1),模型卷积层的输出特征可解释性强,能有效表征关键波长点.该预测模型为实际水体COD含量快速检测提供一种新的方法.

胍胶压裂返排液COD的电化学降解实验研究

为研究电化学法对胍胶压裂返排液中化学需氧量(COD)的去除效果,本实验采用Al和Fe极板作为电极材料。通过响应面法分析了反应过程,并考察了反应动力学模型。实验结果显示,Al极板在2.5 cm间距、135 mA/cm^(2)电流密度下,经过120 min处理,可实现85.29%的COD去除率。响应面模型系数具有显著的相关性,且模型的精确度和可信度均符合要求。去除COD的过程符合一级动力学模型。对于Fe极板,同样的极板间距和电流密度条件下,90 min处理后,取上清液进行60 min的二次电化学反应,并在每30 min加入40 mL H_(2)O_(2)。最终,COD去除率提升至97.65%,浓度降至80 mg/L,满足国家污水综合排放标准(<100 mg/L)。

2015—2019洱海COD变化特征及影响因素研究

通过开展洱海及主要入湖河流沟渠水质监测并应用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、Morlet小波等方法分析洱海湖区COD变化特征。结果发现,洱海湖区的COD历史趋势具有较为明显的年际和年内变化特征,洱海湖区的COD在近年来由下降趋势转变为上升趋势,突变发生在2017—2018年。在此期间入湖COD负荷、气象条件均未发生突变,洱海湖区COD与入湖COD负荷相关性逐渐降低,与叶绿素和浮游植物相关性升高,反映出洱海COD趋于受内源影响。

硫酸锰催化法快速测定水中COD_(Cr)

文章建立了一种以硫酸锰为催化剂的分光光度法,可快速测定水中化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))含量。选用售价仅为硫酸银1/5的硫酸锰作为催化剂,显著降低分析成本的同时,使催化反应效率得到了显著提升,仅需10 min即可完成消解。该方法采用高温密闭消解法,试剂用量小,单个样品危险废物产生量仅为7.5 mL,有助于环境保护。在此条件下,COD_(Cr)质量浓度为4~1000 mg/L时线性关系良好,相关系数不低于0.999,方法检出限为1.13 mg/L,不同浓度样品重复测定相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.03%~7.30%,加标回收率为86.0%~114.0%。试验结果表明,该方法测定范围广、分析成本低、分析时间短、危废产生量小,适用于大批量不同浓度的生活污水、地表水、地下水等样品COD_(Cr)的快速测定。

污水中化学需氧量(COD)与浊度的关系

【目的】研究某采油管理区生活污水处理站出水样品中化学需氧量与浊度之间的关系,提出便捷、快速判断污水水质的方式,为该处理站运营人员提供管理依据。【方法】使用快速测定仪,对2023年8月份不同日期,在该采油管理区生活污水处理站出口处采取的16个水样的化学需氧量与浊度进行检测,并使用最小二乘法对检测数据进行整理、分析。【结果】结果表明,该采油管理区生活污水处理站出水水样中化学需氧量与浊度存在线性正相关关系,线性方程为y=0.247 1x-4.848 8,线性回归判定系数R2=0.931 5(即化学需氧量与浊度具有较高的相关性)。【结论】可以通过简单易测的浊度来表征该采油管理区生活污水处理站出水中的化学需氧量。

污水处理厂水质检测中化学需氧量(COD)测定的手工分析法和仪器法对比

化学需氧量是污水处理厂进、出水水质检测中重要的常规参数之一,主要反映水体受有机物污染程度以及污水处理厂处理效果。随着有机物对水体的污染日益严重,污水中化学需氧量的测定也越来越受到重视,对测定结果的要求也越来越高。本文依据标准《HJ 828—2017水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸盐法》要求,通过采用两种浓度范围4个有证标准物质对比了手工法和仪器法在化学需氧量测定中的准确度和精密度,并通过测定污水处理厂进、出水水样的化学需氧量而比较了两种测定方法的相对偏差。

Effects of Urechis unicinctus Juveniles on Chemical Characteristics of Organically Contaminated Coastal Sediment

Biological activities of marine benthos such as burrowing and feeding may change sediment characteristics.We conducted three experiments to examine the potential of using juveniles of a spoon worm Urechis unicinctus to improve the quality of organically contaminated coastal sediment.Sediment samples were collected from a site that was heavily contaminated with organic matter (Seonso) and two sites that were clean (Myo-do,Dolsan-do).Urechis juveniles,obtained by artificial fertilization and cultured in the laboratory,were introduced to the sediment (weight 3 kg,depth 10 cm) at a density of 500 individuals per aquarium (length 50 cm,width 35 cm,height 30 cm) (Experiment 1),or at densities ranging from 100 to 900 individuals per beaker (Experiment 2).To examine how sediment contamination can be modified by the effects of Urechis,500 individuals (per aquarium) were exposed to the Seonso contaminated sediment that had been mixed with 0-100% clean sand (Experiment 3).Each experiment lasted two months and sediment samples were collected every 15 d to determine the several indexes of sediment quality,which included acid volatile sulfide (AVS),chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total ignition loss (TIL).In Experiment 1,the existence of Urechis did not result in significant changes in quality indexes in the sediments collected from Myo-do,Dolsan-do.However,AVS,COD and TIL of the Seonso sediment all decreased significantly after co-incubation with Urechis juveniles for 30 to 45 d.Experiment 2 showed that a density of at least 300 juveniles per beaker was necessary to significantly reduce all three quality indexes,and the magnitude of reduction was positively correlated with juvenile density.Experiment 3 revealed that Urechis juveniles were effective in reducing the AVS,COD and TIL of the Seonso sediment that had been mixed with 60%,80%,and 80% of clean sand,respectively.The results of the present study therefore indicated that juveniles of this spoon worm have the potential to be used to improve the quality of organically contaminated sediment in coastal waters.

Characterization and analysis of petrochemical wastewater through particle size distribution, biodegradability, and chemical composition

The centralized treatment method is a widely used form of wastewater treatment that tends to be less effective at removing toxic substances. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the composition of wastewater can provide important information for the design of an effective wastewater treatment process. The objective of this paper was to investigate particle size distribution(PSD), biodegradability, and the chemical composition of the petrochemical wastewater discharges. For this purpose, this project selected the petrochemical wastewater and treated wastewater of China National Offshore Oil Corporation Zhongjie Petrochemical Co, Ltd. as the analysis objects.The step-by-step filtration method, along with a molecular weight classification method, was selected to build the chemical oxygen demand(COD) and biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) fingerprints of petrochemical wastewater and treated wastewater. The results showed that the main pollutants were settleable particles in petrochemical wastewater, which contributed to over 54.85% of the total COD. The colloidal particles with particle sizes in the range of 450–1000 nm had the highest COD value in the treated wastewater, which contributed34.17% of the total COD of treated wastewater. The results of the BOD analysis showed that the soluble fractions were the main reason that treated wastewaters did not meet the treatment standards. Tests on the organic compounds in petrochemical wastewater found that there were mainly linear paraffins, branched paraffins, benzene series compounds, and some plasticizers in the influent of the petrochemical wastewater. The most abundant pollutants in treated petrochemical wastewater were the adjacent diisobutyl phthalate and the linear alkanes.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) transmission spectroscopy analysis showed that the settleable particles of petrochemical wastewater and membrane bioreactor(MBR)-treated wastewater contained multiple types of organic substances. The results also indicated that removing the oil-settleable substances, the colloidal particles(450–1000 nm), and the soluble organics will be necessary for the treatment of petrochemical wastewater.

Disruption of biofilms from sewage pipes under physical and chemical conditioning

Biofilms grown inside two sewage collecting pipes located in industrial and residential areas are studied. Bacterial biomass inside three layers of biofilms was evaluated. Biofilm cohesion under different mixing rate and ionic strength was also investigated. Effects of physical and chemical parameters in the biofilms were evaluated by monitoring turbidity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands. Extracted organic matter from biofilms was partitioned to polar, aromatic and saturated fractions using activated silica column chromatography. Results revealed that bacterial biomass growth depending on biofilm thickness and stratification. The most loaded stratum in bacteria/biomass was the sewage-biofilm interface stratum that represented 51% of the total bacteria/biomass. Stirring rate and ionic strength of mono- and bivalent salts showed a major influence in biofilm disruption. The stirring time enhanced the exchange dynamic and matter capture between biofilm fragments at the critical stirring rate 90 r/min. Sodium chloride showed the dispersing effect on biofilms in suspension, and decreased the BOD5 （biochemical oxygen demand） beyond the physiological salt concentration.

COD对2种绿藻共培养处理农村生活污水的影响

目的:探究不同化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)对藻类生长及污水中氮磷去除的影响。方法:以蛋白核小球藻和四尾栅藻(2∶1混合)为研究对象,处理不同COD的模拟农村生活污水。结果:在2~6 d,叶绿素A含量增长率随COD初始值增加而降低,COD_(400)、COD_(500)处理组的pH显著低于COD_(250)、COD_(300)处理;第2天COD_(300)、COD_(400)和COD_(500)处理组的溶解氧(DO)趋于0,且在2~4 d,DO上升幅度随COD初始浓度的增加而递减。COD_(300)对水体铵态氮的去除效果最好,最终去除率达63.3%,并显著高于COD_(500);各处理组的总磷去除率随COD初始值的增加而显著上升,其中COD_(500)处理对总磷的最终去除率达94.2%。结论:随COD升高,延缓了叶绿素A的增加以及pH和DO升高,而高浓度COD促进了总磷的去除,降低了铵态氮的去除。